Editing Timeline of Zionism

{{Short description|None}}
{{See also|Timeline of Anti-Zionism|Timeline of Jewish history}}
{{original research|date=September 2024}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Aliyah}}
This is a partial '''timeline of [[Zionism]]''' since the start of the 16th century.

==Early modern period==
;1564: [[Joseph Nasi]] encourages Jewish settlement in [[Tiberias]], having fled the [[Spanish Inquisition]] in 1547<ref>{{Cite book |last=Edelheit |first=Hershel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s8PADwAAQBAJ&q=nasi |title=History Of Zionism: A Handbook And Dictionary |date=2019-09-19 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-429-70103-0 |language=en|page=12}}</ref>
;1615: [[Thomas Brightman]]'s ''Shall they return to Jerusalem again?'' is published posthumously.
;1621: [[Sir Henry Finch]] publishes ''The World's Great Restauration, or Calling of the Jews, and with them of all Nations and Kingdoms of the Earth to the Faith of Christ''
;1643: [[Isaac La Peyrère]], a French Protestant of Sephardic ancestry and contemporary of [[Menasseh Ben Israel]], publishes ''Du rappel des juifs'' which prophesies the conversion of the Jews, their return to Palestine and the beginning of the Messianic Age
;1649: [[History of the Marranos in England|Ebenezer and Joanna Cartwright]] dispatch a petition to the British Government calling for the ban on Jews settling in England to be lifted and for assistance to be provided to enable them to be repatriated to Palestine.
;1670: [[Baruch Spinoza]]'s ''[[Theologico-Political Treatise]]'' is the first work to consider the [[Jewish Question]] in Europe<ref>{{cite web|author=Door Leon op 24 mei 2005 3:37&nbsp;pm |url=http://www.despinoza.nl/spinoza/artikelen/spinoza_the_fir.shtml |title=Spinoza: The first secular Israeli |publisher=Despinoza.nl |date=February 4, 1999 |access-date=July 26, 2012}}</ref>
;1700: [[Judah he-Hasid (Jerusalem)|Judah he-Hasid]] leads some 1,500 Jewish immigrants to the [[Land of Israel]] and settles in [[Jerusalem]]. Three days after the group's arrival their leader dies (on October 17, 1700). In 1720 their synagogue was burned down and all [[Ashkenazi Jews]] were banned by the [[Ottoman Turks|Ottomans]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ravitzky |first=Aviezer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aYssTVxfGk0C |title=Messianism, Zionism, and Jewish Religious Radicalism |date=September 1996 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-70578-1 |language=en|pages=24, 228, 291, 295}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sand |first=Shlomo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y1j6DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA140 |title=The Invention of the Jewish People |date=2020-08-04 |publisher=Verso Books |isbn=978-1-78873-661-9 |language=en|page=140}}</ref>
;1771: Joseph Eyre publishes a scholarly essay entitled ''Observations Upon The Prophecies Relating To The Restoration Of The Jews''
;1777: [[Menachem Mendel of Vitebsk]] along with a large group of followers emigrates and settles in [[Safed]]. In 1783 they were forced out of Safed, and moved to [[Tiberias]].
;1794: [[Richard Brothers]], a [[millenarianist]], [[Christian Zionism|Christian restorationist]], a [[false prophet]] and the founder of [[British Israelism]], writes ''A revealed knowledge of the prophecies & times'', predicting the return of the Jews to [[Jerusalem]] in 1798 where they will be [[Conversion of the Jews (future event)|converted to Christianity]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h_FBAQAAIAAJ&q=richard+brothers |title=A revealed knowledge of the prophecies & times, Richard Brothers, 1794 |access-date=July 26, 2012|last1=Brothers |first1=Richard |year=1794 }}</ref>
;1805: Foundation of the [[Palestine Association]], stating amongst other goals that "we hope to establish relative to the history, the manners, and the country of the Jewish nation"<ref>{{cite journal|author-link1=Ruth Kark|first1= Ruth |last1=Kark|first2=Haim|last2=Goren|title=Pioneering British exploration and scriptural geography: The. Syrian Society/The Palestine Association|journal=The Geographical Journal|volume=177|issue=3|date=2011|pages=264–274|doi=10.1111/j.1475-4959.2011.00404.x|bibcode= 2011GeogJ.177..264K |url=https://www.academia.edu/4125967}}</ref>
;1808: The first group of [[Perushim]], influenced by the teachings of the [[Vilna Gaon]], leaves [[Shklov]] and after a 15-month journey settles in [[Jerusalem]] and [[Safed]].
