Editing Timeline of Jewish history

{{Short description|none}}
{{Unbalanced|date=July 2024|reason=Religious POV. Aside from a lack of citation, this article narrates religious mythology as fact.}}
{{Jews and Judaism sidebar|History}}
This is a list of notable events in the development of [[Jewish history]]. All dates are given according to the [[Common Era]], not the [[Hebrew calendar]].

==Ancient Israel and Judah==
{{Main|Chronology of the Bible|Historicity of the Bible|Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)|History of ancient Israel and Judah||Missing years (Jewish calendar)|Time periods in the Palestine region|}}
{{More citations needed|section|date=August 2020}}
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Date
! History
! Image
|-
| 2000-1800 ||  || The start of the Age of Patriarchs with [[Abraham]], and the origin for the [[Abrahamic religions|Abrahamic Religions]], mentioned in the [[Hebrew Bible]], [[Bible|Christian Bible]] and the [[Quran]] respectively||
[[File:Guercino Abramo ripudia Agar (cropped).jpg|thumb|Abraham by [[Guercino]]]]
|-
| 1900  ||  || The Second patriarch [[Isaac]], the long-awaited son of Abraham and Sarah, was nearly sacrificed by his father in a test of faith ||
[[File:Ribera - Isaac y Jacob, P001118 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Isaac by [[Jusepe de Ribera]]]]
|-
| 1800-1700 ||  || The Third Patriarch [[Jacob]], after deceiving his brother Esau for the birthright, fled, married Leah and Rachel, fathered the [[Twelve Tribes of Israel|twelve tribes of Israel]], and was renamed Israel by G-d ||
[[File:Jan Victors - Jacob Seeking the Forgiveness of Esau - 79.330 - Indianapolis Museum of Art (cropped).jpg|thumb|Jacob by [[Jan Victors]]]]
|-
| 1700-1600 ||  || In the [[Book of Genesis]]. [[Joseph (Genesis)|Joseph]], the eleventh son of [[Jacob]], was sold into slavery by his jealous brothers, rose to power in Egypt through his wisdom and G-d's favor, and ultimately forgave and saved his family during a severe famine.
|-
|Between 15th Century and 13th Century BC||  || The enslavement of the Jews in Egypt when a [[Ramesses II|new Pharaoh]] feared their growing population, leading to their oppression and forced labor
|-
| 1446-1312-1290? ||  || [[Moses]] led the [[Israelites]] out of slavery in Egypt, leading them on a journey that followed 40 years of wandering in the desert. they crossed through the [[Red Sea]], Received the Torah, including the Ten Commandments at Mount Sinai and ultimately made their way toward the [[Promised Land]] during the [[the Exodus|Exodus]]. ||
[[File:The Crossing of The Red Sea.jpg|thumb| [[Crossing the Red Sea|The Crossing of The Red Sea]]]] 

|-
| 1380-1045? ||  || [[Hebrew Bible judges|Biblical judges]] lead the jewish people. [[Othniel]], [[Ehud]], [[Shamgar]], [[Deborah]], [[Gideon]], [[Tola (biblical figure)|Tola]], [[Jair]], [[Jephthah]], [[Ibzan]], [[Elon (Judges)|Elon]], [[Abdon (biblical figure)|Abdon]], and [[Samson]]. ||
[[File:Lucas Cranach d.Ä. - Simson bezwingt den Löwen.jpg|thumb|Samson by [[Lucas Cranach the Elder]]]]
|-
| 1021-1000 ||  || The reign of [[Saul|King Saul]], the first monarch of the ancient Kingdom of Israel. ||
[[File:Saul 1878.jpg|thumb|King Saul by [[Ernst Josephson]]]]
|-
| 1000-970 ||  || Reign of [[David|King David]] over ancient Kingdom of Israel, he established [[Jerusalem]] as the political and spiritual capital || 
[[File:King David, the King of Israel.jpg|thumb|King David by [[Gerard van Honthorst]]]]
|-
|970-931 ||  || Reign of [[Solomon|King Solomon]] over the ancient Kingdom of Israel. After his death, the kingdom was divided into the [[Northern Kingdom of Israel]] and the [[Kingdom of Judah|Southern Kingdom of Judah]] ||
[[File:Simeon Solomon, King Solomon, 1872 or 1874, NGA 76152 (cropped).jpg|thumb|King Solomon by [[Simeon Solomon]]]]
|-
| 960 ||  || [[Solomon's Temple]] in [[Jerusalem]] completed
|-
| 931 ||  || Split between [[Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)|Northern Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)]] and the [[Southern Kingdom of Judah]]
|-
| 931-913 ||  || Reign of [[Rehoboam|King Rehoboam of Judah]], the first monarch of the [[Kingdom of Judah]] ||
[[File:Rehoboam. Fragment of Wall Painting from Basel Town Hall Council Chamber, by Hans Holbein the Younger..jpg|thumb|King Rehoboam of Judah by Hans Hollein]]
|-
| 931-910 ||  || Reign of [[Jeroboam|King Jeroboam of Israel]], the first monarch of the [[Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)|Kingdom of Israel]] after the split ||
[[File:Jean-Honoré Fragonard - Jeroboam Offering Sacrifice for the Idol - WGA08049 (cropped).jpg|thumb|King Jeroboam of Israel by [[Jean-Honoré Fragonard]]]]
|-
| 840 ||  || [[Mesha Stele|The Mesha Inscription]], also known as the Moabite Stone, tells the victory of [[Mesha|King Mesha of Moab]] over the son of [[Omri|King Omri of Israel]] ||
[[File:F4171 Louvre stele de Mesha AO5066 rwk.jpg|thumb|Mesha Inscription]]
|-
| 740-700 ||  || The Prophecy of [[Isaiah]], which was recorded in the [[Book of Isaiah]] in the [[Hebrew Bible]] and the [[Old Testament|Old Testament Bible]]. ||
[[File:Isaiah-Michelangelo.jpg|thumb|Isaiah by [[Michelangelo]]]]
|-
| 740-698 ||  || The Prophecy of [[Micah]], which was recorded in the [[Book of Micah]] in the [[Hebrew Bible]] and the [[Old Testament|Old Testament Bible]]. ||
|-
| 740-722 ||  || The Kingdom of Israel falls to the [[Neo-Assyrian Empire]], The fall of Israel resulted in the deportation of many Israelites, often referred to as the "[[Ten Lost Tribes|Lost Ten Tribes]]", This marked the end of the Northern Kingdom of Israel, leaving only the Southern Kingdom of Judah.
|-
| 715-687 ||  || [[Hezekiah|King Hezekiah of Judah]], Thirtheenth King of Judah ||
[[File:Åhus kyrka-10.jpg|thumb|King Hezekiah]]
|-
| 649-609 ||  || [[Josiah|King Josiah of Judah]] instituted major reforms, destroyed [[Paganism|pagan]] altars and shrines, and renewed the covenant between G-d and the people of Judah reinforcing [[monotheism]] and the exclusive worship of [[Yahweh]].
|-
| 629-587 ||  || [[Book of Jeremiah|Prophecy of Jeremiah]], He prophesied during a tumultuous time that preceded the [[Siege of Jerusalem (587 BC)|fall of Jerusalem]] and the [[Babylonian captivity|Babylonian exile]].
|-
| 600 ||  || The [[Ketef Hinnom scrolls]] or Amulets, are recognized as the oldest known surviving texts from the Hebrew Bible.
|-
| 597 ||  || The first deportation of the [[Babylonian captivity|Judean Israelites to Babylon]], when [[Nebuchadnezzar II|King Nebuchadnezzar II]] captured Jerusalem and exiled [[Jeconiah|King Jehoiachin]], along with a significant portion of the population. ||
[[File:Tissot The Flight of the Prisoners.jpg|thumb|[[Babylonian captivity|Babylonian Exile]] by [[James Tissot]]]]
|-
| 597–586 ||  || The [[Neo-Babylonian Empire]] under the rule of [[Nebuchadnezzar II]] occupied the [[Kingdom of Judah]]
|-
| 586 ||  || Jerusalem falls to King [[Nebuchadnezzar II]] leading to the destruction of [[Solomon's Temple]].
|}

== Second Temple period ==
{{Main|Timeline of Second Temple period Judaism}}
{{See also|Second Temple period|Yehud (Persian province)|Maccabean Revolt|Hasmonean dynasty|Herodian kingdom|Jewish-Roman Wars||}}
{{More citations needed|section|date=August 2020}}

{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Date
! History
! Image
|-
| 539 ||  || Jews were allowed to [[Return to Zion]], with [[Cyrus the Great|Cyrus II]] of the [[Achaemenid Empire|Achaemenid Empire's]] permission.
|-
| 520 ||  || The Prophecy of [[Zechariah (Hebrew prophet)|Zechariah]]
|-
| 520 ||  || [[Zerubbabel]] guides the initial group of Jews returning from captivity to Jerusalem
|-
| 516 ||  || The [[Second Temple |Second Temple in Jerusalem]] is consecrated, symbolizing the restoration of Jewish worship after the [[Babylonian captivity|Babylonian exile]]. ||
[[File:Jerusalem Modell BW 3.JPG|thumb|Model of the Second Temple]]
|-
| 475 ||  || As recounted in the Book of Esther. Often associated with [[Xerxes I|Xerxes I of Persia]], [[ Esther|Queen Esther]] disclosed her identity to the king and began to advocate for her people, identifying Haman as the conspirator scheming to annihilate them.
|-
| 460 ||  || Ezra's Mission, recounted in the Book of Ezra. With anarchy brewing in Judea, Xerxes' successor Persian [[Artaxerxes I|King Artaxerxes]] sent [[Ezra]] to restore order.
|-
| 332 ||  || [[Alexander the Great]] the King of [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)|Macedonia]], one of the largest empires of the ancient world, stretching from Macedonia to Egypt and Greece to northwestern India conquers [[Phoenicia]] and the [[Levant]] || 
[[File:Alexander the Great-Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek.jpg|thumb|Sculpture of Alexander the Great]]
|-
| 332? ||  || Alexander visited Judea to meet High Priest Jaddus, who showed him the prophecy of Alexander's life and conquests from the [[Book of Daniel]]. This account is regarded as apocryphal and likely created in the early Hasmonean period<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shay Cohen |first1=J. D. |year=1982 |title=Alexander the Great and Jaddus the High Priest According to Josephus |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1486406 |journal=AJS Review |volume=7/8 |pages=41–68 |jstor=1486406 |access-date=October 17, 2021 |quote="The historical Alexander did not visit Jerusalem, did not do obeisance to the high priest, and did not sacrifice to the God of Israel.  He was too busy conquering the world to bother with an insignificant inland people living around a small temple." }}</ref>
|-
| 150-100 ||  || At some point during this period, the [[Hebrew Bible|Tanakh (Hebrew Bible)]] was finalized and canonized. Jewish religious texts written after Ezra's time were not included in the canon, though they gained popularity among various Jewish groups. Later works incorporated into the Greek translation of the Bible (the Septuagint) came to be known as the deuterocanonical books. || 
[[File:Entire Tanakh scroll set.png|thumb|Set of scrolls comprising the entire Tanakh]]
|-
| 140-63 ||  || The [[Hasmonean dynasty]] rules [[Judea]]. The Hasmonean kingdom expands outward to Idumea, Samaria, Perea, Galilee, and Gilead due to weakness and dissolution within the [[Seleucid Empire]].
|-
| 63 ||  || [[Pompey]] laid siege to and entered the Temple, and Judea became a client kingdom of the [[Roman Republic]].
|-
| 40 ||  || [[Herod the Great]] was appointed King of the Jews by the [[Roman Senate]], replacing the [[Hasmonean dynasty]] with the [[Herodian dynasty]].
|-
| [[Date of the birth of Jesus|6-4]] ||  || [[Jesus|Jesus of Nazareth]] was born in [[Bethlehem]], [[Herodian kingdom|Herodian Kingdom]]. || 
[[File:Nürnberg St. Lorenz Dreikönigsaltar Geburt 01.jpg|thumb|Birth of Jesus by Hans Pleydenwurff]]
|}

