Editing Time management

{{Short description|Planning time spent on specific activities}}
{{more citations needed section|date=December 2021}}
'''Time management''' is the process of [[planning]] and exercising [[conscious]] control of time spent on specific activities—especially to increase [[effectiveness]], [[efficiency]] and [[productivity]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=TIME MANAGEMENT {{!}} Definition |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/time-management}}</ref>

Time management involves demands relating to [[Employment|work]], [[Interpersonal relationship|social life]], [[family]], [[hobbies]], personal interests and commitments. Using time effectively gives people more choices in managing activities.<ref>{{cite book |author=Stella Cottrell |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jjQdBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA122 |title=The Study Skills Handbook by Stella Cottrell (University of Leeds) |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-137-28926-1 |pages=123+}}{{Dead link|date=August 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> Time management may be aided by a range of skills, tools and techniques, especially when accomplishing specific tasks, projects and goals complying with a due date.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Time Management: 10 Strategies for Better Time Management |url=https://extension.uga.edu/publications/detail.html?number=C1042&title=time-management-10-strategies-for-better-time-management |access-date=2024-10-31 |website=extension.uga.edu |language=en}}</ref>

Initially, the term time management encompassed only business and work activities, but eventually the term comprised personal activities as well. A time management system is a designed combination of processes, tools, techniques and methods. Time management is usually a necessity in [[project management|managing projects]], as it determines the project completion time and scope.

== Cultural views ==
Differences in the way a culture views time can affect the way their time is managed. For example, a linear time view is a way of conceiving time as flowing from one moment to the next in a linear fashion. This linear perception of time is predominant in America along with most Northern European countries, such as Germany, Switzerland and England.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Communications |first=Richard Lewis (internationally renowned linguist) |title=How Different Cultures Understand Time |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/how-different-cultures-understand-time-2014-5 |access-date=2018-12-04 |website=Business Insider}}</ref> People in these cultures tend to place a large value on productive time management and tend to avoid decisions or actions that would result in wasted time.<ref name=":0" /> This linear view of time correlates to these cultures being more "monochronic", or preferring to do only one thing at a time. As a result, this focus on efficiency often leads to a culture of punctuality and a strong emphasis on meeting deadlines.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Draguns |first=Juris G. |date=2007-02-26 |title=Culture's Impact at the Workplace and Beyond |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00938150601177579 |journal=Reviews in Anthropology |language=en |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=43–58 |doi=10.1080/00938150601177579 |issn=0093-8157|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Another cultural time view is the multi-active time view. In multi-active cultures, most people feel that the more activities or tasks being done at once the better. This creates a sense of happiness.<ref name=":0" /> Multi-active cultures are "polychronic" or prefer to do multiple tasks at once. This multi-active time view is prominent in most Southern European countries such as Spain, Portugal and Italy.<ref name=":0" /> In these cultures, people often tend to spend time on things they deem to be more important such as placing a high importance on finishing social conversations.<ref name=":0" /> In business environments, they often pay little attention to how long meetings last and instead focus on having high-quality meetings. In general, the cultural focus tends to be on synergy and creativity over efficiency.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Pant |first=Bhaskar |date=2016-05-23 |title=How various cultures perceive deadlines varies. |url=https://hbr.org/2016/05/different-cultures-see-deadlines-differently |journal=Harvard Business Review |access-date=2018-12-04}}</ref>