;1809: Foundation of the [[Church's Ministry Among Jewish People|London Society for Promoting Christianity amongst the Jews]]
;1811: [[François-René de Chateaubriand]], the founder of [[Romanticism]] in [[French literature]], published {{Lang|fr|Itinéraire de Paris à Jérusalem}}, in which he wrote of the Jews of Jerusalem as "rightful masters of Judea living as slaves and strangers in their own country"<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=f1FUAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA245 Intinéraire de Paris à Jérusalem], F.A. de Chateaubriand, p245 [French], also [https://archive.org/details/travelsingreece00shobgoog English translation], quote: "To see the Jews scattered over the whole world, according to the word of God, must doubtless excite surprise. But to be struck with supernatural astonishment you must view them at Jerusalem; you must behold these rightful masters of Judea living as slaves and strangers in their own country; you must behold them expecting, under all oppressions, a king who is to deliver them. Crushed by the cross that condemns them, skulking near the temple, of which not one stone is left upon another, they continue in their deplorable infatuation. The Persians, the Greeks, the Romans, are swept from the earth; and a petty tribe, whose origin preceded that of those great nations, still exists unmixed among the ruins of its native land".</ref>
;1815: English poet [[Lord Byron]] publishes his [[Hebrew Melodies]]. The poem does not refer to a return to Palestine, but is one of the first literary works of [[Zionism|Jewish nationalism]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qp49AAAAIAAJ&q=zionism&pg=PA66 |title=Byron's Hebrew melodies, By Thomas L. Ashton, Baron George Gordon Byron |isbn=9780710071736 |access-date=July 26, 2012|last1=Ashton |first1=Thomas L. |year=1972 |publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul }}</ref>
;1819: [[Wissenschaft des Judentums]] ("Jewish Studies") began to build a secular Jewish identity in the [[German Confederation]]
;1827: [[John Nelson Darby]]'s [[Plymouth Brethren]] is founded to propagate the [[Christian eschatology|Christian eschatological]] movement of [[dispensationalism]], which teaches that God looks upon Jews as the chosen people (rejecting [[supersessionism]]), and that the nation of Israel will be born again and brought to realize they crucified their Messiah at his [[Premillennialism|second coming]]
;1821–1830: The [[Greek War of Independence]] legitimized the concept of small ethnically-based nation-states among other subject peoples of the Ottoman Empire

==After the Egyptian–Ottoman War==
;1833: [[Benjamin Disraeli]], then 28 years old, writes ''[[The Wondrous Tale of Alroy]]'' about [[David Alroy]]'s messianic mission to Jerusalem
;1837: [[Alexander Lindsay, 25th Earl of Crawford|Lord Lindsay]] travels to Palestine. In 1838 he wrote ''Letters on Egypt, Edom and the Holy Land''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/lettersonegypte03crawgoog |title=Letters on Egypt, Edom and the Holy Land |date=March 10, 2001 |access-date=July 26, 2012}}</ref> in which he stated "Many I believe entertain the idea that an actual curse rests on the soil of Palestine, and may be startled therefore at the testimony I have borne to its actual richness. Let me not be misunderstood: richly as the valleys wave with corn, and beautiful as is the general aspect of modern Palestine, vestiges of the ancient cultivation are every where visible... proofs far more than sufficient that the land still enjoys her Sabbaths, and only waits the return of her banished children, and the application of industry commensurate with her agricultural capabilities, to burst once more into universal luxuriance—all that she ever was in the days of Solomon."
;1839: The [[General Assembly of the Church of Scotland]] passes an ''Act on the Conversion of the Jews'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=60241#s12 |title=XI. Sess. 11, May 25, 1839.—Act on the Conversion of the Jews |publisher=British-history.ac.uk |date=June 22, 2003 |access-date=July 26, 2012}}</ref> and sends four [[Church of Scotland]] ministers, [[Andrew Bonar]], [[Robert Murray M'Cheyne]], [[Alexander Keith (Free Church minister)|Alexander Keith]] and Alexander Black to Palestine. They publish the popular book ''Narrative of a Visit to the Holy Land; And, Mission of Inquiry to the Jews'' in 1842
;1839: [[Judah Alkalai]] publishes his pamphlet ''Darhei No'am'' (The Pleasant Paths) advocating the restoration of the Jews in the [[Land of Israel]] as a precursor to the coming of the Messiah, followed in 1840 by ''Shalom Yerushalayim'' (The Peace of [[Jerusalem]]).