===1st century CE===

{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Date
! History
! Image
|-
| 6 ||  || Province of [[Judaea (Roman province)|Roman Judea]] created by merging [[Judea]] proper, [[Samaria]] and [[Edom|Idumea]].
|-
| 6 ||  || [[Hillel the Elder]], considered the greatest Torah sage, dies, leading to the dominance of Shammai till 30 CE, see also [[Hillel and Shammai]].
|-
| 26-36 ||  || [[Sanhedrin trial of Jesus]] took place before [[Pontius Pilate]], the Governor of the Roman province of Judaea's  [[Pilate's court|Roman trial of Jesus]]. Following this Roman trial,  [[Crucifixion of Jesus|Jesus was crucified]], marking a pivotal moment in history. This event laid the foundation for [[Christianity]], as the [[Apostle|Apostles]] began to spread the Gospel message to various communities including the Jewish ones. || 
[[File:Crucifiction Carracci-Bloemaert.jpg|thumb|Crucifixion of Christ as depicted by [[Giotto]]]]
|-
| 30 ||  || [[Helena of Adiabene]], a [[vassal]] of the [[Parthian Empire|Parthian empire]] in [[Mesopotamia]], converts to Judaism. Significant numbers of [[Adiabene]] population follow her, later also providing limited support for Jews during [[Jewish-Roman wars]]. In the following centuries the community mostly converts to [[Christianity]].
|-
| 30-70 ||  || [[Schisms among the Jews#Second Temple period|Schism within Judaism during the Second Temple period]]. A sect within [[Hellenistic Judaism|Hellenised Jewish]] society starts [[Jewish Christianity]], see also [[Rejection of Jesus]].
|-
| 66-135 ||  || Start of the [[Jewish–Roman wars]] which resulted in a Roman victory, and the destruction of Jerusalem and the Temple, During the siege, approximately 1,100,000 people were killed, and 97,000 were captured and enslaved.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tmCWlYQDrOoC|title=The Jewish Revolt Against Rome: Interdisciplinary Perspectives|last=Popovic|first=Mladen|year=2011|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-9004216686|language=en}}</ref> This conflict also contributed to the separation of Christianity from Judaism, following this defeat, [[Judaea (Roman province)|Roman Judea]] remained under Roman control, renamed and merged into the province of [[Syria Palaestina]]. The [[Sanhedrin]] was relocated to [[Yavne]] by [[Yohanan ben Zakkai|Yochanan ben Zakai]], see also [[Council of Jamnia]]. [[Fiscus Judaicus]] levied on all [[History of the Jews in the Roman Empire|Jews of the Roman Empire]] whether they aided the revolt or not. (War ended 135 CE) || 
[[File:David Roberts - The Siege and Destruction of Jerusalem by the Romans Under the Command of Titus, A.D. 70.jpg|thumb|[[Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)|Siege and Destruction of Jerusalem by the Romans]] (1850 painting by David Roberts)]]
[[File:Arc de Triumph copy.jpg|thumb|Depiction of the [[Roman triumph]] celebrating the [[Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)|Sack of Jerusalem]] on the [[Arch of Titus]] in Rome.]] 
|-
| 70-200 ||  || Period of the ''[[Tannaim]]'', rabbis who [[Mishna|organized]] and [[Talmudical Hermeneutics|elucidated]] the [[Oral Torah]]. The decisions of the ''Tannaim'' are contained in the [[Mishnah]], [[Beraita]], [[Tosefta]], and various [[Midrash]] compilations.<ref>[http://shamash.org/lists/scj-faq/HTML/faq/03-index.html Torah] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130306015305/http://www.shamash.org/lists/scj-faq/HTML/faq/03-index.html |date=2013-03-06 }} (Shamash.org)</ref>
|-
| 73 ||  || Final events of the [[First Jewish–Roman War]] – the fall of [[Masada]]. [[Early Christianity|Christianity]] starts off as a Jewish sect and then develops its own texts and ideology and branches off from [[Judaism]] to become a distinct [[religion]].
|}

== Talmudic period (70–640 CE) ==
{{See also|Rabbinic period|||||||}}
{{Eras of the Halakha}}

=== 2nd century ===
;115–117: [[Kitos War]] (Revolt against Trajan) – a second Jewish-Roman War initiated in large Jewish communities of Cyprus, Cyrene (modern Libya), Aegipta (modern Egypt) and Mesopotamia (modern Syria and Iraq). It led to mutual killing of hundreds of thousands Jews, Greeks and Romans, ending with a total defeat of Jewish rebels and complete extermination of Jews in Cyprus and Cyrene by the newly installed [[Emperor Hadrian]].

;131–136: The [[Roman emperor]] [[Hadrian]], among other provocations, renames Jerusalem "[[Aelia Capitolina]]" and prohibits circumcision. [[Simon bar Kokhba]] (Bar Kosiba) leads a large [[Bar Kokhba revolt|Jewish revolt]] against [[Roman Empire|Rome]] in response to Hadrian's actions. In the aftermath, most Jewish population is annihilated (about 580,000 killed) and Hadrian renames the province of Judea to [[Syria Palaestina]], and attempts to root out Judaism.

;136: [[Rabbi Akiva]] is martyred.

;138: With Emperor Hadrian's death, the persecution of Jews within the Roman Empire is eased and Jews are allowed to visit Jerusalem on [[Tisha B'av]]. In the following centuries the Jewish center moves to Galilee.

===3rd century===
;200: The [[Mishnah]], the standardization of the Jewish oral law as it stands today, is redacted by [[Judah haNasi]] in the land of Israel.

;259: [[Nehardea]] in Babylonia destroyed by the [[Palmyra|Palmyrenes]], which destruction caused the widespread dispersion of Jews in the region.<ref>''The Iggeres of Rav Sherira Gaon'' (ed. Nosson Dovid Rabinowich), Jerusalem 1988, p. 98</ref>

;220–500: Period of the ''[[Amoraim]]'', the [[rabbi]]s of the [[Talmud]].

===4th century===
;315–337: Roman Emperor [[Constantine I (emperor)|Constantine I]] enacts new restrictive legislation. Conversion of Christians to Judaism is outlawed, congregations for religious services are curtailed, but Jews are also allowed to enter Jerusalem on the anniversary of the Temple's destruction.

;351–352: [[Jewish revolt against Constantius Gallus]] is put down. [[Sepphoris]] is razed to the ground.

;358: Because of the increasing danger of Roman persecution, [[Hillel II]] creates a [[Hebrew calendar|mathematical calendar]] for calculating the Jewish month. After adopting the calendar, the [[Sanhedrin#The dissolution of the classical sanhedrin|Sanhedrin in Tiberias is dissolved]].

;361–363: The last [[Roman mythology|pagan]] Roman Emperor, [[Julian the Apostate|Julian]], allows the Jews to return to "holy Jerusalem which you have for many years longed to see rebuilt" and to rebuild the Second Temple. Shortly after, the Emperor is assassinated, and the plan is dissolved.

;363: [[Galilee earthquake of 363]]

;379: In [[India]], the [[Hindu]] king Sira Primal, also known as Iru Brahman, issued what was engraved on a tablet of brass, his permission to Jews to live freely, build [[synagogue]], own property ''without conditions attached'' and ''as long as the world and moon exist''.<ref>{{cite book|author=Israel Joseph Benjamin|title=Three Years in America, 1859–1862|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xQzuGncH1TgC&pg=PA59|year=1975|publisher=Arno Press|isbn=978-0-405-06693-1|pages=59–60}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=James Massey|author2=I.S.P.C.K. (Organization)|title=Roots of Dalit history, Christianity, theology, and spirituality|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GDNuAAAAMAAJ|year=1996|publisher=ISPCK|isbn=978-81-7214-034-2|page=28}}</ref>

===5th century===
;438: The Empress [[Licinia Eudoxia|Eudocia]] removes the ban on Jews' praying at the [[Temple Mount|Temple site]] and the heads of the Community in Galilee issue a call "to the great and mighty people of the Jews": "Know that the end of the exile of our people has come"!

;450: Redaction of the [[Jerusalem Talmud]]

===6th century===
;500–523: [[Dhu Nuwas|Yosef Dhu Nuwas]], King of [[Himyarite Kingdom]] (Modern Yemen) converting to Judaism, upgrading existing Yemenese Jewish center. His kingdom falls in a war against Axum and the Christians.

;550: The main redaction of [[Babylonian Talmud]] is completed under Rabbis [[Ravina II|Ravina]] and [[Rav Ashi|Ashi]]. To a lesser degree, the text continues to be modified for the next 200 years.

;550–700: Period of the ''[[Savoraim]]'', the sages in [[Achaemenid Empire|Persia]] who put the Talmud in its final form.

;555–572: The [[Samaritan Revolts#556 Samaritan revolt|Fourth Samaritan Revolt against Byzantium]] results in great reduction of the [[Samaritan]] community, their Israelite faith is outlawed. Neighbouring Jews, who mostly reside in Galilee, are also affected by the oppressive rule of the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantines]].

===7th century===
;610–628: Jews of Galilee led by [[Benjamin of Tiberias]] gain [[Jewish revolt against Heraclius#Jewish Sassanid COmmonwealth|autonomy]] in Jerusalem after [[Jewish revolt against Heraclius|revolting against Heraclius]] as a joint military campaign with ally [[Sassanid Empire]] under [[Khosrau II]] and Jewish militias from Persia, but are subsequently massacred.

;612: [[Sisebut]], [[Visigothic Kingdom|king of the Visigoths]], forces his Jewish subjects to convert to [[Christianity]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Isidore of Seville | author-link=Isidore of Seville |title=History of the Goths, Vandals, and Suevi |publisher=E.J.Brill  |editor=Guido Donini |edition=2 |date=1970|location=Leiden |pages=27–28 |language=en }}</ref>

;7th century: The rise and domination of [[Islam]] among largely pagan Arabs in the [[Arabian Peninsula]] results in the almost complete removal and conversion of the [[History of the Jews in Muslim lands#Arabian Peninsula|ancient Jewish communities]] there, and [[Battle of Yarmouk|sack of Levant]] from the hands of Byzantines.

