Editing Timeline of Middle Eastern history

{{short description|None}}

{{Incomplete list|date=August 2008}}
{{Ancient Near East topics}}
This timeline tries to show dates of important historical events that happened in or that led to the rise of the [[Middle East]]/ South West Asia .The Middle East is the territory that comprises today's [[Egypt]], the [[Arab states of the Persian Gulf|Persian Gulf states]], [[Iran]], [[Iraq]], [[Israel]] and [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]], [[Cyprus]], [[Jordan]], [[Lebanon]], [[Oman]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Syria]], [[Turkey]], [[United Arab Emirates]], and [[Yemen]]. The Middle East, with its particular characteristics, was not to emerge until the late [[2nd millennium|second millennium]] AD. To refer to a concept similar to that of today's Middle East but earlier in time, the term [[ancient Near East]] is used.

This list is intended as a [[timeline]] of the [[history of the Middle East]]. For more detailed information, see [[#related articles|articles on the histories of individual countries]]. See [[ancient Near East]] for ancient history of the Middle East.

==Paleolithic period==
* 16000 BC – [[Kebaran]] period
* 13050 to 7050 BC – [[Natufian]] culture
* 14400 BC – The world's oldest evidence of bread-making has been found at Shubayqa 1, in Jordan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Arranz-Otaegui |first=Amaia |last2=Carretero |first2=Lara Gonzalez |last3=Ramsey |first3=Monica N. |last4=Fuller |first4=Dorian Q. |last5=Richter |first5=Tobias |date=July 31, 2018 |editor-last=Piperno |editor-first=Dolores R. |title=Archaeobotanical Evidence Reveals the Origins of Bread 14,400 years ago in Northeastern Jordan |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30012614/ |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=115 |issue=31 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1801071115 |pmid=30012614 |via=PubMed|pmc=6077754 }}</ref>
* 11000 BC – The oldest known evidence of beer found in [[Mount Carmel]]

== Neolithic period ==
* 10000 BC – [[Pre-Pottery Neolithic A]]
* 10000 BC – earliest neolithic sanctuaries at [[Göbekli Tepe]] in southern [[Anatolia]]
* 9300 BC – first cultivating of wild [[emmer wheat]] in [[Netiv HaGdud]] and other sites in [[Jordan]] by [[hunter gatherers]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archaeology.about.com/od/eterms/qt/Emmer-Wheat.htm|title=Which Society Cultivated Wheat First?}}</ref>
* 10000 to 8800 BC — [[Shepherd Neolithic]]

===9th millennium B.C.===
* 8500 BC – first domestication of the cow ([[taurine|taurine line]] from the [[aurochs]] near [[Çayönü Tepesi]] in southeastern Anatolia and Dja'de el-Mughara in northern [[Iraq]]).<ref name="McTavish">{{cite journal|author=McTavish, E.J., Decker, J.E., Schnabel, R.D., Taylor, J.F. and Hillis, D.M.year=2013|title= New World cattle show ancestry from multiple independent domestication events.|journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.|year= 2013|volume=110|issue= 15|pages=E1398–406|doi=10.1073/pnas.1303367110|pmid=23530234|pmc=3625352|bibcode= 2013PNAS..110E1398M|doi-access= free}}</ref>
* 8400 to 8100 BC – first settlements at [[Nevali Cori]] in Anatolia
* 8200 to 7650 BC – first domestication of [[emmer wheat]] near [[Damascus]], [[Syria]]

===8th millennium BC===
* 8000 BC – human settlements at [[Sagalassos]] in southwest Anatolia
* 8000 BC – first domestication of [[goat]]s from the [[bezoar ibex]] in [[Iran]]
* 8000 BC – first domestication of [[einkorn wheat]] near [[Karaca Dağ]] in southeast Anatolia.
* 8000 BC – first domestication of [[Durum wheat]] near [[Karaca Dağ]] in [[the Levant]]  and the [[Ethiopian Highlands]] 
* 7500 BC – [[Çatalhöyük]], very large [[Neolithic]] and [[Chalcolithic]] settlement in southern [[Anatolia]]
* 7000 BC – [[Jarmo]], one of the oldest agricultural communities, in northern [[Iraq]]

===7th millennium BC===
* 7000 to 6500 BC – early undecorated, unglazed and low-fired pottery in [[Hassuna]]
* 7000 BC — settlements in [[Byblos]]
* 7000 BC — Neolithic farmers start to move in to Europe, stimulating the European neolithic for over 3 thousand years
* 6000 to 4000 BC – invention of the [[potter's wheel]] in [[Mesopotamia]]

===6th millennium BC===
* 6000 BC – first [[irrigation]] and flood control in [[Mesopotamia]] and [[Egypt]]
* 6000 to 4300 BC – first [[sail boat]]s in Mesopotamia<ref name=Carter>{{cite book|last=Carter|first=Robert|title=A companion to the archaeology of the ancient Near East. Ch 19 Watercraft|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|location=Chichester, West Sussex|isbn=978-1-4051-8988-0|pages=347–354|url=https://www.academia.edu/1576775 |author-link=Watercraft|editor=Potts, D.T.|access-date=8 February 2014|chapter=19|year=2012}}</ref> 
* 6000 to 3000 BC — Pre-dynastic Egypt 
* 5600 BC – [[Black Sea]] floods according to the [[Black Sea deluge theory]]
* 5509 BC – [[Dating creation|date of creation]] according to the [[Byzantine calendar]]
* 5500 BC – first large scale agriculture by the [[Sumer]]ians and in the valley of the [[Nile]]
* 5500 BC – the oldest discovered Sumerian settlement at [[Tell el-'Oueili]]
* 5403 BC – [[expulsion from the Garden of Eden]] according to the [[Genealogies of Genesis]]
* 5400 BC – [[Eridu]]
* 5100 BC – first [[Temple#Religion|Temple]]s in South [[Mesopotamia]]
* 5000 BC — [[Byblos]] is named a city
* 5000 BC — [[Aleppo]] is settled
* 5000 BC — [[Uruk]]

===5th millennium BC===
* 4500 BC – civilization of [[Susa]] and [[Kish (Sumer)|Kish]] in [[Mesopotamia]]
* 4570 to 4250 BC – [[Merimde]] culture on the [[Nile]]
* 4400 to 4000 BC – [[Badari]] culture on the Nile
* 4000 BC – first use of light wooden [[plough]]s in Mesopotamia
* 4000 BC – Egyptians discover how to make bread using [[yeast]]

== Ancient Near East ==
{{Main article|Ancient Near East|Chronology of the Ancient Near East|History of Mesopotamia}}