;1839: [[Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury|Lord Shaftesbury]] takes out a full-page advert in The Times addressed to the Protestant monarchs of Europe and entitled "The State and the rebirth of the Jews", which included the suggestion for the Jews to return to Palestine to seize the lands of Galilee and Judea, as well as the phrase "Earth without people – people without land".
;1840: Lord Shaftesbury presents a paper to British Foreign Minister [[Lord Palmerston]] calling for the 'recall of the Jews to their ancient land'.
;1840 (August 11): [[Lord Palmerston]] writes to [[John Ponsonby, 1st Viscount Ponsonby|Lord Ponsonby]], [[List of diplomats of the United Kingdom to the Ottoman Empire|British Ambassador to the Ottoman Empire]]: "There exists at the present time among the Jews dispersed over Europe, a strong notion that the time is approaching when their nation is to return to Palestine... It would be of manifest importance to the Sultan to encourage the Jews to return and settle in Palestine because the wealth which they would bring with them would increase the resources of the Sultan's dominions; and the Jewish people, if returning under the sanction and protection, and at the invitation of the Sultan, would be a check upon any future evil designs of Mehemet Ali (of Egypt) or his successor... I have to instruct Your Excellency strongly to re-commend (to the Turkish Government) to hold out every just encouragement to the Jews of Europe to return to Palestine."<ref>FO 78/390,</ref>
;1841: [[George Gawler]], previously the governor of South Australia, starts to encourage Jewish settlements in the land of Israel.
;1842: [[Nadir Baxter]], of the [[Church Pastoral Aid Society]], died in 1842 and donated £1,000 in his [[Will (law)|will]], stating that it be paid "towards the political restoration of the Jews to Jerusalem and to their own land; and as I conscientiously believe also that the institution by the Anglican Church of the bishopric of Jerusalem is the actual commencement of the great and merciful work of Jehovah towards Zion". The gift was declared void in 1851 in the case of [[Habershon v Vardon]] by Sir [[James Lewis Knight-Bruce]], [[Chancellor of the High Court]], who stated "If it can be understood to mean any thing, it is to create a revolution in the dominions of an ally of her Majesty".
;1841–42: Correspondence between [[Moses Montefiore]], the President of the [[Board of Deputies of British Jews]] and [[Charles Henry Churchill]], the British consul in Damascus, is seen as the first recorded plan proposed for political Zionism.<ref>{{cite book |title= Restoring the Jews to their homeland: nineteen centuries in the quest for Zion|last= Adler|first= Joseph|year= 1997|publisher= J. Aronson|isbn= 1-56821-978-4|pages= 150–6|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=cFAwAAAAYAAJ&q=%22charles+henry+churchill%22|access-date=January 19, 2011}}</ref><ref name="gutenberg">Notes on the Diplomatic History of the Jewish Question with texts of protocols, treaty stipulations and other public acts and official documents, Lucien Wolf, published by the Jewish Historical Society of England, 1919 [http://ibiblio.org/pub/docs/books/gutenberg/3/1/3/8/31385/31385-8.txt]</ref>
;1844: [[Mordecai Noah]] publishes ''Discourse on the Restoration of the Jews''.
;1844: According to one source, the [[Old Yishuv]] Jews constitute the largest of several ethno-religious groups in [[Jerusalem]] – however estimates approximately 20 years before and 20 years after this date suggest otherwise. See [[Demographics of Jerusalem]].
;1844: Rev. Samuel Bradshaw, in his ''Tract for the Times, Being a Plea for the Jews'' calls for Parliament to allot 4 million pounds for the Restoration of Israel, with another 1 million to be collected by the Church.
;1844: Pastor T. Tully Crybace convenes a committee in London for the purpose of founding a "British and Foreign Society for Promoting the Restoration of the Jewish Nation to Palestine". He urges that England secure from Turkey Palestine "from the Euphrates to the Nile, and from the Mediterranean to the Desert".