== Middle Ages ==

===8th century===
;700–1250: Period of the [[Gaonim]] (the Gaonic era). Most Jews lived in the [[Muslim]] Arab realm (Andalusia, North Africa, Palestine, Iraq and Yemen), others living in Christian southern Europe and Asia Minor. Despite general discrimination and sporadic periods of persecution in this period, Jewish communal and cultural life flowered. The universally recognized centers of Jewish life were in [[Jerusalem]] and [[Tiberias]] (Syria),  [[Sura (city)|Sura]] and [[Pumbeditha]] (Iraq). The heads of these law schools were the ''Gaonim'', who were consulted on matters of law by Jews throughout the world. During this time, the [[Niqqud]] is invented in Tiberias.

;711: [[Ummayad]] armies [[Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula|invade and occupy most of Spain]] (at this time Jews made up about 8% of [[Spain]]'s population). Under [[Visigothic Kingdom|Visigothic rule]], Jews had been subject to frequent and intense persecution, which was formalized under Muslim rule due to the [[dhimmi]] rules in Islam. Jews and Christians had to pay the [[jizya]]. Some sources mark this as the beginning of the [[Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain]], although most mention 912.

;740: The [[Khazars|Khazar]] (a [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] semi-[[nomad]]ic people from [[Central Asia]]) King and members of the upper class adopt [[Judaism]]. The Khazarate lasts until 10th century, being overrun by the Rus, and finally conquered by Rus and Byzantine forces in 1016.

;760: The [[Karaite (Jewish sect)|Karaites]] reject the authority of the oral law, and split off from rabbinic Judaism.

===9th century===
;807: [[Abbasid]] [[Caliph]] [[Harun al-Rashid]] orders all Jews in the Caliphate to wear a [[zunnar|yellow belt]], with Christians to wear a blue one.

;846: In Sura, Iraq, Rav [[Amram Gaon]] compiles his siddur (Jewish prayer book.)

;850: [[al-Mutawakkil]] made a decree ordering [[dhimmi]] Jews and Christians to wear garments distinguishing them from Muslims,<ref name="Stillman">{{cite book |last1=Stillman |first1=Norman |title=Arab Dress, A Short History: From the Dawn of Islam to Modern Times |date=8 June 2022 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-49162-5 |pages=104–106 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YUB0EAAAQBAJ |access-date=3 October 2024 |language=en}}</ref> their places of worship to be destroyed, and allowing them little involvement in government or official matters.

;871: An incomplete marriage contract dated to October 6 of this year is the earliest dated document found in the papers of the [[Cairo Geniza]].

;888: The [[Aghlabids]] require ''dhimmis'' in the Maghreb and Sicily to wear a patch ([[shikla|ruq'a]]) of white fabric on the shoulder of their outer garment, with the patch for Jews being in the image of an ape.<ref name="Stillman" /><ref>{{cite book |last1=Simonsohn |first1=Šelomō |title=The Jews in Sicily: 383-1300 |date=1997 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-10977-3 |page=xxiv |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SLgr_TuHaYUC |access-date=3 October 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

===10th century===
;912–1013: The [[Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain]]. [[Abd-ar-Rahman III]] becomes Caliph of [[Spain]] in 912, ushering in the height of tolerance. Muslims granted Jews and Christians exemptions from military service, the right to their own courts of law, and a guarantee of safety of their property. Jewish poets, scholars, scientists, statesmen and philosophers flourished in and were an integral part of the extensive Arab civilization. This period ended with the [[Siege of Córdoba (1013)|Cordoba massacre in 1013]].

;940: In [[Iraq]], [[Saadia Gaon]] compiles his [[siddur]] (Jewish prayer book).

;945: In the [[Serenissima Repubblica di Venezia]], the Senate forbids sea captains from accepting Jewish passengers.

===11th century===
;1008–1013: [[Caliph]] [[Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah]] ("the Mad") issues severe restrictions against Jews in the [[Fatimid Caliphate]]. All Jews are forced to wear a heavy wooden [[Yellow badge|"golden calf"]] around their necks. Christians have to wear a large wooden cross and members of both groups had to wear black hats.<ref name="Stillman" />

;1013: During the fall of the city, Sulayman's troops [[Siege of Córdoba (1013)|looted Córdoba]] and massacred citizens of the city, including many Jews. Prominent Jews in Córdoba, such as [[Samuel ibn Naghrela]] were forced to flee to the city in 1013.

;1013–1073: Rabbi Yitchaki Alfassi (from [[Morocco]], later Spain) writes the ''Rif'', an important work of [[Halakha|Jewish law]].

;1016: The Jewish community of [[Kairouan]], Tunisia is forced to choose between conversion and expulsion.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Nafziger|first1=George F.|last2=Walton|first2=Mark W.|title=Islam at War: A History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7U0hY3wtXe4C&pg=PA230|year=2003|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-275-98101-3|page=230}}</ref>

;1033: Following their conquest of the city from the Maghrawa tribe, the forces of Tamim, chief of the Zenata Berber Banu Ifran tribe, perpetrated a [[1033 Fez massacre|massacre of Jew]]s in Fez.

;1040–1105: Rabbi Shlomo Yitzhaki ([[Rashi]]) writes important commentaries on almost the entire Tanakh and Talmud.

;1066 December 30: [[1066 Granada massacre|Granada massacre]]: Muslim mob stormed the royal palace in [[Granada]],  [[crucifixion|crucified]] Jewish [[vizier]] [[Joseph ibn Naghrela]] and massacred most of the Jewish population of the city. "More than 1,500 Jewish families, numbering 4,000 persons, fell in one day."<ref>[http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=412&letter=G&search=Granada Granada] by Richard Gottheil, [[Meyer Kayserling]], ''[[Jewish Encyclopedia]]''. 1906 ed.</ref>

;1090: Granada was captured by [[Yusuf ibn Tashfin]], King of the [[Almoravides]]. The Jewish community, believed to have sided with the Christians, was destroyed. Many fled, penniless, to Christian [[Toledo, Spain|Toledo]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishhistory.org.il/history.php?startyear=1090&endyear=1099|title=Jewish History 1090–1099|website=jewishhistory.org.il|access-date=23 November 2017}}</ref>

;1095–1291: Christian [[Crusades]] begin, sparking warfare with Islam in [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]]. Crusaders temporarily capture Jerusalem in 1099. Tens of thousands of Jews are killed by European crusaders throughout Europe and in the Middle East.

===12th century===
;1100–1275: Time of the ''tosafot'', Talmudic commentators who carried on [[Rashi]]'s work. They include some of his descendants.

;1107: Moroccan [[Almoravid]] ruler [[Yusuf ibn Tashfin]] expels Moroccan Jews who do not convert to Islam.

;1135–1204: Rabbi Moses ben Maimon, aka [[Maimonides]] or the [[Rambam]] is the leading rabbi of [[Sephardi]]c Jewry. Among his many accomplishments, he writes one of the most influential codes of law (The [[Mishneh Torah]]) in Jewish History as well as, in [[Arabic language|Arabic]], many philosophical works including the ([[Guide for the Perplexed]]).

;1141: [[Yehuda Halevi]] issues a call to the Jews to emigrate to Palestine. He is buried in Jerusalem.

;1150–1230: The [[Almohads]] conquer southern Spain and the Magrheb. As they do not regocnise the typical dhimmi status of Jews and Christians, they often force them to chose between conversion and death. They also reintroduce the ''shikla'' and force the converted Jews to also wear differentiating clothing as they do not trust their sincerity. [[Maimonides#Biography|Maimonides]] leaves Cordoba around 1160.<ref name="Taieb-Carlen">{{cite book |last1=Taieb-Carlen |first1=Sarah |title=The Jews of North Africa: From Dido to De Gaulle |date=23 February 2010 |publisher=University Press of America |isbn=978-0-7618-5044-1 |pages=29–31 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9txi3xuuENcC |access-date=2 October 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Roth |first1=Norman |title=Medieval Jewish Civilization: An Encyclopedia |date=8 April 2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-77155-2 |page=21 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8edQAwAAQBAJ |access-date=4 October 2024 |language=en |chapter=Almohads}}</ref>

;1176: [[Maimonides]] completed his Introduction to the ''[[Mishneh Torah]]''.

;1187: Upon the capture of Jerusalem, Saladin summons the Jews and permits them to resettle in the city.<ref>Scharfstein and Gelabert, 1997, p. 145.</ref> In particular, the residents of Ashkelon, a large Jewish settlement, respond to his request.<ref>Rossoff, 2001, p. 6.</ref>

;1189: [[Jacob of Orléans]] slain in antisemitic riots that swept through London during the coronation of [[King Richard I]]. The king later punished the perpetrators of the crime.

;1190: 150 Jews of York, England, killed in a [[pogrom]], known as the ''[[York Massacre]]''.

===13th century===
;1240: Jews living in England, under [[Henry III of England|King Henry III]], were blamed for counterfeiting the money and when the local citizens began to exact revenge on them, the king expelled his Jewish subjects in order to save them from harm.<ref>[[Gedaliah ibn Yahya ben Joseph|Gedaliah Ibn Yechia]], ''Shalshelet Ha-Kabbalah''</ref>

;1249–1250: The [[Hafsid dynasty|Hafsid]] caliph in the Magrheb and the [[Ayyubid Sultanate|Ayyubid sultan]] of Egypt issue decrees that Jews and Christians to wear a dinstinguishing badge. The so-called [[shikla]] continues to be in use for [[Tunisian Jews]] into the nineteenth century.<ref name="Stillman1">{{cite book |last1=Stillman |first1=Norman |title=Arab Dress, A Short History: From the Dawn of Islam to Modern Times |date=8 June 2022 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-49162-5 |pages=110,114 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YUB0EAAAQBAJ |access-date=3 October 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

;1250–1300: The life of [[Moses de Leon]], of Spain. He publishes to the public the [[Zohar]] the 2nd century CE esoteric interpretations of the Torah by [[Rabbi Shimon bar Yochai]] and his disciples. Thus begins the evolution of modern [[Kabbalah]] (esoteric Jewish mysticism).

;1250–1550: Period of the ''[[Rishonim]]'', the medieval rabbinic sages. Most Jews at this time lived in lands bordering the [[Mediterranean Sea]] or in [[Western Europe]] under feudal systems. With the decline of Muslim and Jewish centers of power in [[Iraq]], there was no single place in the world which was a recognized authority for deciding matters of Jewish law and practice. Consequently, the rabbis recognized the need for writing commentaries on the [[Torah]] and Talmud and for writing law codes that would allow Jews anywhere in the world to be able to continue living in the Jewish tradition.

;1267: [[Nachmanides]] (Ramban) settles in Jerusalem and builds the [[Ramban Synagogue]].