=== 4th millennium BC ===
[[File:Ancient Orient.png|thumb|320px|right|Overview map of the [[Ancient Near East]] ]]
* 4000 to 3000 BC – domestication of the [[African wild ass]] in Egypt or Mesopotamia, producing the [[donkey]]
* 4000 BC – city of [[Ur]] in [[Mesopotamia]]
* 4000 to 3100 BC – [[Uruk period]]
* 4000 to 3000 BC – [[Naqada]] culture on the [[Nile]]
* 3760 BC – [[Dating creation|date of creation]] according to some interpretations of Jewish chronology 
* 3650 BC – The foundation of the city of [[Gaziantep]]
* 3600 BC – [[first civilization]] in the world: [[Sumer]] (city-states) in modern-day southern [[Iraq]]<ref>King, Leonid W. (2015) "A History of Sumer and Akkad" ({{ISBN|1522847308}})</ref>
* 3500 BC – City of [[Ebla]] in Syria is founded
* 3500 to 3000 BC – one of the first appearances of wheeled vehicles in Mesopotamia
* 3500 BC – beginning of desertification of the [[Sahara]]: the shift from a habitable region to a barren desert
* 3500 BC – first examples of [[Sumerian language|Sumerian]] [[writing]] in Mesopotamia, in the cities of [[Uruk]] and [[Susa]] ([[cuneiform (script)|cuneiform]] writings)
* 3500 BC – first cities in [[Egypt]]
* 3300 BC – Earliest [[Cuneiform]] writings
* 3200 BC – [[Iry-Hor]] reigns as pharaoh of Upper Egypt, the earliest historical person known by name
* 3100 BC – King [[Narmer]] unifies the Upper and Lower Egyptian Kingdoms, and gives birth to the world's first [[nation]]
* 3100 to 2686 BC – [[early Dynastic Period (Egypt)]]
* 3100 BC – Earliest [[hieroglyphs]]
* 3000 BC – The temple of Haddad in [[Aleppo]]
* 3000 to 2800 BC – Earliest evidence of [[Tax]]ation found in [[ancient Egypt|Egypt]]

=== 3rd millennium BC ===
* 3000 to 2000 BC – First domestication of the [[dromedaries]] in [[Somalia]] and southern Arabia
* 3000 to 2300 BC – First Kingdom of [[Ebla]]
* 2900 to 2350 BC – First [[ziggurat]]s in [[Sumer]]
* 2900 to 2500 BC – First Kingdom of [[Mari, Syria|Mari]]
* 2800 BC – Beginning of [[Uruk]]'s decline
* 2700 to 539 BC – [[Elam]] 
* 2600 to 2350 BC – [[Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)|early Dynastic III period]] in Mesopotamia 
* 2600 to 2300 BC – Kingdom of [[Tell Brak#Kingdom of Nagar|Nagar]]
* 2600 to 2025 BC – [[Early Period (Assyria)|Early Assyrian Period]]
* 2575 to 2150 BC – [[Old Kingdom of Egypt]]
* 2560 BC – completion of the [[Great Pyramid of Giza]]
* 2500 BC – First use of war wagons as recorded by the [[Standard of Ur]]
* 2500 BC – First [[domestication of the camel]] in [[central Asia]] and [[Arabia]]<ref name=mukasa81>{{cite book | publisher = International Livestock Centre for Africa | volume = 5 | last = Mukasa-Mugerwa | first = E. | title = The Camel (Camelus Dromedarius): A Bibliographical Review | location = Ethiopia | series = International Livestock Centre for Africa Monograph | year = 1981 |pages=1, 3, 20–21, 65, 67–68}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Smithsonian Timelines of the Ancient World|first=Chris|last=Scarre|date=15 September 1993|isbn=978-1-56458-305-5|page=176|quote=Both the dromedary (the seven-humped camel of Arabia) and the Bactrian camel (the two-humped camel of Central Asia) had been domesticated since before 2000 BC.|publisher=D. Kindersley|location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Camel and the Wheel|first=Richard |last=Bulliet |series=Morningside Book Series |publisher=Columbia University Press |date=20 May 1990 |orig-year=1975 |page=183 |isbn=978-0-231-07235-9|quote=As has already been mentioned, this type of utilization [camels pulling wagons] goes back to the earliest known period of two-humped camel domestication in the third millennium B.C.}}—Note that Bulliet has many more references to early use of camels</ref>
* 2500 BC – [[Ur-Nina]] first king of [[Lagash]]
* 2500 to 2290 BC – Second Kingdom of [[Mari, Syria|Mari]]
* 2340 to 2280 BC – Reign of [[Sargon of Akkad]], founder of the dynasty of the [[Akkadian Empire|Akkad]]
* 2334 to 2154 BC – [[Akkadian Empire]]
* 2300 to 2000 BC – Second Kingdom of [[Ebla]]
* 2266 to 1761 BC – Third Kingdom of [[Mari, Syria|Mari]]
* 2254 to 2218 BC – [[Naram-Sin of Akkad]], under whom the empire reached its maximum strength and the first taking the title "god of Akkad"
* 2200 BC – Akkad taken by the [[Gutian people|Guti]]
* 2112 to 2094 BC – [[Ur-Nammu]], founder of the [[Third Dynasty of Ur]]
* 2111 to 2004 BC – Third Dynasty of Ur
* 2052 to 1570 BC – [[Middle Kingdom of Egypt|Middle Kingdom]] in Egypt
* 2025 to 1378 BC  – [[Old Assyrian Empire]]
* 2004 BC – [[Elam#Shimashki dynasty|Elamites destroy Ur]]
* 2004 to 1763 BC – Rise of the [[Amorites]] who established several city-states in Mesopotamia
* 2000 to 1600 BC – Third Kingdom of [[Ebla]]
* 2000 to 1334 BC – Kingdom of [[Qatna]]
* 2000 BC – First use of the [[spoke|spoke-wheel]] by the [[Andronovo culture]] and soon after used by horse cultures of the [[Caucasus]] region in war chariots

=== 2nd millennium BC ===
* 1900 BC – [[Hittites]] Old Kingdom in [[Anatolia]]
* 1894 to 1595 BC — [[Old Babylonian Empire]] 
* 1800 BC – civilization in [[Canaan]]
* 1800 to 1200 BC – the emergence of the city of [[Ugarit]] when it ruled a coastal kingdom, trading with Egypt, Cyprus, the Aegean, Syria, the Hittites, and others
* 1792 to 1750 BC – the reign of [[Hammurabi]] of the First Babylonian Dynasty, extended control throughout Mesopotamia, known for the [[Code of Hammurabi]], one of the earliest codes of law
* 1775 to 1761 BC – the reign of [[Zimri-Lim]] of [[Mari, Syria|Mari]], extended control throughout [[Syria]] and [[Upper Mesopotamia]], he was allied to [[Hammurabi]]
* 1725 to 1550 BC – [[Hyksos]] (Canaanite) domination of Egypt
* 1600 to 1360 BC – Egyptian domination over Canaan and [[Syria]]
* 1594 BCE – [[Kassites]] take [[Babylon]]
* 1595 to 1155 BC – [[Kassites#Kassite dynasty of Babylon|Kassite dynasty]]
* 1550 to 1077 BC – [[New Kingdom of Egypt]]
* 1500 to 1300 BC – Kingdom [[Mitanni]], a [[Hurrian]]-speaking state in northern Syria and southeast Anatolia 
* 1500 to 539 BC – [[Phoenicia]] and the spread of their [[Phoenician alphabet|alphabet]] from which almost all modern phonetic alphabets derived
* 1457 BC – [[Battle of Megiddo (15th century BCE)|Battle of Megiddo]] 
* 1380 to 1336 BC – [[Šuppiluliuma I|Shuppiluliuma]], king of the Hittites who challenged [[Egyptian empire|Egypt]] for control of the lands between the Mediterranean and the [[Euphrates]]
* 1370 to 1200 BC – [[Hittite Empire]]
* 1350 to 1050 BC – [[Middle Assyrian Empire]]