;1845: [[George Gawler]] publishes "Tranquilization of Syria and the East: Observations and Practical Suggestions, in Furtherance of the Establishment of Jewish Colonies in Palestine, the Most Sober and Sensible Remedy for the Miseries of Asiatic Turkey."
;1849: [[George Gawler]] accompanies Sir [[Moses Montefiori]] on a trip to Palestine, persuading him to invest in and initiate Jewish settlements in the country.
;c.1850: [[James Finn]] and his wife found the "British Society for the Promotion of Jewish Agricultural Labour in the Holy Land"
;1851: Correspondence between [[Edward Stanley, 15th Earl of Derby|Lord Stanley]], whose father became [[British Prime Minister]] the following year, and [[Benjamin Disraeli]], who became [[Chancellor of the Exchequer]] alongside him, records Disraeli's proto-Zionist views: "He then unfolded a plan of restoring the nation to [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] – said the country was admirably suited for them – the financiers all over Europe might help – the [[Ottoman Porte|Porte]] is weak – the Turks/holders of property could be bought out – this, he said, was the object of his life...."[[Coningsby (novel)|Coningsby]] was merely a feeler – my views were not fully developed at that time – since then all I have written has been for one purpose. The man who should restore the Hebrew race to their country would be the Messiah – the real saviour of prophecy!" He did not add formally that he aspired to play this part, but it was evidently implied. He thought very highly of the capabilities of the country, and hinted that his chief object in acquiring power here would be to promote the return"<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qTKiTZIyr3AC&q=%22he+then+unfolded+a+plan+of+restoring%22&pg=PA52 |title=Disraeli and the Eastern Question, by Milos Kovic |isbn=9780199574605 |access-date=July 26, 2012|last1=Kovic |first1=Milos |date=November 4, 2010 |publisher=OUP Oxford }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7vkstP7R6uYC&q=1851 |title=Benjamin Disraeli Letters: 1852–1856, by John Alexander Wilson Gunn, Melvin George Wiebe |isbn=9780802041371 |access-date=July 26, 2012|last1=Disraeli |first1=Benjamin |last2=Gunn |first2=John Alexander Wilson |last3=Wiebe |first3=Melvin George |date=January 1982 |publisher=University of Toronto Press }}</ref>
;1852: [[George Gawler]] founds the Association for Promoting Jewish Settlement in Palestine
;1853–1875: [[Heinrich Graetz]] publishes History of the Jews ({{Lang|de|Geschichte der Juden}}), the first academic work portraying the Jews as a historical nation. Graetz's work became more nationalistic as the volumes progressed, culminating with Volumes I and II in 1873–1875 after he had returned from a trip to Palestine.<ref name="Ilani">{{cite web
| url         = http://www.haaretz.com/general/shattering-a-national-mythology-1.242055
| title       = Shattering a 'national mythology'
| first       = Ofri
| last        = Ilani
| date        = March 21, 2008
| work        = [[Haaretz]]
| access-date  =November 18, 2009
}}
</ref>
;1853: [[Abraham Mapu]] publishes ''Ahabat Zion'', the first Hebrew novel, a romance of the time of King Hezekiah and Isaiah
;1857: [[James Finn]], the second [[List of Consuls-General of the United Kingdom to Jerusalem|British Consul in Jerusalem]], writes to Foreign Secretary the [[George Villiers, 4th Earl of Clarendon|Earl of Clarendon]] regarding his proposal "to persuade Jews in a large body to settle here as agriculturalists on the soil ... in partnership with the Arab peasantry"
;1860: The [[Alliance Israélite Universelle]] is founded in Paris
;1861: The [[Zion Society]] is formed in [[Frankfurt]], Germany.
;1861: [[Mishkenot Sha'ananim]]&nbsp;— first neighborhood of the [[New Yishuv]] outside the [[Old City (Jerusalem)|Old City]] of Jerusalem, built by [[Sir Moses Montefiore]].
;1862: [[Moses Hess]] writes ''[[Rome and Jerusalem. The Last National Question]]'' ([[s:Rome and Jerusalem|text]]) arguing for the Jews to return to the Land of Israel, and proposes a socialist country in which the Jews would become agrarianised through a process of "redemption of the soil". His ideas later evolved into the [[Labor Zionism]] movement.