;1270–1343: Rabbi [[Jacob ben Asher]] of Spain writes the ''[[Arba'ah Turim]]'' (Four Rows of Jewish Law).

;1276: Massacre in [[Fez, Morocco|Fez]] to kill all Jews stopped by intervention of the Emir.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1eqtODKlq1cC&pg=459|title=Roudh el-Kartas: Histoire des souverains du Maghreb (Espagne et Maroc) et annales de la ville de Fès|first1=ʻAlī ibn ʻAbd Allāh Ibn Abī Zarʻ|last1=al-Fāsī|first2=Ṣāliḥ ibn ʻAbd al-Ḥalīm|last2=al-Gharnāṭī|date=23 November 1860|publisher=Impr. impériale}}</ref>

;1290: Jews are expelled from [[England]] by [[Edward I of England|Edward I]] after the banning of [[usury]] in the 1275 ''[[Statute of Jewry]]''.

===14th century===
[[File:Pottery artifacts Synagogue Sopron Hungary.jpg|thumb|Pottery in the museum of the synagogue of Sopron, [[Hungary]], built around 1300.]]
;1300: Rabbi Levi ben Gershom, aka [[Gersonides]]. A 14th-century French Jewish philosopher best known for his ''Sefer Milhamot Adonai'' ("The Book of the Wars of the Lord") as well as for his philosophical commentaries.

;1304–1394: Jews are repeatedly expelled from [[France]] and readmitted, for a price.

;1343: Jews persecuted in Western Europe are invited to [[Poland]] by [[Casimir III of Poland|Casimir the Great]].

;1346–1353: Jews scapegoated as the cause of the growing [[Black Death]]. See also [[Medieval antisemitism#The Black Death|Medieval antisemitism]]

;1348: [[Pope Clement VI]] issued two papal bulls in 1348 (6 July and 26 September), the latter named ''Quamvis Perfidiam'', which condemned the violence and said those who blamed the plague on the Jews had been "seduced by that liar, the Devil."<ref name=Skolnik1>{{cite book|last1=Skolnik|first1=Fred|last2=Berenbaum|first2=Michael|title=Encyclopaedia Judaica: Ba-Blo|publisher=Granite Hill Publishers|isbn=978-0-02-865931-2|page=733|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vKoUAQAAIAAJ|date=2007}}</ref> He urged clergy to take action to protect Jews as he had done.

;1349: Several hundred Jews are publicly burned to death in the [[Strasbourg massacre]].

;1350s: Genetic testing conducted on [[Ashkenazi Jews]] has pointed to a bottleneck in the 1300s in the Ashkenazi Jewish population where it dwindled down to as few as 250–420 people.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2014/09/ashkenazi-jewish-population-has-distinctive-yet-similar-genomes/ |date = 23 September 2014 |title = Ashkenazi Jewish population has distinctive, yet similar genomes |first = Diana |last = Gitig |website = Ars Technica}}</ref>

;1369–70: Civil war in Spain, between brothers [[Peter of Castile]] (Pedro) and [[Henry II of Castile]] (Enrique), leads to the deaths of 38,000 Jews, embroiled in the conflict.<ref>[[Abraham Zacuto]], ''Sefer Yuchasin'', [[Kraków]] 1580 (q.v. [https://www.hebrewbooks.org/11550 ''Sefer Yuchasin''], electronic page 265 (in PDF) (Hebrew).</ref><ref>[[Gedaliah ibn Yahya ben Joseph|Gedaliah ibn Jechia]] the Spaniard, ''Shalshelet ha-Kabbalah'', Jerusalem 1962, p. 140 (in Hebrew), who puts the number of Jewish deaths in this conflict at 28,000.</ref>

===15th century===
;1428: The [[Marinid sultanate|Marinid sultan]] confines the Jewish population to the [[mellah of Fez]] due to the increasing hostility of the Muslim population. The [[mellah]]s of other towns of Morocco, all of which are established later under the Saadians and the Alawids, are founded with the express intent of ostracism and isolating Jews rather than protection.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Stillman |first1=Norman A. |title=The Jews of Arab Lands |date=1979 |publisher=Jewish Publication Society |isbn=978-0-8276-1155-9 |pages=79–81 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bFN2ismyhEYC |access-date=2 October 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Taieb-Carlen" />

;1465: During the [[1465 Moroccan revolution]] which overthrows the [[Marinid dynasty]], the Jewish [[mellah]] is attacked by the population of Fez, though the extent of the massacre is debated.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Stillman |first1=Norman A. |title=The Jews of Arab Lands |date=1979 |publisher=Jewish Publication Society |isbn=978-0-8276-1155-9 |page=81 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bFN2ismyhEYC |access-date=30 September 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=García-Arenal |first1=Mercedes |title=The revolution of Fās in 869/1465 and the death of Sultan 'Abd al-ḥaqq al-Marīnī |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies |date=1 January 1978 |volume=41 |pages=43–76 |doi=10.1017/S0041977X00057773 |url=https://www.academia.edu/1382306}}</ref>

;1478:[[Catholic Monarchs|King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella]] of Spain institute the [[Spanish Inquisition]].

;1486: First Jewish prayer book published in Italy.

;1488–1575: Rabbi [[Yosef Karo]] spends 20 years compiling the Beit Yosef, an enormous guide to Jewish law. He then writes a more concise guide, the [[Shulkhan Arukh]], that becomes the standard law guide for the next 400 years. Born in Spain, Yosef Karo lives and dies in [[Safed]].

;1488: [[Obadiah ben Abraham]], commentator on the [[Mishnah]], arrives in Jerusalem and marks a new epoch for the Jewish community.

;1492: The [[Alhambra Decree]]: Approximately 200,000 Jews are expelled from Spain, The expelled Jews relocate to the [[Netherlands]], [[Turkey]], [[Arab]] lands, and [[Judea]]; some eventually go to South and Central America. However, most emigrate to Poland. In later centuries, more than 50% of Jewish world population lived in Poland. Many Jews remain in Spain after publicly converting to Christianity, becoming [[Crypto-Judaism|Crypto-Jews]].

;1492: [[Bayezid II]] of the [[Ottoman Empire]] issued a formal invitation to the Jews expelled from Spain and Portugal and sent out ships to safely bring Jews to his empire.

;1493: Jews expelled from Sicily. As many as 137,000 exiled.

;1496: Jews expelled from [[Portugal]] and from many German cities.

== Early Modern Era ==

===16th century===
;1501: King [[Alexander of Poland]] readmits Jews to [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]].

;1506
: [[Lisbon massacre]]: [[Dominican Order|Dominican friars]] promised absolution for sins committed over the previous 100 days to those who killed the Jews of Lisbon, and a crowd of more than 500 people (many of them sailors from the [[County of Holland|counties of Holland]] and [[County of Zeeland|Zeeland]], and the [[Kingdom of Germany]]) gathered, persecuted, tortured, killed, and burnt at the stake hundreds of Jews. Women and children were beaten to death. Some Portuguese families saved their jewish neighbors by hiding them.

;1511: Printing of Jewish books by mechanical press began by [[Daniel Bomberg]].<ref>[[Gedaliah ibn Yahya ben Joseph|Gedaliah ibn Jechia]] the Spaniard, ''Shalshelet ha-Kabbalah'', Jerusalem 1962, p. 275 (in Hebrew)</ref>

;1516: [[Venetian Ghetto]] established, the first Jewish ghetto in Europe. Many others follow.

;1525–1572: Rabbi [[Moshe Isserles]] (The Rema) of [[Kraków]] writes an extensive commentary to the [[Shulkhan Arukh]] called the ''Mappah'', extending its application to [[Ashkenazi]] Jewry.

;1534: King [[Sigismund I the Old|Sigismund I of Poland]] abolishes the law that required Jews to wear [[yellow badge|special clothes]].

;1534: First [[Yiddish]] book published, in Poland.

;1534–1572: [[Isaac Luria]] ("the Arizal") teaches [[Kabbalah]] in Jerusalem and (mainly) Safed to select disciples. Some of those, such as [[Ibn Tebul]], [[Israel Sarug]] and mostly [[Chaim Vital]], put his teachings into writing. While the Sarugian versions are published shortly afterwards in Italy and Holland, the Vitalian texts remain in manuscripti for as long as three centuries.

;1547: First Hebrew Jewish printing house in [[Lublin]].

;1550: Jews expelled from [[Genoa]], Italy.

;1550: [[Moses ben Jacob Cordovero]] founds a Kabbalah academy in Safed.

;1567: First [[yeshiva]] is founded in Poland.

;1577: A Hebrew printing press is established in Safed, the first press in Palestine and the first in Asia.

;1580–1764: First session of the [[Council of Four Lands]] (''Va'ad Arba' Aratzot'') in Lublin, [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth|Poland]]. 70 delegates from local Jewish ''kehillot'' meet to discuss taxation and other issues important to the Jewish community.

===17th century===
;1621–1630: [[Shelah HaKadosh]] writes his most famous work after emigrating to the Land of Israel.

;1623: First time separate (''Va'ad'') Jewish Sejm for [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]].

;1626–1676: False [[Messiah]] [[Sabbatai Zevi]].

;1627: Kingdom of Beta Israel in what is now modern day Ethiopia collapses and loses autonomy.

;1633: Jews of [[Poznań]] granted a privilege of forbidding Christians to enter into their city.

;1648: Jewish population of Poland reached 450,000 (4% of the 11,000,000 population of Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth being Jewish), 40,000 in Bohemia, and 25,000 in Moravia. Worldwide population of Jewry is estimated at 750,000.

;1648–1655: The [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] [[Cossack]] [[Bohdan Chmielnicki]] leads a massacre of Polish gentry and Jewry that leaves an estimated 65,000 Jews dead and a similar number of gentry. The total decrease in the number of Jews is estimated at 100,000.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.virtual.co.il/communities/wjcbook/poland/ |title=Virtual Jerusalem - Jewish Communities of the World |access-date=2005-06-02 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990129001314/http://www.virtual.co.il/communities/wjcbook/poland/ |archive-date=1999-01-29 }}</ref>

;1655: Jews readmitted to England by [[Oliver Cromwell]].

;1660: [[1660 destruction of Safed]].<ref name=peters>{{cite book|author=Joan Peters|title=From time immemorial: the origins of the Arab-Jewish conflict over Palestine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5EkgDJsaGhMC|year=1985|publisher=JKAP Publications|isbn=978-0-9636242-0-8|page=178}}</ref>

;1679: Jews of Yemen expelled to [[Mawza Exile|Mawza]]

===18th century===
;1700–1760: Israel ben Eliezer, known as the [[Baal Shem Tov]], founds [[Hasidic Judaism]], a way to approach God through meditation and fervent joy. He and his disciples attract many followers, and establish numerous [[Hasidic Judaism|Hasidic]] sects. The European Jewish opponents of Hasidim (known as [[Misnagdim]]) argue that one should follow a more scholarly approach to Judaism. Some of the more well-known Hasidic sects today include Bobover, Breslover, Gerer, Lubavitch (Chabad) and Satmar Hasidim.