A final cultural time view is a cyclical time view. In cyclical cultures, time is considered neither linear nor event related. Because days, months, years, seasons, and events happen in regular repetitive occurrences, time is viewed as cyclical. In this view, time is not seen as wasted because it will always come back later, hence there is an unlimited amount of it.<ref name=":0" /> This cyclical time view is prevalent throughout most countries in Asia, including Japan and China. It is more important in cultures with cyclical concepts of time to focus on completing tasks correctly, thus most people will spend more time thinking about decisions and the impact they will have, before acting on their plans.<ref name=":1" /> Most people in cyclical cultures tend to understand that other cultures have different perspectives of time and are cognizant of this when acting on a global stage.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Duranti |first1=Giancarlo |last2=Di Prata |first2=Olvers |year=2009 |title=Everything is about time: does it have the same meaning all over the world? |url=https://www.pmi.org/learning/library/everything-time-monochronism-polychronism-orientation-6902}}</ref> Consequently, this awareness often leads to a greater emphasis on relationships and the quality of interactions over strict adherence to schedules.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dennis |first1=Philip A. |last2=Hall |first2=Edward T. |date=1984 |title=The Dance of Life: The Other Dimension of Time |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/482722 |journal=Ethnohistory |volume=31 |issue=4 |pages=309 |doi=10.2307/482722 |jstor=482722 |issn=0014-1801|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Over time, the concept of time management has changed from simple tools like checklists to more complex techniques that emphasize setting priorities and coordinating tasks with objectives and values. The third generation of time management places a strong emphasis on setting objectives, organizing each day, and ranking tasks according to importance.

A fourth generation has emerged, focusing on self-management rather than just managing time. It highlights the importance of managing expectations, relationships, and results, distinguishing between urgent and important tasks. Effective time management involves using personalized tools that cater to individual needs and planning in weekly terms to prioritize goals and adapt to unexpected events. Success in today's work environment depends on utilizing the right tools and strategies to achieve goals efficiently.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thomack |first=Bill |date=2012-05-01 |title=Time Management for Today's Workplace Demands |url=http://www.slackinc.com/doi/resolver.asp?doi=10.3928/21650799-20120426-05 |journal=Workplace Health & Safety |language=en |volume=60 |issue=5 |pages=201–203 |doi=10.3928/21650799-20120426-05 |pmid=22587696 |issn=2165-0799|url-access=subscription }}</ref>{{dead link|date=February 2025}}

==Neuropsychology==
Excessive and chronic inability to manage time effectively may result from [[attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]] (ADHD).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adhd/index.shtml|title=NIMH – Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder|website=www.nimh.nih.gov|access-date=2018-01-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229084207/https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adhd/index.shtml|archive-date=2016-12-29|url-status=live}}</ref> Diagnostic criteria include a sense of underachievement, difficulty getting organized, trouble getting started, trouble managing many simultaneous projects, and trouble with follow-through.<ref>
{{cite book
| last1                 = Hallowell
| first1                = Edward M.
| author-link1           = Edward Hallowell (psychiatrist)
| last2                 = Ratey
| first2                = John J.
| author-link2           = John Ratey
| title                 =  Driven To Distraction: Recognizing and Coping with Attention Deficit Disorder from Childhood Through Adulthood
| url                   = https://books.google.com/books?id=VVhASraP67IC
| access-date            = 2013-07-30
| year                  = 1994
| publisher             = Touchstone
| isbn                  =  9780684801285
| pages                 = 73–76
}}
</ref>

==Setting priorities and goals==

These goals are recorded and may be broken down into a [[project management|project]], an [[action plan]] or a simple task list. For individual tasks or for goals, an importance rating may be established. Deadlines may be set and priorities assigned. This process results in a plan with a task list, schedule or calendar of activities. Authors may recommend daily, weekly, monthly or other planning periods, associated with different scope of planning or review. This is done in various ways, as follows:

===ABC analysis===
The ABC method for time management developed by [[Alan Lakein]] involves categorizing tasks into three labels: A, B, and C.

;A Tasks: These are the highest priority and most urgent tasks. They include work that must be completed promptly, such as projects with a deadline.
;B Tasks: These tasks are important but not necessarily associated with a specific deadline. They should be completed as soon as possible.
;C Tasks: These are the least important tasks. They can be done when time permits and don't require immediate attention.