[[File:Median Empire.jpg|thumb|320px|right|The Oriental Empires about 600 BC]]
* 1300 BC – discovery of iron smelting and smithing techniques in [[Anatolia]] or the [[Caucasus]]: start of the [[Iron Age]]
* 1300 to 125 BC – [[Kingdom of Edom]]
* 1274 BC – [[Battle of Kadesh]] between the [[New Kingdom of Egypt|Egyptian Empire]] under [[Ramesses II]] and the [[Hittite Empire]] under [[Muwatalli II]],<ref>near the modern village of [[Al-Houz]] in Syria's [[Al-Qusayr District]].  see Kitchen, K. A., "Ramesside Inscriptions", volume 2, Blackwell Publishing Limited, 1996, pp. 16–17.</ref> largest [[chariot]] battle ever fought<ref name="Eggenberger">{{cite book|title=An Encyclopedia of Battles|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofba00egge|url-access=registration|first=David|last=Eggenberger|year=1985|publisher=Dover Publications|page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofba00egge/page/214 214]|isbn=9780486249131}}</ref>
* 1259 BC – [[Egyptian-Hittite peace treaty]], the first peace treaty ever recorded in history
* 1245 to 1208 BC – [[Tukulti-Ninurta I]], king of Assyria, first native Mesopotamian ruler in [[Babylon]], took on the ancient title "King of Sumer and Akkad"
* 1237 BC – [[Battle of Nihriya]], resulting in [[Assyria]]n victory over the [[Hittites]] for control over remnants of the former [[Mitanni|empire of Mitanni]] in [[Asia Minor]] and [[the Levant]] 
* 1225 BC – [[Assyria#Assyrian Empire|Babylon taken by the Assyrians]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chen |first=Fei |title=Study on the Synchronistic King List from Ashur |publisher=Brill |year=2020 |isbn=978-90-04-43091-4 |series=Cuneiform Monographs |volume=51 |location=Leiden; Boston |pages=199-203 |issn=0929-0052 |lccn=2020014360}}</ref>
* 1200 to 1050 BC – [[Bronze Age collapse]]
* 1200 BC – oldest Phoenician alphabet inscription engraved on the [[Ahiram sarcophagus|sarcophagus of King Ahiram]]
* 1200 to 884 BC – [[Sea Peoples]], conjectured groups of seafaring raiders, invaded [[Anatolia]], [[Syria]], [[Canaan]], [[Cyprus]], and [[Ancient Egypt|Egypt]]
* 1200 to 546 BC – [[Lydian Empire]]
* 1200 to 732 BC – Aramaean Kingdom of [[Aram-Damascus]]
* 1190 BC – [[Hattusha]], capital of the Hittites, taken by the [[Sea Peoples]]
* 1184 BC – [[Fall of Troy]] according to Eratosthenes’ calculations.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Möller |first=Astrid |date=May 2005 |title=Epoch-making Eratosthenes |url=https://grbs.library.duke.edu/index.php/grbs/article/download/281/361/1171 |page=249}}</ref>
* 1180 to 700 BC – [[Neo-Hittite kingdoms]] also known as [[Syro-Hittite states]] 
* 1155 BC – [[Babylon]] taken by [[Elamites]]
* 1100 to 539 BC – [[Elam#Neo-Elamite period (c. 1100 – 540 BC)|Neo-Elamite period]]
* 1087 BC – [[Babylon]] destroyed by [[Assyria]]ns
* 1070 BC to 350 AD – [[Kingdom of Kush|Cushites]], an ancient [[Africa]]n [[Nubia]]n kingdom in [[Sudan]]
* 1102 to 850 BC – estimated period in which [[Homer]] lived
* 1069 to 664 BC – [[Third Intermediate Period of Egypt]]
* 1050 to 930 BC – [[Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)|Kingdom of Israel]]
* 1041 BC – King [[David]] captures [[Jerusalem]], designates it the capital of the united [[Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)|Kingdom of Israel]]
* 1004 BC – King [[Solomon]] lays the foundation for the [[First Temple]]