;1700: Rabbi [[Judah HeHasid (Jerusalem)|Judah HeHasid]] makes [[aliyah]] to [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] accompanied by hundreds of his followers. A few days after his arrival, Rabbi Yehuda dies suddenly.

;1700: [[Sir Solomon de Medina]] is knighted by William III, making him the first Jew in England to receive that honour.

;1720: Unpaid Arab creditors burn the synagogue unfinished by immigrants of Rabbi Yehuda and expel all Ashkenazi Jews from Jerusalem. ''See also [[Hurva Synagogue]]''

;1720–1797: Rabbi Elijah of [[Vilna]], the [[Vilna Gaon]].

;1729–1786: [[Moses Mendelssohn]] and the [[Haskalah]] (Enlightenment) movement. He strove to bring an end to the isolation of the Jews so that they would be able to embrace the [[Western culture|culture of the Western world]], and in turn be embraced by gentiles as equals. The Haskalah opened the door for the development of all the modern Jewish denominations and the revival of Hebrew as a spoken language, but it also paved the way for many who, wishing to be fully accepted into Christian society, converted to Christianity or chose to assimilate to emulate it.

;1740: [[Parliament of Great Britain]] passes a general act permitting Jews to be naturalized in the American colonies. Previously, several colonies had also permitted Jews to be naturalized without taking the standard oath "upon the true faith of a Christian."

;1740: Ottoman authorities invite Rabbi Haim Abulafia (1660–1744), renowned Kabbalist and Rabbi of Izmir, to come to the Holy Land. Rabbi Abulafia is to rebuild the city of Tiberias, which has lain desolate for some 70 years. The city's revival is seen by many as a sign of the coming of the Messiah.<ref name="autogenerated1">Morgenstern, Arie. "''Dispersion and Longing for Zion, 1240–1840''". Azure. {{cite web |url=http://www.jafi.org.il/education/culture/dispersion.html |title=Culture &#124; Dispersion and the Longing for Zion, 1240-1840 |access-date=2008-02-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011105728/http://www.jafi.org.il/education/culture/dispersion.html |archive-date=2007-10-11 }}</ref>

;1740–1750: Thousands immigrate to [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] under the influence of Messianic predictions. The large immigration greatly increases the size and strength of the Jewish Settlement in Palestine.<ref name="autogenerated1" />

;1747:Rabbi [[Abraham Gershon of Kitov]] ([[Kuty]]) (1701–1761) is the first immigrant of the Hasidic Aliyah. He is a respected Talmudic scholar, mystic, and brother-in-law of [[Baal Shem Tov|Rabbi Israel Baal Shem Tov]] (founder of the Hasidic movement). Rabbi Abraham first settles in [[Hebron]]. Later, he relocates to Jerusalem at the behest of its residents.<ref>''Encyclopedia Judaica'', vol. 9, pp. 514. Gershon of Kitov</ref>

;1759: Followers of [[Jacob Frank]] joined ranks of Polish [[szlachta]] (gentry) of Jewish origins.

;1772–1795: [[Partitions of Poland]] between [[Russia]], Kingdom of [[Prussia]] and [[Austria]]. Main bulk of World Jewry lives now in those 3 countries. Old privileges of Jewish communities are denounced.

;1775–1781:  [[American Revolution]]; guaranteed the [[freedom of religion]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lcweb.loc.gov/exhibits/declara/declara1.html|title=Declaring Independence: Drafting the Documents|access-date=23 November 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070630050357/http://www.lcweb.loc.gov/exhibits/declara/declara1.html|archive-date=30 June 2007}}</ref>

;1775: Mob violence against the Jews of Hebron.<ref name=dolan>{{cite book|author=David P. Dolan|title=Holy war for the promised land: Israel's struggle to survive|url=https://archive.org/details/holywarforpromis00dola|url-access=registration|year=1991|publisher=Thomas Nelson Incorporated|isbn=978-0-8407-3325-2|page=[https://archive.org/details/holywarforpromis00dola/page/60 60]}}</ref>

;1789: The [[French Revolution]]. In 1791 France grants full right to Jews and allows them to become citizens, under certain conditions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mars.acnet.wnec.edu/~grempel/courses/wc2/lectures/rev891.html |title=The French Revolution |access-date=2002-11-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021001122324/http://mars.acnet.wnec.edu/~grempel/courses/wc2/lectures/rev891.html |archive-date=2002-10-01 }}</ref>

;1790: In the US, President [[George Washington]] sends a letter to the Jewish community in [[Rhode Island]]. He writes that he envisions a country "which gives bigotry no sanction...persecution no assistance". Despite the fact that the US was a predominantly [[Protestant]] country, theoretically Jews are given full rights. In addition, the mentality of Jewish immigrants shaped by their role as merchants in Eastern Europe meant they were well-prepared to compete in American society.

;1791: Russia creates the [[Pale of Settlement]] that includes land acquired from Poland with a huge Jewish population and in the same year [[Crimea]]. The Jewish population of the Pale was 750,000. 450,000 Jews lived in the Prussian and Austrian parts of Poland.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.us-israel.org/jsource/History/pale.html|title=The Pale of Settlement|access-date=23 November 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021201224108/http://www.us-israel.org/jsource/History/pale.html|archive-date=1 December 2002}}</ref>

;1798: Rabbi [[Nachman of Breslov]] travels to Palestine.

;1799: While French troops were in Palestine besieging the city of [[Acre, Israel|Acre]], Napoleon prepared a Proclamation [[Napoleon and the Jews|requesting Asian and African Jews to help him conquer Jerusalem]], but his unsuccessful attempt to capture Acre prevented it from being issued.

;1799: Mob violence on Jews in [[Safed]].<ref name="dolan" />

== 19th century ==
[[File:Jidische.Folkschtime.jpg|thumb|Banner from the first issue of the ''Jidische Folkschtime'' (Yiddish People's Voice), published in Stockholm, 12 January 1917.]]
;1800–1900: The Golden Age of [[Yiddish literature]], the revival of Hebrew as a spoken language, and the revival of [[Hebrew literature]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bergen.org/AAST/Projects/Yiddish/English/literature.html |title=Yiddish Literature |access-date=2002-11-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021202112931/http://www.bergen.org/AAST/projects/Yiddish/English/literature.html |archive-date=2002-12-02 }}</ref>

;1808–1840:Large-scale aliyah in hope of [[Hastening Redemption]] in anticipation of the arrival of the Messiah in 1840.<ref>Hastening Redemption: Messianism and the Resettlement of the Land of Israel, Arie Morgenstern, Oxford University Press, 2007</ref>

;1820–1860: The development of [[Orthodox Judaism]], a set of traditionalist movements that resisted the influences of modernization that arose in response to the European emancipation and Enlightenment movements; characterized by continued strict adherence to [[Halakha]].

;1830: [[Greece]] grants citizenship to Jews.

;1831: Jewish militias take part in the defense of [[Warsaw]] against Russians.

;1834–1835: [[Muslims]], [[Druze]] attack Jews in [[Safed]], [[Hebron]] & in [[Jerusalem]].<ref>''Changes in the Position of the Jewish Communities of Palestine and Syria in the Mid-Nineteenth Century'', by Moshe Maoz, Studies on Palestine During the Ottoman Period, Jerusalem, Israel, 1975, pp. 147–148</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brainyhistory.com/topics/p/palestine.html|title=Palestine Events in History at BrainyHistory.com|access-date=23 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.historyorb.com/countries/palestine|title=Palestinian History|newspaper=Onthisday.com |access-date=23 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=A descriptive geography and brief historical sketch of Palestine | first=Joseph | last=Schwarz | publisher=A. Hart | year=1850 | page=399 | url=https://archive.org/details/adescriptivegeo00schwgoog/page/n465}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.utom.org/library/books/Palestine2.pdf | title=Descriptive Geography and Brief Historical Sketch of Palestine | first=Joseph | last=Schwarz | year=1850 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121213143129/http://www.utom.org/library/books/Palestine2.pdf|archive-date=2012-12-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jewish-history.com/palestine/hebron.html|title=History of the Jews in Hebron|website=jewish-history.com|access-date=23 November 2017}}</ref> (See related: [[Safed plunder]]).

;1837: [[Moses Haim Montefiore]] is knighted by [[Queen Victoria]]

;1837: [[Galilee earthquake of 1837]] devastates Jewish communities of [[Safed]] and [[Tiberias]].

;1838–1933: Rabbi [[Yisrael Meir Kagan|Yisroel Meir ha-Kohen]] (Chofetz Chaim) opens an important yeshiva. He writes an authoritative Halakhic work, [[Mishnah Berurah]].

;Mid-19th century: Beginning of the rise of classical [[Reform Judaism]].

;Mid-19th century: Rabbi [[Israel Salanter]] develops the [[Mussar Movement]]. While teaching that Jewish law is binding, he dismisses current philosophical debate and advocates the ethical teachings as the essence of Judaism.

;Mid-19th century: Positive-Historical Judaism, later known as [[Conservative Judaism]], is developed.

;1841: [[David Levy Yulee]] of Florida is elected to the [[United States Senate]], becoming the first Jew elected to Congress.

;1851: [[Norway]] allows Jews to enter the country. They are not emancipated until 1891.

;1858: Jews [[History of the Jews in England—The Struggle for Emancipation|emancipated in England]].

;1860: [[Alliance Israelite Universelle]], an international Jewish organization is founded in [[Paris]] with the goal to protect Jewish rights as [[citizen]]s.

;1860–1875: [[Moshe Montefiori]] builds Jewish neighbourhoods outside the [[Old City (Jerusalem)|Old City]] of Jerusalem starting with [[Mishkenot Sha'ananim]].

;1860–1864: Jews are taking part in Polish national movement, that was followed by [[January rising]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2007}}

;1860–1943: [[Henrietta Szold]]: educator, author, social worker and founder of [[Hadassah Women's Zionist Organization of America]].

;1861: The Zion Society is formed in [[Frankfurt am Main]], Germany.

;1862: Jews are given equal rights in Russian-controlled [[Congress Poland]]. The privileges of some towns regarding prohibition of Jewish settlement are revoked. In Leipzig, [[Moses Hess]] publishes the book [[Rome and Jerusalem]], the first book to call for the establishment of a Jewish socialist commonwealth in Palestine. The book is also notable for giving the impetus for the Labor Zionist movement.

;1867: Jews emancipated in Hungary.

;1868: [[Benjamin Disraeli]] becomes Prime Minister of the [[United Kingdom]]. Though converted to Christianity as a child, he is the first person of Jewish descent to become a leader of government in Europe.

;1870–1890: Russian Zionist group [[Hovevei Zion]] (Lovers of Zion) and [[Bilu (movement)|Bilu]] (est. 1882) set up a series of Jewish settlements in the [[Land of Israel]], financially aided by Baron [[Edmond James de Rothschild]]. In [[Rishon LeZion]] [[Eliezer ben Yehuda]] revives [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] as spoken modern language.

;1870: Jews emancipated in Italy.