;1862: [[Zvi Hirsch Kalischer]] publishes ''Derishat Zion'', maintains that the salvation of the Jews, promised by the Prophets, can come about only by self-help. His ideas contributed to the [[Religious Zionism]] movement.
;1867: [[Mark Twain]] visits Palestine as part of a tour of what westerners call [[Holy Land (Biblical)|the Holy Land]].
;1869: Twain publishes ''[[The Innocents Abroad]]'', or The New Pilgrims' Progress documenting his observations through his travels.  He indicated he observed that Palestine was ''primarily'' an uninhabited desert.  His account was widely circulated and remains a controversial snap-shot of the area in the late 19th century.
;1870: [[Mikveh Israel]], the first modern Jewish agricultural school and settlement was established in the Land of Israel by [[Charles Netter]] of the [[Alliance Israélite Universelle]].
;1870–1890: The group ''[[Hovevei Zion]]'' (Lovers of Zion) sets up 30 Jewish farming communities in the Land of Israel.
;1876: The English novelist [[George Eliot]] publishes the widely read novel [[Daniel Deronda]], later cited by [[Henrietta Szold]], [[Eliezer Ben-Yehuda]], and [[Emma Lazarus]] as having been highly influential in their decision to become Zionists.<ref>Encyclopaedia Judaica</ref>
;1878 (June): A German-language memorandum addressed to [[Disraeli]] and [[Otto von Bismarck|Bismarck]] is submitted to the [[Congress of Berlin]] by an anonymous Jewish group advocating the establishment of a Jewish [[constitutional monarchy]] in Palestine.<ref name=Berlin>[https://books.google.com/books?id=yqk3XE196GsC&pg=PA537 The Legal Foundation and Borders of Israel Under International Law, Howard Grief, p537]</ref> It was originally thought to have been written by Disraeli himself,<ref name=Berlin/> but later thought to be by [[Judah Leib Gordon]].<ref name=Berlin/> The memorandum was not discussed at the Congress,<ref name=Berlin/> although Bismarck called it "a crazy idea".<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=iv1DADhI6h4C&pg=PR10 Germany, Turkey, and Zionism 1897–1918, page 5]</ref>
;1878: [[Galicia (Central Europe)|Galicia]]n poet [[Naphtali Herz Imber]] writes a poem ''Tikvatenu'' (Our Hope), later adopted as the Zionist [[hymn]] ''[[Hatikvah]]''.
;1878: [[Petah Tikva]] is founded by Jerusalem Jews, but abandoned after difficulties. Resettled in 1882 with help from first aliyah.
;1878: The first [[Hovevei Zion]] ("Lovers of Zion") groups were founded in Eastern Europe
;1880: [[Laurence Oliphant (author)|Laurence Oliphant]] publishes ''The land of Gilead, with excursions in the Lebanon'' which proposes a settlement under British protection while respecting Ottoman sovereignty. He proposes that the 'warlike' Bedouins be driven out, and the Palestinians be placed in reservations like the native Indians of America.
;1881–1884: [[Pogrom]]s in the [[Russian Empire]] kill several Jews and injure large numbers, destroy thousands of Jewish homes, and motivate hundreds of thousands of Jews to flee.
;1881–1920: Over two million of the Russian Jews emigrate. Most go to the U.S., others elsewhere, some to the [[Land of Israel]]. The first group of [[Bilu (movement)|Bilu]]im organize in [[Kharkov]].
;1881: [[Eliezer ben Yehuda]] makes [[aliyah]] and leads efforts to revive [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] as a common [[spoken language]].
;1882 January 1: [[Leon Pinsker]] publishes pamphlet ''[[Autoemancipation]]'' ([[s:Auto-Emancipation|text]]) urging the Jewish people to strive for independence and national consciousness.
;1882: Baron [[Edmond James de Rothschild]] begins buying land in the region of Palestine and financing Jewish agricultural settlements and industrial enterprises.
;1882–1903: The [[First Aliyah]], major wave (estimated at 25,000–35,000) of Jewish immigration to Ottoman Palestine.
;1882: [[Rishon LeZion]], [[Rosh Pinna]], [[Zikhron Ya'akov]] are founded.
;1883: Rabbi [[Isaac Rülf]] publishes ''Aruchas Bas-Ammi'', calling for a Hebrew-speaking Jewish homeland in Palestine.