===Pareto analysis===
{{Main|Pareto analysis}}

The [[Pareto principle]] is the idea that 80% of consequences come from 20% of causes. Applied to productivity, it means that 80% of results can be achieved by doing 20% of tasks.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kevinkruse/2016/03/07/80-20-rule/ | title=The 80/20 Rule And How It Can Change Your Life | website=[[Forbes]] | access-date=2017-09-16 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117082114/https://www.forbes.com/sites/kevinkruse/2016/03/07/80-20-rule/ | archive-date=2017-11-17 | url-status=live }}</ref> If productivity is the aim of time management, then these tasks should be prioritized higher.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The 4-hour workweek: escape 9-5, live anywhere, and join the new rich|last=Ferriss, Timothy.|date=2007|publisher=Crown Publishers|isbn=978-0-307-35313-9|edition=1st|location=New York|oclc=76262350}}</ref>

=== Eisenhower method ===
{{See also|PICK chart|MoSCoW method}}

[[Image:Eisenhower_matrix.svg|thumb|right|A basic Eisenhower box to help evaluate urgency and importance. Items may be placed at more precise points within each quadrant.]]

The Eisenhower method or Eisenhower principle is a method that utilizes the principles of importance and urgency to organize priorities and workload. This method stems from a quote attributed to [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]: "I have two kinds of problems, the urgent and the important. The urgent are not important, and the important are never urgent."<ref>{{cite book | author=Dwight D. Eisenhower | date=August 19, 1954 |url = http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=9991 | title=Address at the Second Assembly of the World Council of Churches | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402111315/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=9991 | archive-date=2015-04-02 | quote= Evanston, Illinois. (retrieved 31 March 2015.)}}</ref> Eisenhower did not claim this insight for his own, but attributed it to an unnamed "former college president."<ref>Background on the Eisenhower quote and citations to how it was picked up in media references afterwards are detailed in: {{cite web |last1=O'Toole |first1=Garson |title=What Is Important Is Seldom Urgent and What Is Urgent Is Seldom Important |url=https://quoteinvestigator.com/2014/05/09/urgent/ |website=Quote Investigator |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150411220255/http://quoteinvestigator.com/2014/05/09/urgent/ |archive-date=11 April 2015 |language=en |date=9 May 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Using the Eisenhower decision principle, tasks are evaluated using the criteria important/unimportant and urgent/not urgent,<ref name="Fowler, Nina">{{cite news|title=App of the week: Eisenhower, the to-do list to keep you on task |work=Venture Village|last=Fowler|first=Nina |date=September 5, 2012}}</ref><ref name="Baer">Drake Baer (April 10, 2014),
[http://www.businessinsider.com/dwight-eisenhower-nailed-a-major-insight-about-productivity-2014-4 "Dwight Eisenhower Nailed A Major Insight About Productivity"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402103137/http://www.businessinsider.com/dwight-eisenhower-nailed-a-major-insight-about-productivity-2014-4 |date=2015-04-02 }}, ''Business Insider'', (accessed 31 March 2015)</ref> and then placed in according quadrants in an Eisenhower matrix (also known as an Eisenhower box or Eisenhower decision matrix"<ref name="artofmanliness.com">{{cite news|url=http://www.artofmanliness.com/2013/10/23/eisenhower-decision-matrix/|title=The Eisenhower Decision Matrix: How to Distinguish Between Urgent and Important Tasks and Make Real Progress in Your Life|last1=McKay|last2=Brett|last3=Kate|date=October 23, 2013|work=A Man's Life, Personal Development|access-date=2014-03-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140322092307/http://www.artofmanliness.com/2013/10/23/eisenhower-decision-matrix/|archive-date=2014-03-22|url-status=live}}</ref>). Tasks in the quadrants are then handled as follows.

# Important/Urgent quadrant tasks are done immediately and personally<ref name="fluent-time-management.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.fluent-time-management.com/eisenhower-method.html | archive-url=https://archive.today/20140303212917/http://www.fluent-time-management.com/eisenhower-method.html | archive-date=2014-03-03 | title=The Eisenhower Method | website=fluent-time-management.com }}</ref> e.g. crises, deadlines, problems.<ref name="artofmanliness.com" />
# Important/Not Urgent quadrant tasks get an end date and are done personally,<ref name="fluent-time-management.com" /> e.g. relationships, planning, recreation.<ref name="artofmanliness.com" />
# Unimportant/Urgent quadrant tasks are delegated,<ref name="fluent-time-management.com" /> e.g. interruptions, meetings, activities.<ref name="artofmanliness.com" />
# Unimportant/Not Urgent quadrant tasks are dropped,<ref name="fluent-time-management.com" /> e.g. time wasters, pleasant activities, trivia.<ref name="artofmanliness.com" />

==Implementation of goals==
{{Redirect|To do|the auxiliary use of the verb "to do" in the English language|Do-support}}
{{See also|shopping list}}
A task list (also called a to-do list or "things-to-do") is a list of [[Task (project management)|tasks]] to be completed such as chores or steps toward completing a project. It is an [[inventory]] tool which serves as an alternative or supplement to [[memory]].