;1871: Jews emancipated in Germany.

;1875: [[Reform Judaism]]'s [[Hebrew Union College]] is founded in [[Cincinnati, Ohio|Cincinnati]]. Its founder was Rabbi [[Isaac Mayer Wise]], the architect of [[Reform Judaism|American Reform Judaism]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://huc.edu/index.html|title=Hebrew Union College—Jewish Institute of Religion|access-date=23 November 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020202041831/http://www.huc.edu/index.html|archive-date=2 February 2002}}</ref>

;1877: [[New Hampshire]] becomes the last state to give Jews equal political rights.

;1878: [[Petah Tikva]] is founded by religious pioneers from Jerusalem, led by [[Yehoshua Stampfer]].

;1880: World Jewish population around 7.7 million, 90% in Europe, mostly Eastern Europe; around 3.5 million in the former Polish provinces.

;1881–1884, 1903–1906, 1918–1920: Three major waves of [[pogrom]]s kill tens of thousands of Jews in Russia and Ukraine. More than two million Russian Jews emigrate in the period 1881–1920.

;1881: On December 30–31, the [[1881 Focșani Zionist Congress|First Congress of all Zionist Unions for the colonization of Palestine]] was held at Focșani, Romania.

;1882–1903: The First [[Aliyah]], a major wave of Jewish immigrants to build a homeland in [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jajz-ed.org.il/100/concepts/aliyah3.html|title=Aliyah|access-date=23 November 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000915150847/http://www.jajz-ed.org.il/100/concepts/aliyah3.html|archive-date=15 September 2000}}</ref>

;1886: Rabbi [[Sabato Morais]] and [[Alexander Kohut]] begin to champion the [[Conservative Judaism|Conservative Jewish]] reaction to American Reform, and establish The [[Jewish Theological Seminary of America]] as a school of 'enlightened Orthodoxy'.

;1890: The term "[[Zionism]]" is coined by an [[Austria]]n Jewish publicist [[Nathan Birnbaum]] in his journal ''Self Emancipation'' and was defined as the national movement for the return of the Jewish people to their homeland and the resumption of Jewish sovereignty in the Land of Israel.

;1895: First published book by [[Sigmund Freud]].

;1897: In response to the [[Dreyfus affair]], [[Theodor Herzl]] writes [[Der Judenstaat]] (The Jewish State), advocating the creation of a free and independent Jewish state in Israel.

;1897: The Bund ([[General Jewish Labour Bund in Lithuania, Poland and Russia|General Jewish Labour Bund]]) is formed in Russia.

;1897: First [[Russian Empire Census]]: 5,200,000 of Jews, 4,900,000 in the Pale. The lands of former [[Poland]]{{Clarify|date=November 2007}}<!-- former lands but in relation to what year? 1772 would differ greatly from 1864... --> have 1,300,000 Jews or 14% of population.

;1897: The [[First Zionist Congress]] was held at [[Basel]], which brought the [[World Zionist Organization]] (WZO) into being.

== 20th century ==
;1902: Rabbi Dr. [[Solomon Schechter]] reorganizes the [[Jewish Theological Seminary of America]] and makes it into the flagship institution of [[Conservative Judaism]].

;1903: St. Petersburg's ''Znamya'' newspaper publishes a literary [[hoax]] ''[[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion]]''. [[Kishinev Pogrom]] caused by accusations that Jews practice cannibalism.

;1905: [[1905 Russian Revolution]] accompanied by pogroms.

; 1912-1914: [[S. An-sky]]'s [[Jewish Ethnographic Expedition]] to the Pale of Settlement visited around 70 shtetls in Volyn, Podolia, and Galicia to collect folklore and artifacts, record music, and take photos of vanishing Ashkenazi culture

;1915: [[Yeshiva University|Yeshiva College]] (later University) and its Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Rabbinical Seminary is established in [[New York City]] for training in a Modern Orthodox milieu.

;1916: [[Louis Brandeis]], on the first of June, is confirmed as the [[United States]]' first Jewish [[United States Supreme Court|Supreme Court]] justice. Brandeis was nominated by American President [[Woodrow Wilson]].

[[File:Balfour portrait and declaration.JPG|thumb|right|200px|The [[Balfour Declaration]] which supported the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine and protected the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities.]]
;1917: The British defeat the Turks and gain control of Palestine. The British issue the [[Balfour Declaration]] which gives official British support for "the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people ... it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine". Many Jews interpret this to mean that all of Palestine was to become a [[Jewish state]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/mideast/balfour.htm|title=Balfour Declaration|access-date=23 November 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070704103803/http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/mideast/balfour.htm|archive-date=4 July 2007}}</ref>

;1917 February: The Pale of Settlement is abolished, and Jews get equal rights. The [[Russian Civil War]] leads to over 2,000 pogroms with tens of thousands murdered and hundreds of thousand made homeless.

;1918–1939: The period between the two World Wars is often referred to as the "golden age" of ''[[hazzan]]ut'' (cantors). Some of the great Jewish cantors of this era include [[Abraham Davis]], [[Moshe Koussevitzky]], [[Zavel Kwartin]] (1874–1953), [[Jan Peerce]], [[Yossele Rosenblatt|Josef "Yossele" Rosenblatt]] (1882–1933), [[Gershon Sirota]] (1874–1943), and [[Laibale Waldman]].

;1919:
:February 15: Over 1,200 Jews killed in [[Khmelnytskyi, Ukraine|Khmelnitsky]] pogrom.
:March 25: Around 4,000 Jews killed by Cossack troops in [[Tetiev]].
:June 17: 800 Jews decapitated in assembly-line fashion in {{ill|Dubova, Uman Raion|lt=Dubova|uk|Дубова (Уманський район)}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://jewua.org/dubova/ |title=Dubova |website=jewua.org |date=2 June 2013 |access-date=27 March 2018}}</ref>

;1920: At the [[San Remo conference]] [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|Britain]] receives the [[League of Nations]]' [[Mandatory Palestine|British Mandate of Palestine]].
:April 4–7: Five Jews killed and 216 wounded in the [[1920 Palestine riots|Jerusalem riots]]

;1920s–present: A variety of Jewish authors, including [[Gertrude Stein]], [[Allen Ginsberg]], [[Saul Bellow]], [[Adrienne Rich]] and [[Philip Roth]], sometimes drawing on Jewish culture and history, flourish and become highly influential on the [[English-speaking world|Anglophone]] literary scene.

;1921: British military administration of the Mandate is replaced by civilian rule.

;1921: Britain proclaims that all of Palestine east of the [[Jordan River]] is forever closed to Jewish settlement, but not to Arab settlement.

;1921: Polish–Soviet peace treaty in [[Riga]]. Citizens of both sides are given rights to choose the country. Hundred thousands of Jews, especially small businesses forbidden in the Soviets, move to Poland.

;1922: [[Reform Judaism|Reform]] Rabbi [[Stephen S. Wise]] established the [[Jewish Institute of Religion]] in New York. (It merged with [[Hebrew Union College]] in 1950.)

;1923: Britain gives the [[Golan Heights]] to the [[French Mandate of Syria]]. Arab immigration is allowed; Jewish immigration is not.

:The [[First World Congress of Jewish Women]] is held 6–11 May in Vienna.

;1924: 2,989,000 Jews according to religion poll in Poland (10.5% of total). Jewish youth consisted 23% of students of high schools and 26% of students of universities.

;1926: Prior to World War I, there were few [[Hasidic Judaism|Hasidic]] yeshivas in Europe. On [[Lag BaOmer]] 1926, Rabbi [[Shlomo Chanoch Rabinowicz|Shlomo Chanoch Hacohen Rabinowicz]], the fourth [[Radomsk (Hasidic dynasty)|Radomsker]] [[Rebbe]], declared, "The time has come to found yeshivas where the younger generation will be able to learn and toil in Torah", leading to the founding of the [[Keser Torah Radomsk|Keser Torah]] network of 36 yeshivas in pre-war Poland.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jewishpressads.com/printArticle.cfm?contentid=38878 |title=Radomsker Rebbe's Yahrzeit |work=[[The Jewish Press]] |last=Tannenbaum |first=Rabbi Gershon |date=7 April 2009 |access-date=21 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615210441/http://www.jewishpressads.com/printArticle.cfm?contentid=38878 |archive-date=15 June 2012 }}</ref>

;1929: A long-running dispute between Muslims and Jews over access to the Western Wall in Jerusalem escalates into the [[1929 Palestine riots]]. The riots included attacks by Arabs on Jews, resulting in massacres in [[1929 Hebron massacre|Hebron]] and [[Safed]], and violence against Jews in Jerusalem.

;1930: World Jewry: 15,000,000. Main countries USA (4,000,000), Poland (3,500,000 11% of total), Soviet Union (2,700,000 2% of total), Romania (1,000,000 6% of total). Palestine 175,000 or 17% of total 1,036,000.

;1933: [[Hitler]] takes over [[Germany]]; his anti-Semitic sentiments are well-known, prompting numerous Jews to emigrate.

;1935: [[Regina Jonas]] became the first woman to be ordained as a rabbi.<ref name=jwa>{{cite web |url=http://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/jonas-regina |title=Regina Jonas 1902–1944 |author=Klapheck, Elisa |work=Jewish Women's Archive |access-date=3 April 2011}}</ref>

;1937: [[Adin Steinsaltz]] born, author of the first comprehensive Babylonian Talmud commentary since [[Rashi]] in the 11th century.

;1939: The British government issues the '[[White Paper of 1939|White Paper]]'. The paper proposed a limit of 10,000 Jewish immigrants for each year between 1940 and 1944, plus 25,000 refugees for any emergency arising during that period.

;1938–1945: [[The Holocaust]] (Ha Shoah), resulting in the methodical extermination of nearly 6 million Jews across Europe.

;1940s–present: Various Jewish filmmakers, including [[Billy Wilder]], [[Woody Allen]], [[Mel Brooks]] and the [[Coen Brothers]], frequently draw on Jewish philosophy and humor, and become some of the most artistically and popularly successful in the history of the medium.

;1941: The Muslim residents of Baghdad carried out a savage pogrom against their Jewish compatriots. In this pogrom, known by its Arabic name ''al-[[Farhud]]'', about 200 Jews were murdered and thousands wounded, on June 1–2. Jewish property was plundered and many homes set ablaze.

;1941: The Lubavitcher Rebbe, Rabbi [[Menachem Schneerson]], arrives in New York after escaping Nazi Europe. Along with his father-in-law, the previous Rebbe, he builds one of the largest worldwide movements ([[Chabad]]-Lubavitch) aimed at inspiring Jews to return to their heritage and Torah observance.

;1945–1948: Post-Holocaust refugee crisis. [[United Kingdom|British]] attempts to detain Jews attempting to enter Palestine illegally.

;1946–1948: The violent struggle for the creation of a Jewish state in the [[Mandatory Palestine|British mandate of Palestine]] is intensified by Jewish defense groups: [[Haganah]], [[Irgun]], and [[Lehi (group)]].