===1st millennium BC===
* 927 BC – [[Jerusalem]] becomes the capital of the (southern) [[Kingdom of Judah]] after the split of the [[United Monarchy]]
* 884 to 858 BC – [[Ashurnasirpal II]], king of Assyria, embarked on a vast program of expansion, known for his harshness, moved his capital to the city of [[Kalhu]] ([[Nimrod]])
* 884 to 612 BC – [[Neo-Assyrian Empire]]
* 800 to 480 BC – [[Archaic period in Greece]] with the rise of the [[Greek city-states|city-states]], [[Greek colonies]], and [[Epic Greek]] poetry: onset of [[Classical Antiquity]]
* 776 BC – first [[Ancient Olympic Games|Olympic Games]]
* 745 to 727 BC – [[Tiglath-Pileser III]], king of Assyria who introduced advanced civil, military, and political systems into the empire
* 711 BC – [[Sargon II]] conquers the kingdom of Israel and exiles the inhabitants of Samaria
* 710 BC – [[Sargon II]] captures Babylonia 
* 689 BCE – [[Babylon]] destroyed by [[Sennacherib]], king of the [[Assyria]]
* 677 BC – [[Esarhaddon]], king of Assyria, defeats the rebellion of Abdi-Milkutti, the king of the Phoenician state of Sidon
* 678 to 549 BC – [[Medes|Median Empire]]
* 672 to 525 BC – [[Twenty-sixth dynasty of Egypt]]
* 667 BC – [[Ashurbanipal]], king of Assyria, defeated the 25th Dynasty king Taharqa near Memphis
* 626 to 539 BC – [[Chaldean Empire]] ([[Neo-Babylonian Empire]])
* 624 to 545 BC – [[Thales of Miletus]], first philosopher in [[Ancient Greek philosophy]], founder of the [[Milesian school]]
* 612 BC – [[Battle of Nineveh (612 BC)|Fall of Nineveh]] by a coalition [[Babylonians]], [[Medes]], [[Persia]]ns, [[Chaldea]]ns, [[Scythians]], and [[Cimmerians]], leading to the destruction of the [[Neo-Assyrian Empire]]
* 605 BC – [[Battle of Carchemish]] between the Babylonians and the Egyptians allied with the remnants of the Assyrian army
* 609 BC – [[Battle of Megiddo (609 BC)]] between [[Necho II]] and [[Josiah]] of Judea
* 597 BC – King [[Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon]] capturing Jerusalem
* 587 BC – King [[Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon]] destroys Jerusalem and [[Solomon's Temple]]
* 570 to 495 BC – [[Pythagoras]], founder of [[Pythagoreanism]]
* 600 or 576 – 530 BC – [[Cyrus the Great]] conquered [[Babylon]] and created the Persian [[Achaemenid Empire]]
* 550 to 330 BC – [[Achaemenid Empire]]
* 547 BC – [[Battle of Pteria]] between the Lydian Empire and the Achaemenid empire
* 539 BC – [[Fall of Babylon]]
* 537 BC – Cyrus allows the [[Israelites]] to return from the [[Babylonian captivity]] and rebuild the Temple
* 522 to 486 BC – reign of [[Darius the Great]], third king of the Persian Achaemenid Empire
* 516 BC – completion of the [[Second Temple]]
* 510 to 323 BC – [[Classical Greek period]] with large annexations by the Persian Empire and a powerful influence on the [[Roman Empire]] and [[Western culture|western civilization]]
* 500 BC – [[Ionian Revolt]]
* 499 to 449 BC – [[Greco-Persian Wars]], finally won by the [[Greek city-states]]
* 480 to 479 BC – [[Xerxes I of Persia|Xerxes]] invades Greece, start of [[Second Persian invasion of Greece]]
* 477 BC – founding of the [[Delian League]], an association of Greek city-states under Athenian hegemony
* 431 to 404 BC – [[Peloponnesian War]] between [[Sparta]] and [[Athens]] leading to the end of Athens' hegemony and weakening of Greece
* 353 to 350 BC – [[Mausoleum at Halicarnassus]] is built in [[Lydia]], one of the seven wonders of the ancient world
* 334 to 262 BC – [[Zeno of Citium]], Founder of the Stoic school of philosophy
* 330 BC – [[Alexander the Great]] conquered [[Iran|Persia]]
* 323 to 31 BC – [[Hellenistic period]] with Greek influence in [[Europe]], [[Africa]], and [[Asia]], in the [[Hellenistic art|arts]], [[exploration]], [[literature]], [[Ancient Greek theatre|theatre]], [[architecture]], [[music]], [[Hellenistic mathematics|mathematics]], [[Hellenistic philosophy|philosophy]], and [[Hellenistic science|science]]
* 316 to 240 AD – [[Arcesilaus]], founder of [[Academic skepticism]]
* 300 BC – Foundation of the city of [[Antioch]] by [[Seleucus I Nicator]] 
* 279 to 206 BC – [[Chrysippus]] of [[Soli (Cilicia)|Soli]], creator of the first system of [[Propositional logic]]
* 247 BC to 224 AD – [[Parthian Empire]]
* 230 to 140 BC – [[Diogenes of Babylon]], [[scholarch]] of the Stoic school in [[Athens]] in 2nd century BC
* 190 to 120 BC – [[Hipparchus]], [[mathematician]], [[astronomer]] and [[geographer]] from [[Bithynia]] who studied at [[Alexandria]] and [[Babylon]]. He discovered [[Axial precession]], and gave the first tables of chords, analogous to modern tables of [[sine]] values, and used them to solve problems in trigonometry and [[spherical trigonometry]].
* 163 BC to 72 AD – Kingdom of [[Commagene]]
* 150 to 75 BC – [[Zeno of Sidon]],  Epicurean philosopher known through his pupil, Philodemus
* 132 BC to 214 AD – Kingdom of [[Osroene]]
* 125 to 68 BC – [[Antiochus of Ascalon]], the pioneer of Middle Platonism
* 110 to 40/35 BC – [[Philodemus]] Epicurean philosopher and poet, author of [[ethics]], [[theology]], [[rhetoric]], [[music]], [[poetry]] and history of [[Philosophy|philosophical]] schools
* 100 to 44 BC – [[Julius Caesar]]
* 64 BC to 24 AD – [[Strabo]], [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] [[geographer]], [[philosopher]], and [[historian]] from [[Pontus (region)|Pontus]], [[Asia Minor]]
* 63 BC – [[Roman Republic|Romans]] annex all of [[Asia Minor]], [[Syria (region)|Syria]] and [[Judea]] under [[Pompey]]
* 54 BC to 629 AD – [[Roman–Persian Wars]]
* 48 BC to 642 AD – [[Library of Alexandria#Burning by Julius Caesar|Destruction of the Library of Alexandria]], one of the largest and most significant [[List of libraries in the ancient world|libraries of the ancient world]]
* 31 BC – Emergence of the Roman Empire as signified by the [[Battle of Actium]]
* 30 BC – [[Roman Empire|Romans]] annex [[Ancient Egypt|Egypt]]
* 20 BC to 50 AD – [[Philo]] of Alexandria, prominent Hellenistic Jewish philosopher 
* 4 BC – Birth of [[Jesus]] of Nazareth