;1884: [[:pl:Konferencja Katowicka|Katowice Conference]] headed by [[Leon Pinsker]]
;1890: [[Austria]]n publisher [[Nathan Birnbaum]] coins the term ''Zionism'' for Jewish nationalism in his journal ''Self Emancipation''.
;1890: The Russian Tsarist government approves the establishment of "The Society for the Support of Jewish Farmers and Artisans in Syria and Palestine",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zionistarchives.org.il/ZA/SiteE/pShowView.aspx?GM=Y&ID=19&Teur=The%20Hovevei%20Zion%20in%20Russia-The%20Odessa%20committee%20%201889-1890 |title=The Hovevei Zion in Russia-The Odessa committee 1889–1890 |publisher=Zionistarchives.org.il |access-date=July 26, 2012}}</ref> a charity organization which came to be known as "The [[Odessa Committee]]."
;1891: Publication of the [[Blackstone Memorial]] petition
;1894: The [[Dreyfus affair]] makes the problem of [[antisemitism]] prominent in Western Europe.
;1896: After covering the trial and aftermath of Captain Dreyfus and witnessing the associated mass anti-semitic rallies in Paris, which included chants, "Death to Jews", Jewish-Austro-Hungarian journalist [[Theodor Herzl]] writes ''[[Der Judenstaat]]'' (''The Jewish State'') advocating the creation of a Jewish state.
;1896–1904: Herzl, with the help of [[William Hechler]], unsuccessfully approaches world leaders for assistance in the creation of a Jewish National Home but creates political legitimacy for the movement.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}  In 1902, Herzl publishes ''[[The Old New Land|Altneuland]]'', which portrays a Jewish state where Jews and Arabs live together in harmony, reflecting Herzl's belief in the importance of coexistence and mutual respect between different communities.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Laqueur |first=Walter |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/842932838 |title=A history of Zionism |date=2003 |publisher=Tauris Parke |others=European Jewish Publications Society |isbn=978-0-85771-325-4 |edition=3rd |location=London |oclc=842932838}}</ref>

==After the First Zionist Congress==
;1897: The [[First Zionist Congress]] in [[Basel]], Switzerland, urges "a publicly and legally assured home in Palestine" for Jews and establishes the [[World Zionist Organization]] (WZO).
;1897: The [[Zionist Organization of America]] (ZOA) is founded under the name [[Federation of American Zionists]].
;1898 January 13: The French writer [[Émile Zola]] exposed the Dreyfus affair to the general public in a famously incendiary open letter to President Félix Faure to which the French journalist and politician [[Georges Clemenceau]] affixed the headline "J'accuse!" (I accuse!).  Zola's world fame and internationally respected reputation brought international attention to Dreyfus' unjust treatment.
;1898: [[Sholom Aleichem]] writes a [[Yiddish language]] pamphlet ''Why Do the Jews Need a Land of Their Own?''<ref>[[Sholom Aleichem]]: [http://www.sholom-aleichem.org/why_jews_need2.htm Why Do the Jews Need a Land of Their Own?] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060309163134/http://www.sholom-aleichem.org/why_jews_need2.htm |date=March 9, 2006 }}&nbsp;— "The Three Great Classic Writers of Modern Yiddish Literature" Volume II&nbsp;— Selected Works of Sholem-Aleykhem, edited by Marvin Zuckerman & Marion Herbst</ref>
;1899: [[Henry Pereira Mendes]] publishes ''Looking Ahead: twentieth century happenings'', the premise of which is that the restoration of Jewish sovereignty over historic Israel is essential to the world's peace and prosperity.
;1901: Fifth Zionist Congress establishes the [[Jewish National Fund]].
;1902: Herzl publishes the novel ''Altneuland'' ([[The Old New Land]]), which takes place in Palestine.
;1903–1906: More pogroms in Russian Empire.  Unlike the 1881 pogroms, which focused primarily on property damage, these pogroms resulted in the deaths of at least 2,000 Jews and an even higher number of non-Jews.
;1903: [[Uganda Proposal]] for settlement in East Africa splits the 6th Zionist Congress.  A committee is created to look into it.
;1904–1914: The [[Second Aliyah]] occurs.  Approximately 40,000 Jews immigrated into Ottoman Palestine, mostly from Russia.  The prime cause for the aliyah was mounting anti-Semitism in Russia and pogroms in the [[Pale of Settlement]].  Nearly half of these immigrants left Palestine by the time [[World War I]] started.