;November 29, 1947: The [[United Nations]] approves the creation of a Jewish State and an Arab State in the British mandate of Palestine.

[[File:Declaration of State of Israel 1948 2.jpg|thumb|right|[[David Ben-Gurion]] proclaiming Israeli independence on May 14, 1948, below a portrait of Theodor Herzl|alt=A single man, adorned on both sides by a dozen sitting men, reads a document to a small audience assembled before him. Behind him are two elongated flags bearing the Star of David and portrait of a bearded man in his forties.]]
;May 14, 1948: The State of [[Israel]] declares itself as an independent Jewish state hours before the British Mandate is due to expire. Within eleven minutes, it is de facto recognized by the [[United States]]. [[Andrei Gromyko]], the [[Soviet Union]]'s UN ambassador, calls for the [[United Nations]] to accept Israel as a member state. The UN approves.

;May 15, 1948: [[1948 Arab–Israeli War]]: [[Syria]], Iraq, [[Jordan|Transjordan]], [[Lebanon]] and [[Egypt]] invade Israel hours after its creation. The attack is repulsed, and Israel conquers more territory. A [[Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim lands]] results, as up to a million Jews flee or are expelled from Arab and Muslim nations. Most settle in Israel. See also [[1949 Armistice Agreements]].

;1948–1949: Almost 250,000 Holocaust survivors make their way to Israel. "[[Operation Magic Carpet (Yemen)|Operation Magic Carpet]]" brings thousands of [[Yemen]]ite Jews to Israel.

;1956: The [[1956 Suez War]] Egypt blockades the Gulf of Aqaba, and closes the Suez canal to Israeli shipping. Egypt's President [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] calls for the destruction of Israel. Israel, England, and France go to war and force Egypt to end the blockade of Aqaba, and open the canal to all nations.

;1964: Jewish-Christian relations are revolutionized by the [[Roman Catholic Church]]'s [[Vatican II]].

;1965: [[Los Angeles Dodgers]] pitcher [[Sandy Koufax]] refuses to pitch Game 1 of the [[1965 World Series]] because it fell on [[Yom Kippur]].<ref name="yomkippur">{{cite web|title=Yom Kippur and Sandy Koufax|work=JewishSports.com|first=Sandor|last=Solomvits|url=http://www.jewishsports.com/reflections/koufax_yom.htm|access-date=August 2, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061018193520/http://www.jewishsports.com/reflections/koufax_yom.htm|archive-date=October 18, 2006}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-09-21|title=Sandy Koufax's refusal to pitch on Yom Kippur still resonates|url=https://www.espn.com/mlb/story/_/id/13710996/los-angeles-dodgers-legend-sandy-koufax-decision-not-pitch-game-1-1965-world-series-yom-kippur-resonates-today|access-date=2021-04-11|website=ESPN|language=en|archive-date=April 11, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411053246/https://www.espn.com/mlb/story/_/id/13710996/los-angeles-dodgers-legend-sandy-koufax-decision-not-pitch-game-1-1965-world-series-yom-kippur-resonates-today|url-status=live}}</ref>

;1966: [[Shmuel Yosef Agnon]] (1888–1970) becomes the first Hebrew writer to win the [[Nobel Prize]] in literature.

;May 16, 1967: Egyptian President Nasser demands that the UN dismantle the [[UN Emergency Force I]] (UNEF I) between Israel and Egypt. The UN complies and the last UN peacekeeper is out of Sinai and Gaza by May 19.

;1967 May: Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser [[Israeli passage through the Suez Canal and Straits of Tiran|closes the strategic Straits of Tiran to Israeli shipping]]. Egyptian troops replace the United Nations in the [[Sinai Peninsula]].

;June 5–10, 1967: The [[Six-Day War]]. Israel launches a pre-emptive strike against [[Egypt]], [[Jordan]], and [[Syria]]. Israeli aircraft destroy the bulk of the Arab air forces on the ground in a [[Operation Focus|surprise attack]], followed by Israeli ground offensives which see Israel decisively defeat the Arab forces and capture the Sinai Peninsula, the [[West Bank]], and the [[Golan Heights]].

;September 1, 1967: The Arab Leaders meet in [[Khartoum]], [[Sudan]]. The Three No's of Khartoum: No recognition of Israel. No negotiations with Israel. No peace with Israel.

;1968: Rabbi Mordechai Kaplan formally creates a separate [[Reconstructionist Judaism]] movement by setting up the Reconstructionist Rabbinical College in Philadelphia.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://communities.msn.com/JudaismFAQs%26naventryid%3D200 |title=Welcome to Windows Live |access-date=2019-11-18 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120714044751/http://communities.msn.com/JudaismFAQs&naventryid=200 |archive-date=2012-07-14 |url-status=dead }}</ref><!-- {{dlw-inline|url=http://home.fuse.net/aja/Fried.htm|title=}}, --><ref>{{cite web|url=http://shamash.org/jrf|title=Jewish Reconstructionist Federation - JRF|access-date=23 November 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990508194741/http://shamash.org/jrf/|archive-date=8 May 1999}}</ref>

;1969: First group of African Hebrew Israelites begin to migrate to Israel under the leadership of Ben Ammi Ben Israel.

;Mid-1970s to present: Growing revival of [[Klezmer]] music (The folk music of European Jews).,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.well.com/user/ari/klez/articles/aboutklez.html |title=About the Klezmer Revival |publisher=Well.com |access-date=2018-01-13}}</ref> [http://www.klezmershack.com/]

;1972: [[Sally Priesand]] became the first female rabbi ordained in the US, and is believed to be only the second woman ever to be formally ordained in the history of Judaism.<ref name=NYT1972>Blau, Eleanor. [https://www.nytimes.com/1972/06/04/archives/1st-woman-rabbi-in-us-ordained-she-may-be-only-the-second-in.html "1st Woman Rabbi in U.S. Ordained; She May Be Only the Second in History of Judaism"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', June 4, 1972. Retrieved September 17, 2009. "Sally J. Priesand was ordained at the Isaac M. Wise Temple here today, becoming the first woman rabbi in this country and it is believed, the second in the history of Judaism."</ref>

;1972: [[Mark Spitz]] sets the record for most gold medals won in a single [[Olympic Games]] (seven) in the [[1972 Summer Olympics]]. The [[Munich massacre]] occurs when Israeli athletes are taken hostage by [[Black September (group)|Black September]] terrorists. The hostages are killed during a failed rescue attempt.

;October 6–24, 1973: The [[Yom Kippur War]]. [[Egypt]] and [[Syria]], backed up by expeditionary forces from other Arab nations, launch a surprise attack against Israel on [[Yom Kippur]]. After absorbing the initial attacks, Israel recaptures lost ground and then pushes into Egypt and Syria. Subsequently, [[OPEC]] reduces oil production, driving up oil prices and triggering a global economic crisis.

;1975: President [[Gerald Ford]] signs legislation including the [[Jackson–Vanik amendment]], which ties US trade benefits to the Soviet Union to freedom of emigration for Jews.

;1975: United Nations adopts resolution equating Zionism with racism. Rescinded in 1991.

;1976: Israel rescues hostages taken to [[Operation Entebbe|Entebbe]], Uganda.

;September 18, 1978: At [[Camp David]], near [[Washington D.C.]], Israel and Egypt sign a comprehensive peace treaty, The [[Camp David Accord]], which included the withdrawal of Israel from the [[Sinai Peninsula|Sinai]].

;1978: [[Yiddish]] writer [[Isaac Bashevis Singer]] receives Nobel Prize

;1979: Prime Minister [[Menachem Begin]] and President [[Anwar Sadat]] are awarded [[Nobel Peace Prize]].

;1979–1983: Operation Elijah: Rescue of Ethiopian Jewry.

;1982 June–December: The [[1982 Lebanon War|Lebanon War]]. Israel invades Southern [[Lebanon]] to drive out the PLO.

;1983: American [[Reform Jew]]s formally accept patrilineal descent, creating a new definition of who is a Jew.

;1984–1985: Operations Moses, Joshua: Rescue of Ethiopian Jewry by Israel.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jajz-ed.org.il/100/concepts/aliyah5.html|title=The Zionist Century - Concepts - Aliyah|access-date=23 November 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000915151150/http://www.jajz-ed.org.il/100/concepts/aliyah5.html|archive-date=15 September 2000}}</ref>

;1986: [[Elie Wiesel]] wins the [[Nobel Peace Prize]]

;1986: [[Nathan Sharansky]], Soviet Jewish dissident, is freed from prison.

;1987: Beginning of the [[First Intifada]] against Israel.

;1989: Fall of the [[Berlin Wall]] between East and West Germany, collapse of the communist East German government, and the beginning of [[German reunification|Germany's reunification]] (which formally began in October 1990).

;1990: The Soviet Union opens its borders for the three million Soviet Jews who had been held as virtual prisoners within their own country. Hundreds of thousands of Soviet Jews choose to leave the Soviet Union and move to Israel.

;1990–1991: Iraq invades [[Kuwait]], triggering a war between Iraq and Allied United Nations forces. Israel is hit by 39 [[Scud missile]]s from Iraq.

;1991: [[Operation Solomon]]: Rescue of the remainder of [[Ethiopia]]n Jewry in a twenty-four-hour airlift.

;October 30, 1991: The [[Madrid Conference of 1991|Madrid Peace Conference]] opens in [[Spain]], sponsored by the United States and the Soviet Union.

;April 22, 1993: The [[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]] dedicated.

[[File:Bill Clinton, Yitzhak Rabin, Yasser Arafat at the White House 1993-09-13.jpg|right|thumb|[[Yitzhak Rabin]] and [[Yasser Arafat]] shake hands at the signing of the [[Oslo Accords]], with [[Bill Clinton]] behind them, 1993|alt=A stolid balding man in a dark suit on the left shakes the hand of a smiling man in traditional Arab headdress on the right. A taller, younger man stands with open arms in the center behind them.]]
;September 13, 1993: Israel and [[PLO]] sign the [[Oslo Accords]].

;1994: The Lubavitcher ([[Chabad Lubavitch|Chabad]]) Rebbe, [[Menachem Mendel Schneerson]], dies.

;October 26, 1994: Israel and Jordan sign an official peace treaty. Israel cedes a small amount of contested land to Jordan, and the countries open official diplomatic relations, with open borders and free trade.

;December 10, 1994: Arafat, Rabin and Israeli Foreign Minister Shimon Peres share the [[Nobel Peace Prize]].<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.israel-mfa.gov.il/peace/guide.html | title=A guide to the Mideast peace process | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19980120092610/http://www.israel-mfa.gov.il/peace/guide.html | archive-date=1998-01-20 | date=October 1997}}</ref>

;November 4, 1995: Israeli Prime Minister [[Yitzhak Rabin]] is assassinated.

;1996: Peres loses election to Benyamin (Bibi) Netanyahu (Likud party).

;1999: [[Ehud Barak]] elected Prime Minister of Israel.

