Editing Tilia platyphyllos

{{Short description|Species of tree}}
{{speciesbox
|image = Tilia platyphyllos(01).jpg
|status = LC
|status_system = IUCN3.1
|genus = Tilia
|species = platyphyllos
|authority = [[Giovanni Antonio Scopoli|Scop.]]
|range_map = Tilia platyphyllos range.svg
|range_map_caption = Distribution map
|synonyms = ''Tilia grandifolia'' Ehrh.
}}

'''''Tilia platyphyllos''''', the '''large-leaved lime''' or '''large-leaved linden''', is a [[species]] of [[flowering plant]] in the [[family (biology)|family]] Malvaceae (Tiliaceae). It is a [[deciduous]] tree, [[native plant|native]] to much of continental Europe as well as southwestern [[Great Britain]], growing on [[Lime (mineral)|lime]]-rich soils. The [[common names]] '''largeleaf linden'''<ref>{{PLANTS|id=TIPL|taxon=Tilia platyphyllos|accessdate=10 December 2015}}</ref> and '''large-leaved linden''' are in standard use throughout the English-speaking world except in the British Isles, where it is known as '''large-leaved lime'''.<ref name=RHSAZ>{{cite book|title=RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants|year=2008|publisher=Dorling Kindersley|location=United Kingdom|isbn=978-1405332965|pages=1136}}</ref> The name "lime", possibly a corruption of "line" originally from "lind", has been in use for centuries and also attaches to other species of ''Tilia''.<ref name=SOED>{{cite book|title=Shorter Oxford English dictionary, 6th ed.|year=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=United Kingdom|isbn=978-0199206872|pages=3804}}</ref>  It is not, however, closely related to the [[lime (fruit)|lime]] fruit tree, a species of citrus.

The [[Binomial nomenclature|specific epithet]] ''platyphyllos'' (greek: πλατύφυλλος) means in greek "with broad leaves".<ref name=RHSLG>{{cite book|last=Harrison|first=Lorraine|title=RHS Latin for gardeners|year=2012|publisher=Mitchell Beazley|location=United Kingdom|isbn=9781845337315|pages=224}}</ref>

==Description==
''Tilia platyphyllos'' is a narrowly domed tree with a moderate growth rate, and can eventually attain a height of {{convert|40|m|ft}}. The reddish-brown young [[Plant stem|stems]] later develop dark grey [[Bark (botany)|bark]] with fine fissures and furrows. The branches spread upwards at wide angles. The [[twig]]s are reddish-green and slightly pubescent.<ref>Martin, W.K. 1965. ''The Concise British Flora in Colour.'' Ebury Press</ref> The [[foliage]] consists of simple, alternately arranged [[Leaf|leaves]]. As indicated by its common name, this tree has larger leaves than the related ''[[Tilia cordata]]'' (small-leaved lime), 6 to 9&nbsp;cm (exceptionally 15&nbsp;cm). They are ovate to cordate, mid to dark green above and below, with white downy hair on the underside, particularly along the veins, tapering into a mucronate tip. The margin is sharply serrate, and the base cordate; the venation is pinnate along a midrib. The pubescent [[Petiole (botany)|petiole]] is usually 3–4&nbsp;cm long, but can vary between 1.5–5&nbsp;cm. The autumn foliage is yellow-green to yellow.

The small, fragrant, yellowish-white [[flower]]s are arranged in drooping, [[cyme (botany)|cymose]] clusters in groups of 3 to 4. Their whitish-green, leaf-like [[bract]]s have an oblong-obovate shape. The geniculate peduncles are between 1.5–3&nbsp;cm long. The [[plant sexuality|hermaphroditic]] flowers have 5 [[sepal]]s and 5 [[tepal]]s, numerous [[stamen]]s, but no staminodes. The superior [[ovary (plants)|ovary]] is 2–10 locular with one smooth [[carpel|style]]. The flowers are pollinated by bees and some butterflies, notably the [[Satyrium w-album|White-letter Hairstreak]]. The [[fruit]] is a fat, round, tomentose, cream-colored nutlet with a diameter of 1&nbsp;cm or less. It has a woody shell with 3–5 ridges.

<gallery>
Image:Tilia platyphyllos(02).jpg|Leaves
File:Tilia platyphyllos 02.JPG|Flowers
File:WLH on T. platyphyllos.jpg|[[White-letter hairstreak]] nectaring on ''T. platyphyllos'' flower
Image:Tilia platyphyllos (Florée) JPG1R.jpg|Roots
File:Tilia platyphallos bud.jpg|Vegetative bud starting to open
</gallery>

==Cultivation==
''Tilia platyphyllos'' is widely planted throughout the [[temperateness|temperate]] world as an ornamental tree in parks and city streets. Numerous [[cultivar]]s are available, including  'Aurea', (golden leafed), 'Fastigiata', 'Laciniata' (seemingly torn leaves), 'Örebro' (columnar), 'Princes Street' (narrow crown), 'Rubra' (red twigged), 'Tortuosa' (twisted branches), and 'Tiltstone Filigree' (upswept branches).<ref name=White>White, J. & More, D. (2003). ''Trees of Britain & Northern Europe.'' Cassell's, London. {{ISBN|0-304-36192-5}}.</ref>

The cultivar 'Rubra' has gained the [[Royal Horticultural Society]]'s [[Award of Garden Merit]].<ref>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector – ''Tilia platyphyllos'' 'Rubra'|url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/89065/Tilia-platyphyllos-Rubra/Details | publisher = RHS | access-date = 5 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf | title = AGM Plants - Ornamental | date = July 2017 | page = 102 | publisher = Royal Horticultural Society | access-date = 23 December 2018}}</ref>

==Hybrids==
''Tilia platyphyllos'' readily [[Hybrid (biology)|hybridizes]] with ''Tilia cordata'', the hybrid being the common lime [[Tilia × europaea|''T.'' × ''europaea'']] (syn. ''T.'' × ''vulgaris'').