===1st millennium AD===
* 27/30 AD – The ministry of [[Jesus]] of Nazareth starts
* 30 to 100 AD – [[Apostolic Age]], onset of [[Christianity]]
* 37 to 100 AD – [[Josephus]], Famous first century Roman-Jewish philosopher-historian
* 50 AD – [[Apollodorus of Damascus]], [[Syria (region)|Syrian]] [[architect]] and [[engineer]] who introduced several Eastern innovations to the Roman Imperial style, such as making the [[dome]] a standard
* 60 to 120 AD – [[Nicomachus]], a [[Neopythagoreanism|Neopythagorean]] who wrote about the mystical properties of numbers, and author of [[Introduction to Arithmetic]] and '''Manual of Harmonics''' in [[Ancient Greek|Greek]]
* 66 to 136 AD – [[Jewish–Roman wars]] and [[Jewish diaspora]]
* 135 AD – Roman Emperor [[Hadrian]] renamed [[Iudaea Province]] into [[Syria Palaestina]]
* 150 AD – [[Albinus (philosopher)|Albinus]], [[Platonism|Platonist]] philosopher, teacher of [[Galen]]
* 157 to 216 AD – [[Galen]], a [[physician]], [[surgeon]] and [[philosopher]] in the [[Roman Empire]] from [[Pergamon]], [[Asia Minor]]
* 160 to 210 AD – [[Sextus Empiricus]], Pyrrhonist philosopher and physician most likely from [[Alexandria]], author of most preserved accounts of [[Pyrrhonism]]
* 175 242 AD – [[Ammonius Saccas]], one of the founders of [[Neoplatonism]]
* 184 to 253 – [[Origen]], early Christian scholar and Church Father
* 200 AD – [[Alexander of Aphrodisias]], Peripatetic philosopher, author of Prior Analytics, Topics, Meteorology, Sense and Sensibilia, and Metaphysics
* 2nd century AD to 241 AD – [[Kingdom of Hatra]]
* 204/5 to 270 – [[Plotinus]], the author of the Enneads, one of the founders of [[Neoplatonism]]
* 224 AD — End of the [[Parthian Empire]] and creation of the [[Sasanian Empire|Sassanian Empire]].
* 240 AD – [[Diogenes Laërtius]], biographer of ancient [[Greeks|Greek]] philosophers, author of [[Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers]], a principal source for the history of ancient Greek philosophy.
* 300 to 602 AD – Kingdom of the [[Lakhmids]]
* 330 to 1453 AD – [[Byzantine Empire]], continuation of the [[Roman Empire]] in the east, until it fell to the [[Ottoman Empire]]
* 376 AD – [[Gothic War (376–382)|large-scale irruption]] of [[Goths]] and others, and the subsequent onset of the [[Fall of the Western Roman Empire]]
* 394 AD – [[Theodosius I]] suppressed the [[Ancient Olympic Games|Olympic Games]] as part of the campaign to impose [[Christianity]] as the state religion
* 412 to 485 AD – [[Proclus]] a Greek [[Neoplatonism|Neoplatonist]] philosopher who set forth one of the most elaborate and fully developed systems of [[Neoplatonism]]
* 5th century to 437 AD – [[Syrianus]], Neoplatonist philosopher, author of a commentary on the [[Metaphysics (Aristotle)|Metaphysics]] of Aristotle and Plato's [[Timaeus (dialogue)|Timaeus]]
* 450 to 520 – [[Isidore of Alexandria]] one of the last [[Neoplatonism|Neoplatonist]] philosophers
* 458 to 538 AD – [[Damascius]], the last of Neoplatonist philosophers
* 490 to 560 AD – [[Simplicius of Cilicia]], Neoplatonist philosopher and commentator on Aristotle's de Caelo, Physica Auscultatio, and Categories, as well as a commentary upon the Enchiridion of Epictetus.
* 490 to 570 AD – [[John Philoponus]], an Alexandrian philologist, [[Aristotelianism|Aristotelian]] commentator and [[Christianity|Christian]] theologian, one of the first to propose a "[[theory of impetus]]" similar to the modern concept of [[inertia]] over Aristotelian dynamics
* 502 to 628 AD – [[Byzantine–Sasanian wars]]
* 512 to 602 AD – [[Byzantine Empire under the Justinian dynasty|Justinian dynasty]] of [[Eastern Roman Empire]]

==Islamic Middle East==
{{Main article|Islamic Golden Age|Timeline of Islamic history}}

===1st millennium AD===
[[File:Ottoman empire 1481-1683.jpg|thumb|200px|right|[[Ottoman Empire]], 1481–1683]]
[[File:Arabic ascendency 1884.jpg|thumb|200px|right|In blue, the [[Caliph|Arab Empire]] in its greatest extent and in yellow the four Christian empires.]]
* 570 – Birth of [[Muhammad]]
* 573 - Birth of [[Abu Bakr]]
* 585 - Birth of [[Umar]]
* 573/576 - Birth of  [[Uthman]]
* 601 – Birth of [[Ali]]
* 614 – Persecution of the Muslims by the [[Quraysh (tribe)|Quraish]] ([[Migration to Abyssinia]])
* 616 – [[Second migration to Abyssinia]]
* 620 – [[Isra and Miraj|Ascension to the heavens]]
* 622 – [[Constitution of Medina]], establishment of the first Islamic state
* 624: [[Battle of Badr]], expulsion of the [[Bani Qainuqa]] Jews from [[Medina]]
* 626 – [[Siege of Constantinople (626)|Siege of Constantinople]]
* 629 to 1050 – [[Arab–Byzantine wars]]
* 630 – [[Conquest of Mecca]]
* 632 – Death of Muhammad, Designation of the [[Succession to Muhammad|successor of Muhammad]]
* 632 to 661 – [[Rashidun Caliphate]]
* 633 to 651 – [[Muslim conquest of Persia]]
* 634 to 641 – [[Muslim conquest of the Levant]] (Syria)
* 639 to 642 – [[Muslim conquest of Egypt]]
* 642 to 799 – [[Khazar-Arab Wars]] weaken the Umayyad army and contribute to the eventual [[Abbasid Revolution|fall of the dynasty]]
* 642 to 870 – [[Islamic conquest of Afghanistan]]
* 656 to 661 – [[First Fitna]] (First Islamic Civil War)
* 660 – Construction of the [[Great Mosque of Kufa]]
* 661 to 750 – [[Umayyad Caliphate]]
* 670 to 742 – [[Muslim conquest of North Africa]]
* 674 – [[Siege of Constantinople (674–678)]] by the Umayyads against the Byzantines
* 680 – The [[Battle of Karbala]] takes place, martyrdom of [[Husayn ibn Ali]], the grandson of the Prophet [[Muhammad]]
* 680 to 692 – [[Second Fitna]] (Second Islamic Civil War)
* 711 to 718 – [[Umayyad conquest of Hispania]]
* 711 to 714 – [[Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinent]] 
* 717 to 718 – [[Siege of Constantinople (717-718)]] 
* 719 to 759 – [[Umayyad invasion of Gaul]]
* 738 – [[Caliphate campaigns in India]]
* 746 to 750 – [[Abbasid Revolution]]
* 750 to 1258 – [[Abbasid Caliphate]]
* 750 to 950 – [[Jabir ibn Hayyan]], or anonymous authors writing under this name, pioneered [[organic chemistry]]
* 766 to 869 – [[Habash al-Hasib al-Marwazi]], the first mathematician to describe the trigonometric ratios: sine, cosine, tangent and cotangent
* 770 to 840 – [[Khwarizmi]], developed [[algebra]]
* 800 to 870 – [[Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Kathir al-Farghani]], One of the prominent scientists involved in the calculation of the diameter of the Earth by the measurement of the meridian arc length along others
* 801 to 873 – [[Al-Kindi]], promoter of Greek and Hellenistic philosophy, introduced Indian numerals
* 810 – [[House of Wisdom]] set up in [[Baghdad]], where [[Greek language|Greek]] and [[India]]n mathematical and astronomy works were translated into [[Arabic language|Arabic]]
* 821 to 979 – [[Iranian Intermezzo]]
* 821 to 873 – [[Tahirid dynasty]] in Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan
* 827 to 902 – [[Muslim conquest of Sicily]]
* 836 to 901 – [[Thabit Ibn Qurra]], discovered a theorem which enables pairs of [[amicable number]]s to be found
* 847 to 871 – [[Emirate of Bari]]
* 850 to 934 – [[Abu Zayd al-Balkhi]], pioneer of mental health, medical psychology, cognitive psychology, cognitive therapy, psychophysiology and psychosomatic medicine
* 858 to 929 – [[Al-Battani]], [[Syrian]] Arab mathematician and astronomer who introduced a number of [[Trigonometry|trigonometric]] relations such as tan θ
* 861 to 1003 – [[Saffarid dynasty]], an Iranian Persian empire
* 864 to 930 – [[Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi|Al-Razi]], advocate of hygiene and patients' psychology, wrote on [[alkali]], [[caustic soda]], soap, [[glycerine]] and [[naphtha]] in "[[Kitab sirr al-asrar|Book of the Secret of Secrets]]"
* 872 to 950/951 – [[Al-Farabi]] (Alpharabius), pioneered social psychology and consciousness studies
* 874 to 941 – [[Minor Occultation]] of the [[Mahdi]] 
* 875/819 to 999 – [[Samanid dynasty]], an Iranian empire 
* 895 to 1004 – [[Hamdanid dynasty]] of [[Aleppo]] and [[Mosul]]
* 899 to 976 – [[Qarmatians#The Qarmatian Revolution|Qarmatian revolution]]
* 909 – [[Abdullah al-Mahdi Billah]], founded the Fatimid Caliphate 
* 909 to 1171 – [[Fatimid Caliphate]], originally based in Tunisia, spanned a vast area of the Arab lands, ultimately made Egypt its centre
* 928 – Construction of [[Al-Hakim Mosque]]
* 929 to 1031 – [[Caliphate of Córdoba]], with the Iberian peninsula as an integral province, ruled from [[Damascus]]
* 934 – [[Imad al-Dawla]] rise to power and establishment of the [[Buyid dynasty]] 
* 934 to 1062 – [[Buyid dynasty]] in Iran
* 936 to 1013 – [[Al-Zahrawi]], pioneer of surgery
* 941 – The [[Major Occultation]] of the [[Mahdi]] starts
* 942 to 979 – [[Sallarid dynasty]] in Iran, Azerbaijan and Armenia
* 945 – [[Sayf al-Dawla]] rise to power
* 965 to 1091 – [[Emirate of Sicily]]
* 965 to 1040 – [[Ibn al-Haytham]], Founded experimental psychology, psychophysics, phenomenology and visual perception as well as optics and experimental physics. 
* 970 – foundation of [[Al-Azhar University]], oldest [[Islamic]] institution for higher studies
* 980 to 1037 – [[Avicenna]], pioneer of [[neuropsychiatry]], thought experiment, self-awareness and self-consciousness
* 990 to 1081 – [[Numayrid dynasty]] of [[Harran]] and [[Raqqa]]
* 990 to 1096 – [[Uqaylid dynasty]] of [[Mosul]]