== 21st century ==
;May 24, 2000: Israel unilaterally withdraws its remaining forces from its security zone in southern Lebanon to the international border, fully complying with the UN Security Council Res. 425.

;2000 July: Camp David Summit.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.us-israel.org/jsource/Peace/cd2000toc.html|title=The 2000 Camp David Summit|access-date=23 November 2017}}</ref>

;2000, Summer: Senator [[Joseph Lieberman]] becomes the first Jewish-American to be nominated for a national office ([[Vice President of the United States]]) by a major political party (the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]]).

;September 29, 2000: The [[al-Aqsa Intifada]] begins.

;2001: Election of [[Ariel Sharon]] as Israel's Prime Minister.

;2001: [[Jewish Museum of Turkey]] is founded by [[History of the Jews in Turkey|Turkish Jewry]]

;2004: [[Avram Hershko]] and [[Aaron Ciechanover]] of the [[Technion]] win the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]]. The [[Jewish Autonomous Oblast]] builds its first synagogue, [[Birobidzhan Synagogue]], in accordance with halakha.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fjc.ru/news/newsArticle.asp?AID=175487 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929094220/http://www.fjc.ru/news/newsArticle.asp?AID=175487 |archive-date=2007-09-29 |title=FJC &#124; Remote Russian Jews Get Synagogues |publisher=fjc.ru |date=2004-09-13 |access-date=2018-01-13}}</ref> Uriyahu Butler became the first member of the African Hebrew Israelite community to enlist in the [[Israel Defense Forces]] (IDF)

;March 31, 2005: The Government of Israel officially recognizes the [[Bnei Menashe]] people of [[Northeast India]] as one of the [[Ten Lost Tribes]] of Israel, opening the door for thousands of people to immigrate to Israel.

;2005 August: The Government of Israel [[Israel's unilateral disengagement plan|withdraws]] its military forces and settlers from the [[Gaza Strip]].

;2005 December: Prime Minister Ariel Sharon falls into a coma; Deputy Premier [[Ehud Olmert]] takes over as Acting Prime Minister

;2006 March: Ehud Olmert leads the Kadima party to victory in Israeli elections, becomes Prime Minister of Israel.

;2006 July–August: A [[2006 Lebanon War|military conflict]] in Lebanon and northern Israel started on July 12, after a [[Hezbollah]] [[Zar'it-Shtula incident|cross-border raid]] into Israel. The war ended with the passage of [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1701]] after 34 days of fighting. About 2,000 Lebanese and 159 Israelis were killed, and civilian infrastructure on both sides heavily damaged.

;2008 December: The [[Israel Defense Forces]] (IDF) launches [[Gaza War (2008–2009)|Operation Cast Lead]] (מבצע עופרת יצוקה) against [[Hamas]] in the [[Gaza Strip]].

;2009 March:  [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] becomes [[Prime Minister of Israel]] (also, continues as the Chairman of the [[Likud]] Party).

;2014 January: [[Ariel Sharon]] dies, after undergoing a sudden decline in health, having suffered renal failure and other complications, after spending 8 years in a deep coma due to his January 2006 stroke, on January 11, 2014.

;2016 March: The Jewish Agency declares an end to immigration from Yemen, following the successful conclusion of a covert operation that brought 19 people to Israel over several days. The last 50 Yemenite Jews refuse to leave Yemen.

;2017 December: The United States extends [[United States recognition of Jerusalem as the capital of Israel|formal recognition]] of Jerusalem as the capital of Israel.

;2019 March: The United States became the first country to recognize Israeli sovereignty over the [[Golan heights]] territory which it held since 1967.<ref>{{cite web |title=US President Donald Trump decides to recognise Israeli sovereignty over the Golan Heights. |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20190326-trump-golan-heights-israel-gulf-arabs-iran |website=FRANCE24 |publisher=FRANCE 24 with AFP, REUTERS |access-date=25 March 2019}}</ref>

;2020 August : Israel and the United Arab Emirates sign [[Israel–United Arab Emirates peace agreement|a peace treaty]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-israel-emirates-trump/with-trumps-help-israel-and-the-united-arab-emirates-reach-historic-deal-to-normalize-relations-idUSKCN25926W|title=Israel, UAE to normalize relations in shift in Mideast politics; West Bank annexations on hold|work=[[Reuters]]|date=13 August 2020}}</ref>

;30 April 2021: 45 people are killed in the [[2021 Meron stampede]] during [[Lag BaOmer]].<ref>{{cite news |date=30 April 2021 |title=At least 44 dead, hundreds hurt in crush at Lag BaOmer event in northern Israel |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/r1vJYRuwO |work= Ynetnews|access-date=30 April 2021}}</ref>

;7 October 2023: In the day considered the deadliest for Jews since the Holocaust, as well as deadliest day in Israel's history, 1,390 people are killed in the [[2023 Hamas attack on Israel]].<ref>{{cite news |date=12 October 2023|title=Hamas attack 'deadliest day for Jews since the Holocaust', says Biden, as Israeli jets pound Gaza |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/12/israel-hamas-war-biden-jews-holocaust-palestine-iran-warning |work= The Guardian|access-date=31 October 2023}}</ref>

==Years in the State of Israel==
{{Main|Years in Israel}}
This is a timeline of events in the [[State of Israel]] since 1948.

* [[:Category:1940s in Israel|1940s]]: [[1948 in Israel|1948]] – [[1949 in Israel|1949]]
* [[:Category:1950s in Israel|1950s]]: [[1950 in Israel|1950]] – [[1951 in Israel|1951]] – [[1952 in Israel|1952]] – [[1953 in Israel|1953]] – [[1954 in Israel|1954]] – [[1955 in Israel|1955]] – [[1956 in Israel|1956]] – [[1957 in Israel|1957]] – [[1958 in Israel|1958]] – [[1959 in Israel|1959]]
* [[:Category:1960s in Israel|1960s]]: [[1960 in Israel|1960]] – [[1961 in Israel|1961]] – [[1962 in Israel|1962]] – [[1963 in Israel|1963]] – [[1964 in Israel|1964]] – [[1965 in Israel|1965]] – [[1966 in Israel|1966]] – [[1967 in Israel|1967]] – [[1968 in Israel|1968]] – [[1969 in Israel|1969]]
* [[:Category:1970s in Israel|1970s]]: [[1970 in Israel|1970]] – [[1971 in Israel|1971]] – [[1972 in Israel|1972]] – [[1973 in Israel|1973]] – [[1974 in Israel|1974]] – [[1975 in Israel|1975]] – [[1976 in Israel|1976]] – [[1977 in Israel|1977]] – [[1978 in Israel|1978]] – [[1979 in Israel|1979]]
* [[:Category:1980s in Israel|1980s]]: [[1980 in Israel|1980]] – [[1981 in Israel|1981]] – [[1982 in Israel|1982]] – [[1983 in Israel|1983]] – [[1984 in Israel|1984]] – [[1985 in Israel|1985]] – [[1986 in Israel|1986]] – [[1987 in Israel|1987]] – [[1988 in Israel|1988]] – [[1989 in Israel|1989]]
* [[:Category:1990s in Israel|1990s]]: [[1990 in Israel|1990]] – [[1991 in Israel|1991]] – [[1992 in Israel|1992]] – [[1993 in Israel|1993]] – [[1994 in Israel|1994]] – [[1995 in Israel|1995]] – [[1996 in Israel|1996]] – [[1997 in Israel|1997]] – [[1998 in Israel|1998]] – [[1999 in Israel|1999]]
* [[:Category:2000s in Israel|2000s]]: [[2000 in Israel|2000]] – [[2001 in Israel|2001]] – [[2002 in Israel|2002]] – [[2003 in Israel|2003]] – [[2004 in Israel|2004]] – [[2005 in Israel|2005]] – [[2006 in Israel|2006]] – [[2007 in Israel|2007]] – [[2008 in Israel|2008]] – [[2009 in Israel|2009]]
* [[:Category:2010s in Israel|2010s]]: [[2010 in Israel|2010]] – [[2011 in Israel|2011]] – [[2012 in Israel|2012]] – [[2013 in Israel|2013]] – [[2014 in Israel|2014]] – [[2015 in Israel|2015]] – [[2016 in Israel|2016]] – [[2017 in Israel|2017]] – [[2018 in Israel|2018]] – [[2019 in Israel|2019]]
* [[:Category:2020s in Israel|2020s]]: [[2020 in Israel|2020]] – [[2021 in Israel|2021]] – [[2022 in Israel|2022]] – [[2023 in Israel|2023]] – [[2024 in Israel|2024]] –

==See also==
* [[List of artifacts in biblical archaeology]]
* [[Timeline of antisemitism]]
* [[Timeline of Jerusalem]]
* [[Timeline of Israeli history]]
* [[Timeline of Zionism]]
* [[Traditional Jewish chronology]]

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
*[http://www.jewishhistory.huji.ac.il/Internetresources/historyresources/timelines_for_ancient_jewish_his.htm Timelines for Jewish History. The Dinur Center & The Hebrew University of Jerusalem]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110907045720/http://fc.gannacademy.org/gannopedia/jhistory/jhexhibit.html Interactive, searchable, filterable Jewish history timeline from the Gannopedia]
*[http://www.timelineofjewishhistory.com/ – Timeline from Abraham to the end of the Talmud i.e. 500 CE.]
*[http://www.us-israel.org/jsource/History/timeline.html Timeline for the History of Judaism]
*[http://www.jewishhistory.org.il/ The History of the Jewish People] The Jewish Agency
*[https://web.archive.org/web/19990420223841/http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/mideast/mideast.htm The Avalon Project at Yale Law School The Middle East 1916–2001: A Documentary Record]
*[http://jewishhistory.huji.ac.il/links/Maps.htm Historical Maps and Atlases at Dinur Center]
*[http://www.aish.com/literacy/jewishhistory/Crash_Course_in_Jewish_History_68_-_Timeline_From_Abraham_to_the_Founding_of_the_State_of_Israel.asp Crash Course in Jewish History (Aish)]
*[http://www.jewishhistory.org.il/ The Year by Year History of the Jewish People – by Eli Birnbaum]
*[http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/go.asp?MFAH00kt0 Ministry of Foreign Affairs. History page]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20040225234128/http://www.jafi.org.il/education/history/ Jewish History Timeline. The Dept. of Jewish Zionist Education]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20031204191116/http://www.historychannel.com/exhibits/jerusalem/jerutime.html The History Channel]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050215183316/http://www.hagshama.org.il/en/resources/view.asp?id=222 The Time Machine at World Zionist Organization]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070526061344/http://jewishintellectualtimeline.com/ Jewish Intellectual Timeline], a parallel history of intellectual contributions and advances by Jewish and non-Jewish thinkers
*[http://www.patheos.com/Lenses/Tree.html?defaultReligion=Judaism Patheos Interactive Tree Lens – Judaism]
*[http://historyscoper.com/tlwjerusalem.html The Historyscoper]

{{Timelines of religion}}
{{Jewish history}}
{{Jews and Judaism}}

[[Category:Jewish history timelines| ]]