==Fossil record==
Fossils of ''Tilia platyphyllos'' have been described from the [[fossil flora of Kızılcahamam district]] in [[Turkey]], which is of early [[Pliocene]] age.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kasaplıgil |first1=Baki |title=Ankara, Kızılcahamam yakınındaki Güvem köyü civarında bulunan son tersiyer kozalaklı-yeşil yapraklı ormanı |journal=Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration |date=1977 |volume=88 |page=94-102 |url=https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/bulletinofmre/issue/3914/52153 |publisher=[[General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration (Turkey)|General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration]] |location=Ankara |language=tr, en |format=PDF |trans-title=A Late-Tertiary Conifer-Hardwood Forest From the Vicinity of Güvem Village, Near Kızılcahamam, Ankara}}</ref>

==Use==
''Tilia'' wood is used for [[carving]], and almost all parts of the tree can be used for [[fodder]], [[rope]]s or [[firewood]]. [[bast fibre|Bast]] and [[honey]], which were historically the main products of ''Tilia'', may have been an important factor in the spread of the species and its status as a typical [[agroforestry]] tree in the [[Middle Ages]]. ''Tilia spp''. are also important for [[amenity]] use, [[shelterbelts]] and game plantings in the open landscape, in [[urban areas]] and recreational [[forestry]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Jensen, J.S.|title=Lime - ''Tilia spp''.|journal=EUFORGEN Technical Guidelines for Genetic Conservation and Use|date=2003|page=6 p|url=http://www.euforgen.org/fileadmin//templates/euforgen.org/upload/Publications/Technical_guidelines/926_Technical_guidelines_for_genetic_conservation_and_use_for_lime__Tilia_cordata_and_Tilia_platyphyllos_.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181204195158/http://www.euforgen.org/fileadmin//templates/euforgen.org/upload/Publications/Technical_guidelines/926_Technical_guidelines_for_genetic_conservation_and_use_for_lime__Tilia_cordata_and_Tilia_platyphyllos_.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2018-12-04}}</ref>

===Traditional medicine===
The plant also contains tannins that can act as an [[astringent]].<ref name=bradley>Bradley P, ed. ''British Herbal Compendium''. Vol. I. Dorset (Great Britain): British herbal Medicine Association; 1624: 142–144</ref>  The wood is burned to charcoal and ingested for intestinal disorders and used topically for edema or infection, such as cellulitis or of the lower leg.<ref name=bradley/>

== Famous trees ==
* 300-year-old ''T. platyphyllos'' at [[Schloss Linderhof]] Bavaria – known in German as the "[[Schloss Linderhof#Linderhof's Linden or The Old "Königslinde"|Koenigslinde]]".<ref name=McIntosh2012>{{cite book |last=McIntosh |first=Christopher |title=The Swan King: Ludwig II of Bavaria|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JuGNcP1vGR8C&pg=PA193|date=15 September 2012|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-1-84885-847-3|page=193}}</ref>
* 350-year-old ''T. platyphyllos'' at [[Schloss Holzheim (hunting seat)|Schloss Holzheim]] Hesse – known as the "Landgrave's lime".
* 700-year-old ''T. platyphyllos'' at [[Bojnice Castle]], Slovakia – known in Slovak as "Bojnická lipa" ("the Bojnice Linden") or "Lipa kráľa Mateja" ("King Matej's Linden").<ref name=montrees>{{cite web |website=Monumental trees |access-date=17 February 2014 |title=Large-leaved lime near the castle |url=http://www.monumentaltrees.com/en/svk/trencin/prievidza/3084_castle/6089/}}</ref>
* 550-year-old ''T. platyphyllos'' in [[Bracon, Jura]], France – planted to mark the marriage of Marie de Bourgogne to Maximilian I of the House of Habsburg in Austria in 1477.
* ''T. platyphyllos'' in Heeder Linde Park, Heede, Germany 16ft 6in diameter (15.39 meters girth).<ref>{{cite web | url= https://www.monumentaltrees.com/en/girthrecords/ |last= <!--anonymous--> | title= Monumental Trees - The Thickest Trees Worldwide | date= n.d. | access-date= February 18, 2018 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons|Tilia platyphyllos}}
* [http://www.euforgen.org/species/tilia-platyphyllos/ ''Tilia platyphyllos''] - distribution map, genetic conservation units and related resources. [[European Forest Genetic Resources Programme]] (EUFORGEN)

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[[Category:Flora of Ukraine]]
[[Category:Tilia|platyphyllos]]
[[Category:Trees of Europe]]