===2nd millennium AD===
* 1004 – [[House of Knowledge]] built by the Fatimid caliph [[Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah]], said to have contained more than 1,600,000 books
* 1024 to 1080 – [[Mirdasid dynasty]] of [[Aleppo]]
* 1037 to 1194 – arrival of the Turkish [[Seljuq Empire]], and the subsequent end of Arab dominance 
* 1044 or 1048 to 1123 – [[Al-Khayyam]] gave a classification of [[cubic equation]]s with geometric solutions using [[conic section]]s, extracted [[Square root|root]]s using the Indian [[decimal|decimal system]]
* 1096 to 1487 – [[Crusades]]; four crusader states are established in the region for more than two centuries: The [[County of Edessa]] (1097–1150); the [[Principality of Antioch]] (1098–1287), the [[County of Tripoli]] (1102–1289), and the [[Kingdom of Jerusalem]] (1099–1291).
* 1100 to 1166 – [[Muhammad al-Idrisi]], known for having drawn some of the most advanced ancient world maps
* 1105 to 1185 – [[Ibn Tufail]], pioneer of tabula rasa and nature versus nurture, author of the first [[Philosophical novel]]
* 1126 to 1198 – [[Averroes]] pioneer of Parkinson disease, philosophical commentator
* 1136 to 1206 – [[Ismail al-Jazari]], Muslim [[polymath]]: a [[ulama|scholar]], [[List of inventions in the medieval Islamic world|inventor]], [[Timeline of science and engineering in the Islamic world|mechanical engineer]], [[artisan]] and [[Islamic art|artist]] from [[Upper Mesopotamia|Jazira]]. He described the crankshaft that transforms continuous [[Rotary engine|rotary motion]] into a linear [[Reciprocating engine|reciprocating motion]].
* 1147 to 1269 – [[Almohad Caliphate]], a Moroccan Berber Muslim movement, started by [[Ibn Tumart]] among the [[Masmuda]]
* 1171 to 1260 – [[Ayyubid dynasty]]
* 1192 to 1489 – [[Kingdom of Cyprus]]
* 1201 to 1274 – [[Nasir al-Din al-Tusi]], [[Persians|Persian]] polymath who created very accurate tables of planetary motion, an updated planetary model, and critiques of [[Ptolemaic astronomy]]. He is often considered the creator of [[trigonometry]] as a [[Mathematics|mathematical]] discipline in its own right, and he is believed to have influenced [[Copernican heliocentrism]]
* 1204 – [[Sack of Constantinople]] by the crusaders 
* 1213 to 1288 – [[Ibn Al-Nafis]], discovered the lesser [[circulatory system]] of the [[heart]] and the [[lungs]], and described the mechanism of [[breathing]] and its relation to the blood
* 1218 to 1221 – [[Mongol conquest of Khwarezmia]] marked the beginning of the Mongol conquest of the Islamic states
* 1241 to 1244 – [[Mongol invasions of Anatolia]]
* 1250 to 1517 – [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluk Sultanate]] of Cairo
* 1258 – Forces of the [[Mongol Empire]] [[Siege of Baghdad (1258)|sack Baghdad]] and destroy the [[House of Wisdom]], marking the end of the [[Islamic Golden Age]]
* 1260 to 1323 – [[Mongol invasions of the Levant]]
* 1260 – First major defeat the Mongols suffer at [[Battle of Ain Jalut]], [[Mongols|Mongol]] invasion of the [[Levant]] is halted
* 1261 to 1517 – [[Abbasid Caliphate]] in [[Cairo]], symbolic title
* 1275 – [[Hasan al-Rammah]], Arab chemist and engineer who studied [[gunpowder]]s and [[explosives]], and sketched prototype instruments of warfare, including the first [[torpedo]]. He also invented new types of [[gunpowder]], and he invented a new type of fuse and two types of lighters
* 1299 to 1923 – [[rise of the Ottoman Empire]]
* 1300 – deportation of the last Muslims from [[Muslim settlement of Lucera|Lucera]], Italy
* 1303 – [[Battle of Marj al-Saffar (1303)|Battle of Marj al-Saffar]], defeat for the Mongols, which put an end to [[Ghazan Khan]]'s invasions of Syria
* 1332 to 1406 – [[Ibn Khaldun]], set the basis of social sciences such as demography, cultural history, historiography, philosophy of history, sociology and economics
* 1347 – a fleet of Genoese trading ships fleeing Caffa ([[Feodosiya|Theodosia]]) reached the port of [[Messina]] and spreads the [[Black Death]]
* 1380 – [[al-Kashi]], contributed to development of [[decimal fraction]]s for approximating [[algebraic number]]s and [[real number]]s such as [[pi]]
* 1393 to 1449 – [[Ulugh Beg]] commissions an observatory at [[Samarqand]] in [[Uzbekistan]]
* 1394 to 1465 – Appearance of the [[Arquebus]], ancestor of modern firearms, in the [[Ottoman Empire]] and [[Europe]]
* 1453 – [[Fall of Constantinople]] 
* 1453 to 1550 – [[Classical Age of the Ottoman Empire]]
* 1501 to 1736 – [[Safavid Iran]]
* 1516 to 1517 – [[Ottoman-Mamluk War (1516–1517)|Ottoman-Mamluk War]], Ottomans seize Cairo in 1517
* 1526 to 1585 – [[Taqi ad-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf]], a [[Syrian]] [[polymath]] who built the [[Constantinople Observatory of Taqi ad-Din|Constantinople observatory]], the largest observatory of the medieval world. He described a [[steam turbine]] with the practical application of rotating a [[Rotisserie|spit]] in 1551. He also had his own method of finding [[Celestial coordinate system|coordinates of stars]] that was most precise at the time, and he proved the [[Specular Reflection|law of reflection]] observationally. He authored more than ninety books on a variety of different subjects
* 1550 to 1700 – [[Transformation of the Ottoman Empire]]
* 1700 to 1789 – [[Ottoman ancien régime]]
* 1709 to 1738 – [[Hotak dynasty]] of [[Iran]] and [[Afghanistan]]
* 1751 to 1794 – [[Zand dynasty]] of [[Iran]]