Task lists are used in self-management,<!--needs disambiguation before creating a link to this term, as the current article for self-management is out of context for this article--> [[management|business management]], [[project management]] and [[software development]]. It may involve more than one list.

When one of the items on a task list is accomplished, the task is [[checkmark|checked]] or [[cross]]ed off. The traditional method is to write these on a piece of paper with a [[pen]] or [[pencil]], usually on a note pad or clip-board. Task lists can also have the form of paper or software [[checklist]]s.

Writer [[Julie Morgenstern]] suggests "do's and don'ts" of time management that include:
* Map out everything that is important, by making a task list.
* Create "an oasis of time" for one to manage.
* Say "No".
* Set priorities.
* Do not drop everything.
* Do not think a critical task will get done in one's [[spare time]].<ref name="Morgenstern">{{Cite book
| edition = 2nd
| publisher = Henry Holt/Owl Books
| isbn = 0-8050-7590-9
| pages = 285
| last = Morgenstern
| first = Julie
| title = Time Management from the Inside Out: The Foolproof System for Taking Control of Your Schedule—and Your Life
| location = New York
| year = 2004
}}</ref>

Numerous digital equivalents are now available, including [[personal information management]] (PIM) applications, smartphone apps, and web-based task list applications, many of which are free.

=== Task list organization ===

Task lists are often diarized (notes written in a diary) and tiered (having rows of organized notes). The simplest tiered system includes a general to-do list (or task-holding file) to record all the tasks the person needs to accomplish and a daily to-do list which is created each day by transferring tasks from the general to-do list. An alternative is to create a "not-to-do list", to avoid unnecessary tasks.<ref name="Morgenstern" />

Task lists are often prioritized in the following ways.
* A daily list of things to do, numbered in the order of their importance and done in that order one at a time as daily time allows, is attributed to consultant [[Ivy Lee]] (1877–1934) as the most profitable advice received by [[Charles M. Schwab]] (1862–1939), president of the [[Bethlehem Steel]] Corporation.<ref>{{cite book
|title=The Time Trap
|first=Alec
|last=Mackenzie
|edition=3rd
|year=1972
|pages=41–42
|publisher=AMACOM - A Division of American Management Association
|isbn=081447926X
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tkTOSmAtuKMC}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
|title=Working Smart
|first=Michael
|last=LeBoeuf
|year=1979
|pages=[https://archive.org/details/workingsmart00mich/page/52 52]–54
|publisher=Warner Books
|isbn=0446952737
|url=https://archive.org/details/workingsmart00mich|url-access=registration
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book
 |last        = Nightingale
 |first       = Earl
 |author-link = Earl Nightingale
 |chapter-url         = http://www.success.com/articles/647-earl-nightingale-s-greatest-discovery
 |date        = 1960
 |title       = Lead the Field
 |chapter     = Session 11. Today's Greatest Adventure
 |type        = unabridged audio program
 |publisher   = Nightingale-Conant
 |url-status     = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20130108090914/http://www.success.com/articles/647-earl-nightingale-s-greatest-discovery
 |archive-date = 2013-01-08
}}</ref>
* An early advocate of "ABC" prioritization was [[Alan Lakein]], in 1973. In his system "A" items were the most important ("A-1" the most important within that group), "B" next most important, "C" least important.<ref name="Lakein">{{Cite book
| publisher = P.H. Wyden
| isbn = 0-451-13430-3
| last = Lakein
| first = Alan
| title = How to Get Control of Your Time and Your Life
| location = New York
| year = 1973
}}</ref>
* A particular method of applying the ''ABC method''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dyslexia-college.com/schedule.html|title=Time Scheduling and Time Management for dyslexic students|work=Dyslexia at College|access-date=October 31, 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051026082426/http://www.dyslexia-college.com/schedule.html|archive-date=2005-10-26|url-status=live}} — ABC lists and tips for [[dyslexic]] students on how to manage to-do lists</ref> assigns "A" to tasks to be done within a [[day]], "B" a [[week]], and "C" a [[month]].
* To prioritize a daily task list, one either records the tasks in the order of highest [[:wikt:priority|priority]], or assigns them a [[number]] after they are listed ("1" for highest priority, "2" for second highest priority, etc.) which indicates in which order to execute the tasks. The latter method is generally faster, allowing the tasks to be recorded more quickly.<ref name="Morgenstern" />
* Another way of prioritizing compulsory tasks (group A) is to put the most unpleasant one first. When it is done, the rest of the list feels easier. Groups B and C can benefit from the same idea, but instead of doing the first task (which is the most unpleasant) right away, it gives motivation to do other tasks from the list to avoid the first one.