==Contemporary Middle East==
{{See also|List of modern conflicts in the Middle East}}

===2nd millennium AD===
* 1789 to 1925 – [[Qajar Iran]]
* 1798 – Napoleon Bonaparte leads a [[French campaign in Egypt and Syria|campaign in Egypt and Syria]]
* 1828 to 1914 – [[Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire]]
* 1828 – [[Al-Waqa'i' al-Misriyya]], oldest newspaper ever established in [[Egypt]] 
* 1830 to 1950 – [[Nahda]] or "Arab cultural renaissance" 
* 1831 to 1833 – [[Egyptian–Ottoman War (1831–1833)|First Egyptian-Ottoman War]], Egypt under [[Muhammad Ali of Egypt|Muhammad Ali]] seizes the [[Levant]]ine provinces
* 1834 to 1835 – [[Syrian Peasant Revolt (1834–35)|Syrian Peasant Revolt]] takes place in the [[Levant]], but is suppressed 
* 1837 – The first newspaper in [[Iran]], Kaghaz-i Akhbar (The Newspaper), was created for the government by [[Mirza Saleh Shirazi]]
* 1838 – [[1838 Druze revolt]]
* 1839 to 1841 – [[Egypt]] loses control over the Levantine provinces after the [[Egyptian–Ottoman War (1839–1841)|Second Egyptian-Ottoman War]]
* 1840 – [[Oriental Crisis of 1840]]
* 1840 – [[Convention of London (1840)|Convention of London]]
* 1851 – [[Dar ul-Funun (Persia)|Darul Funun]], one of the oldest modern universities in the Middle East, is established by [[Amir Kabir]]
* 1860 – [[Al-Jinan (magazine)|Al-Jinan]], an Arabic-language political and literary bi-weekly [[magazine]] established in [[Beirut]] by [[Butrus al-Bustani]], continues until 1886
* 1860 – [[1860 Mount Lebanon civil war]]
* 1861 – [[Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate]] is established
* 1862 to 1892 – development of the [[internal combustion engine]] rivals the [[steam engine]], and ultimately makes [[petroleum]] an important political factor in the following century
* 1869 – Construction of the [[Suez Canal]] is completed
* 1875 – [[Al-Ahram]], second oldest and widest newspaper in circulation in [[Egypt]] is established
* 1882 – British troops occupy Cairo, [[Egypt]] becomes British protectorate
* 1888 – [[Ibrahim al-Yaziji]], a [[Christianity in Lebanon|Lebanese Christian]] writer, philologist, poet and journalist published a rich modern [[Arabic]] translation of the [[Bible]]. His works were also crucial to the establishment of the [[Arabic]] [[typewriter]] 
* 1909 to 1921 – Arab nationalist organizations [[Al-Fatat]] and [[Al-'Ahd (Iraq)|Al-'Ahd]] are established to liberate and unify [[Arab]] territories that were under [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] rule
* 1914 to 1918 – [[Middle Eastern theatre of World War I]]
* 1917 – [[Arthur Balfour]], Foreign Minister of Great Britain, in a [[Balfour Declaration|letter]] to Lord Rothschild, gives British government approval to Zionist's goal of building a "national home" in Palestine
* 1918 to 1922 – [[Defeat and dissolution of the Ottoman Empire]]
* 1918 – Britain and France [[Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire|occupy former Ottoman Empire lands]]
* 1919 to 1921 – [[Franco-Syrian War]]
* 1919 to 1923 – [[Turkish War of Independence|Asia Minor Catastrophe]] reshapes Anatolia, as continuous fighting incorporates the newly founded Republic of Turkey, Armenia, France, Greece
* 1920 – [[Iraqi Revolt|Iraqi revolt against the British]]
* 1922 – Egypt is [[Unilateral Declaration of Egyptian Independence|granted nominal independence]] from the United Kingdom.
* 1922 to 1923 – [[Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon]] and [[Mandate for Palestine|British Mandate of Palestine]] and the [[Emirate of Transjordan]] come into effect.
* 1924 – Abolition of the Caliphate as part of [[Atatürk's Reforms]]
* 1925 to 1927 – [[Great Syrian Revolt]] against the [[French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon]]
* 1925 – [[Sheikh Said rebellion]] of Kurds against Turkey
* 1925 – Deposition of the [[Qajar dynasty]] of [[Iran]]
* 1927 to 1930 – [[Ararat rebellion]] of Kurds, as [[Republic of Ararat]] is declared, but dissolved upon defeat
* 1932 – Kingdom of [[Saudi Arabia]] declared in unification of [[Najd]] and [[Hejaz]]
* 1933 to 1936 – Tribal revolts in Iraq of [[Simele massacre|Assyrians in Simele]], [[Iraqi Shia revolts 1935–1936|Shia in the south]] and Kurds in the north
* 1934 – [[Saudi–Yemeni War (1934)|Saudi–Yemeni War]]
* 1935 – Persia becomes [[Iran]]
* 1936 to 1939 – [[1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine|Arab revolt in Palestine]]
* 1937 – [[Dersim rebellion]], is the largest uprising of the Kurds against Turkey, massive casualties
* 1939 to 1945 – [[Mediterranean and Middle East Theatre]] of World War II
* 1946 – [[Emirate of Transjordan]] becomes [[Kingdom of Jordan]] (named Transjordan until 1948)
* 1946 – Kurdish [[Republic of Mahabad]] declared along with [[Azerbaijan People's Government]], but [[Iran crisis of 1946|defeated]] by Iranian military forces and dissolved
* 1947 – UN General Assembly [[1947 UN Partition Plan|proposes]] to divide Palestine into an Arab and Jewish state
* 1948 – [[History of Israel|Israel]] declares independence and [[1948 Arab–Israeli War|Arab–Israeli war]] erupts
* 1952 – After a [[Egyptian Revolution of 1952|revolution in Egypt]] the monarchy is overthrown
* 1953 – The [[1953 Iranian coup d'état|coup d'état in Iran]]
* 1954 – [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] becomes president of Egypt
* 1954 – [[Central Treaty Organization]]
* 1956 – [[Suez Crisis]]
* 1961 – [[First Iraqi–Kurdish War]] erupts in north Iraq.
* 1963 – [[Ba'ath Party]] comes to power in [[February 1963 Iraqi coup d'état|Iraq]] under the leadership of General [[Ahmad Hasan al-Bakr]] and Colonel [[Abdul Salam Arif]]
* 1964 – [[Abdul Rahman Arif]] stages military coup in Iraq against the Ba'th Party and brings his brother, [[Abdul Salam Arif]], to power
* 1967 – [[Six-Day War]], Israel occupies the Sinai Peninsula, Golan Heights, West Bank and Gaza Strip
* 1967 – Kurds [[1967 Kurdish revolt in Iran|revolt]] in Western Iran, the revolt is crushed
* 1968 – Ba'athists stage second military coup under General [[Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr]], [[Saddam Hussein]] is made vice president of Iraq
* 1970 – Gamal Abdel Nasser dies; [[Anwar Sadat]] becomes president of Egypt
* 1971 – The [[Aswan High Dam]] is completed with [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] help in finance and construction; independence of [[Kuwait]], [[Qatar]], [[Bahrain]] and the [[UAE]]
* 1973 – [[Yom Kippur War]]
* 1974 – The [[PLO]] is allowed to represent the people of [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] in the [[UN]]
* 1974 to 1975 – [[Second Iraqi–Kurdish War]]
* 1975 to 1990 – [[Lebanese Civil War]]
* 1976 – [[Syrian occupation of Lebanon|Syria invades Lebanon]]
* 1978 – [[Camp David Accords]]
* 1979 – Saddam Hussein becomes president of Iraq; [[Iranian Revolution]]; [[Egypt–Israel peace treaty]]
* 1981 to 1989 – [[Iran–Iraq War]] results in 1–1.25 million casualties, Iraq uses chemical weapons against Iran and rebel Kurds; large scale economic devastation and surge in oil prices affect the global world economy
* 1981 – [[Assassination of Anwar Sadat]]
* 1982 – Israel invades Lebanon
* 1987 to 1990 – [[First Intifada]]
* 1990 – [[Iraqi invasion of Kuwait|Iraq invades Kuwait]]
* 1991 – The [[Gulf War]]
* 1993 – [[Oslo Accords]]
* 1994 – [[1994 civil war in Yemen]]