Various writers have stressed potential difficulties with to-do lists such as the following.
* Management of the list can take over from implementing it. This could be caused by [[procrastination]] by prolonging the planning activity. This is akin to [[analysis paralysis]]. As with any activity, there's a point of diminishing returns.
* To remain flexible, a task system must allow for disaster. A company must be ready for a disaster. Even if it is a small disaster, if no one made time for this situation, it can [[metastasize]], potentially causing damage to the company.<ref>Horton, Thomas. New York ''The CEO Paradox (1992)''</ref>
* To avoid getting stuck in a wasteful pattern, the task system should also include regular (monthly, semi-annual, and annual) planning and system-evaluation sessions, to weed out inefficiencies and ensure the user is headed in the direction he or she truly desires.<ref>"Tyranny of the Urgent" essay by Charles Hummel 1967</ref>
* If some time is not regularly spent on achieving long-range goals, the individual may get stuck in a perpetual holding pattern on short-term plans, like staying at a particular job much longer than originally planned.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.adaptrm.com/blog/time-management/| title=86 Experts Reveal Their Best Time Management Tips| access-date=March 3, 2017| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170303123713/https://www.adaptrm.com/blog/time-management/| archive-date=March 3, 2017}}</ref>

=== Software applications ===

Many companies use [[time tracking software]] to track an employee's working time, billable hours, etc., e.g. [[law practice management software]].

Many software products for time management support multiple users. They allow the person to give tasks to other users and use the software for communication and to prioritize tasks.

Task-list applications may be thought of as lightweight [[personal information manager]] or [[project management software]].

Modern task list [[software application|applications]] may have built-in task hierarchy (tasks are composed of subtasks which again may contain subtasks), may support multiple methods of filtering and ordering the list of tasks, and may allow one to associate arbitrarily long notes for each task.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}}

===Time management systems===

Time management systems often include a [[time clock]] or web-based application used to track an employee's work hours. Time management systems give employers insights into their workforce, allowing them to see, plan and manage employees' time. Doing so allows employers to manage labor costs and increase productivity. A time management system automates processes, which eliminates paperwork and tedious tasks.

===GTD (Getting Things Done)===
The [[Getting Things Done]] method, created by [[David Allen (author)|David Allen]], is to finish small tasks immediately and for large tasks to be divided into smaller tasks to start completing now.<ref name="Guardian2005">{{Cite news |last=Hammersley |first=Ben |date=September 28, 2005 |title=Meet the man who can bring order to your universe |work=The Guardian |publisher=Guardian News and Media Limited |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2005/sep/29/businesssense.businesssense |access-date=March 5, 2010}}</ref> The thrust of GTD is to encourage the user to get their tasks and ideas out and on paper and organized as quickly as possible so they are easy to see and manage. "The truth is, it takes more energy to keep something inside your head than outside," says Allen.<ref name="Guardian2005" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ferrari |first=Joseph R. |date=August 2015 |title=Getting Things Done On Time |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780195130447.003.0002 |journal=Oxford Clinical Psychology |doi=10.1093/med:psych/9780195130447.003.0002|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