===3rd millennium AD===
* 2000 – Israeli troops leave Lebanon; [[Second Intifada]]
* 2001 – Members of al-Qaeda attacked sites in the U.S., this event is known as [[9/11]]
* 2003 – [[United States]] [[2003 invasion of Iraq|invades]] and [[Occupation of Iraq (2003–2011)|occupies Iraq]]
* 2004 – [[Shia insurgency in Yemen|Houthi insurgency in Yemen]]
* 2005 – Syrian troops leave Lebanon as a result of the [[Cedar Revolution]]
* 2006 – The [[2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict]]; Saddam Hussein [[Execution of Saddam Hussein|executed]] for crimes against humanity
* 2010 – [[Arab Spring]], which culminates in the [[Syrian Civil War]] with involvement of many regional powers to either support the Syrian opposition or the ruling Ba'ath party
* 2012 – The first [[MERS]] outbreak. 
* 2014 – [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|ISIS]] rises in Iraq and Syria; rival groups try to overthrow Syrian president
* 2015 – [[Saudi Arabian–led intervention in Yemen|The Saudi intervention in Yemen]]
* 2017 – [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|ISIS]] is defeated in [[Raqqa]] and [[Mosul]], all control of territories in [[Syria]] and [[Iraq]] cease by 2019
* 2020 – [[COVID-19 pandemic]], [[Assassination of Qasem Soleimani]], [[Abraham Accords]]
* 2023 – [[Gaza war]] begins
* 2024 – [[Fall of the Assad regime|Fall of the Assad Regime]] 

== See also ==
*[[History of the Middle East]]
*[[Cities of the ancient Near East]]
*Empires:
**[[Ancient Egypt]]
**[[Sumer]]
**[[Babylonia]]
**[[Assyria]]
**[[Hittite Empire]]
**[[Achaemenid Empire|Persian Empire]]
**[[Hellenistic Greece]]
**[[Roman Empire]]
**[[Ottoman Empire]]
*[[Mesopotamia]]:
**[[history of Iraq]]
**[[Upper Mesopotamia#History|history of Upper Mesopotamia]]
*Anatolia:
**[[history of Anatolia]]
**[[history of Turkey]]
*Canaan:
**[[history of the ancient Levant]]
**[[history of Cyprus]]
**[[history of Israel]]
**[[history of Jordan]]
**[[history of Lebanon]]
**[[history of Palestine]]
**[[history of Syria]]
*[[history of Egypt|Egypt]]:
**[[Ancient Egypt]]: 3000 BC to 332 BC
**[[Ptolemaic Egypt]]: 332 BC to 30 BC
**[[Aegyptus (Roman province)|Roman Egypt]]: 30 BC to 639 AD
**[[History of Arab Egypt]]: 639 to 1517
**[[History of Ottoman Egypt]]: 1517 to 1805
**[[Egypt under Mehemet Ali and his successors]]: 1805 to 1882
**[[History of Modern Egypt]]: since 1882
*Iran:
**[[History of Iran]]
*Arabia:
**[[History of Saudi Arabia]]
**[[History of Yemen]]
**[[History of Oman]]
*[[Timeline of Islamic history]]
*[[Timeline of Jewish history]]
*[[Timeline of the region of Palestine]]
*[[Syro-Palestinian archaeology#Ceramics analysis|History of pottery in the Southern Levant]]
* [[British foreign policy in the Middle East]]
* [[United States foreign policy in the Middle East]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Middle East}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Timeline Of Middle Eastern History}}
[[Category:Regional timelines]]
[[Category:History of West Asia]]