===Pomodoro===
Francesco Cirillo's "[[Pomodoro Technique]]" was originally conceived in the late 1980s and gradually refined until it was later defined in 1992. The technique is the namesake of a Pomodoro (Italian for tomato) shaped kitchen timer initially used by Cirillo during his time at university. The "Pomodoro" is described as the fundamental metric of time within the technique and is traditionally defined as being 30 minutes long, consisting of 25 minutes of work and 5 minutes of break time. Cirillo also recommends a longer break of 15 to 30 minutes after every four Pomodoros. Through experimentation involving various workgroups and mentoring activities, Cirillo determined the "ideal Pomodoro" to be 20–35 minutes long.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cirillo |first=Francesco |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rinKDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA21 |title=The Pomodoro Technique: The Acclaimed Time-Management System That Has Transformed How We Work |date=2018-08-14 |publisher=Crown |isbn=978-1-5247-6071-7 |language=en}}</ref>

==Related concepts==

Time management is related to the following concepts.
*[[Return on time invested]]: Effective time management is essential for maximizing Return on Time Invested (ROTI). By prioritizing tasks and organizing schedules, individuals can ensure that time is allocated to activities yielding the highest value. 
* [[Project management]]: Time management can be considered to be a project management subset and is more commonly known as [[project planning]] and [[Schedule (project management)|project scheduling]]. Time management has also been identified as one of the core functions identified in project management.<ref>{{cite book|last=Project Management Institute|url=https://archive.org/details/guidetoprojectma00proj|title=A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK Guide)|year=2004|publisher=Project Management Institute |isbn=1-930699-45-X|url-access=registration}}</ref>
* [[Attention management]] relates to the management of [[cognitive]] resources, and in particular, the time that humans allocate their mind (and organize the minds of their employees) to conduct some activities.
* [[Timeblocking]] is a time management strategy that specifically advocates for allocating chunks of time to dedicated tasks in order to promote deeper focus and productivity.

== See also ==

{{div col start}}
* [[Attention management]]
* [[Chronemics]]
* [[Goal setting]]
* [[Interruption science]]
* [[Order (virtue)|Order]]
* [[Procrastination]]
* [[Professional organizing]]
* [[Project management]]
* [[Prospective memory]]
* [[Punctuality]]
* [[Scientific management]]
* [[Task management]]
* [[Time perception]]
* [[Time-tracking software]]
* [[Waiting period]]
* [[Workforce management]]
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
{{Library resources box}}
* {{Cite book
| publisher = Viking
| isbn = 978-0-670-88906-8
| last = Allen
| first = David
| title = Getting things done: the Art of Stress-Free Productivity
| url = https://archive.org/details/gettingthingsdon00alle_0
| url-access = registration
| location = New York
| year = 2001
}}
* {{Cite book
| publisher = Penguin Group
| isbn = 978-1-58542-552-5
| last = Fiore
| first = Neil A
| title = The Now Habit: A Strategic Program for Overcoming Procrastination and Enjoying Guilt- Free Play
| location = New York
| year = 2006
| url = https://archive.org/details/nowhabitstrategi00fior_0
}}
* {{Cite book
| publisher = Cranendonck Coaching
| isbn = 978-90-79397-03-7
| last = Le Blanc
| first = Raymond
| title = Achieving Objectives Made Easy! Practical goal setting tools & proven time management techniques.
| location = Maarheeze
| year = 2008
}}
* {{Cite book
| publisher = New York: [[Berkley Books]]
| isbn = 0-425-16505-1
| pages = 157
| last = Secunda
| first = Al
| title = The 15 second principle: short, simple steps to achieving long-term goals
| location = New York
| year = 1999
}}
*Burkeman, Oliver (2021). ''Four Thousand Weeks. Time Management for Mortals'', Farrar, Straus and Giroux. 978–0374159122
* “Merriam-Webster Dictionary.” ''Merriam-Webster.com'', 2024, www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/diarize.
* “Merriam-Webster Dictionary.” ''Merriam-Webster.com'', 30 July 2024, www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/tiered.
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[[Category:Time management| ]]
[[Category:Management systems]]