;1909: [[Tel Aviv]] is founded on sand dunes near [[Jaffa]].  Young Judaea, a Zionist youth movement, is founded.
;1910–1916: [[Antisemitic]] [[Judeo-Masonic conspiracy theory|Zionist conspiracy theories]] regarding the [[Committee of Union and Progress|Ottoman Young Turk ruling elite]] are fuelled within the British government through diplomatic correspondence from [[Sir Gerard Lowther, 1st Baronet|Gerard Lowther]] (British Ambassador to Constantinople) and [[Gilbert Clayton]] (Chief of British intelligence in Egypt)<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iv1DADhI6h4C |title=Germany, Turkey, and Zionism 1897–1918, Isaiah Friedman |date=September 1997 |publisher=Transaction Publishers |isbn=9781412824569 |access-date=July 26, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9j71caZgTHQC&q=gerard+lowther+constantinople&pg=PA136 |title=The revolution of 1908 in Turkey By Aykut Kansu |isbn=9004107916 |access-date=July 26, 2012|last1=Kansu |first1=Aykut |year=1997 |publisher=BRILL }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VJ08AAAAIAAJ&q=cairo&pg=PA149 |title=British foreign policy under Sir Edward Grey, By Francis Harry Hinsley |date=September 15, 1977 |isbn=9780521213479 |access-date=July 26, 2012|last1=Hinsley |first1=F. H. |last2=Hinsley |first2=Francis Harry |publisher=Cambridge University Press }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j8Vm5zexse8C&q=gerard+lowther+constantinople&pg=PA244 |title=Arabic political memoirs and other studies, By Elie Kédourie |date=September 26, 1974 |isbn=9780714630410 |access-date=July 26, 2012|last1=Kedourie |first1=Elie }}</ref>
;1915 January: Two months after the British declaration of war against the Ottomans, [[Herbert Samuel, 1st Viscount Samuel|Herbert Samuel]] presents a detailed memorandum entitled ''[[The Future of Palestine]]'' to the British Cabinet on the benefits of a British protectorate over Palestine to support Jewish immigration
;1915 October – 1916 January: [[McMahon–Hussein Correspondence]], agreeing to give Arabia to Arabs, if Arabs will fight the Turks.  The Arab Revolt began in June 1916.
;1916 May 16: Britain and France sign the secret [[Sykes–Picot Agreement]] which details the proposed division of Arabia at the conclusion of [[World War I]] into French and British [[spheres of influence]].
;1917 August: The formation of the [[Jewish Legion]] (Zion Mule Corps), initiated in 1914 by [[Joseph Trumpeldor]] and [[Zeev Jabotinsky]].
;1917: T. E. Lawrence leads Arab militias to defeat various Turkish Garrisons in Arabia.
;1917 November 2: The British Government issues the [[Balfour Declaration]] which documented three main ideas:
::*First, it declared official support from the British Government for "the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people", and promised that the British Government would actively aid in these efforts.
::*Second, it documented that the British Government would not support actions that would prejudice the civil and religious rights of the existing non-Jewish residents of Palestine.
::*Finally, it confirmed that Jews living in any other country would, similarly, not be prejudiced.

==After the Balfour Declaration==
;1917 November 23: [[Bolsheviks]] release the full text of the previously secret [[Sykes-Picot Agreement]] in [[Izvestia]] and [[Pravda]]; it is subsequently printed in the [[Manchester Guardian]] on November 26.
;1917 December: The [[British Army]] gains control of Palestine with military occupation, as the [[Ottoman Empire]] collapses in [[World War I]].
;1918–1920: Massive pogroms accompanied the [[Russian Revolution of 1917]] (the [[Russian Civil War]]), resulting in the death of an estimated 70,000 to 250,000 civilian Jews throughout the former Russian Empire; the number of Jewish orphans exceeded 300,000.
;1919–1923: The [[Third Aliyah]] was triggered by the [[October Revolution]] in Russia, the ensuing pogroms there and in Poland and Hungary, the British conquest of Palestine and the [[Balfour Declaration]].  Approximately 40,000 Jews arrived in Palestine during this time.
;1920: The [[San Remo conference]] of the Allied Supreme Council in Italy resulted in an agreement that a [[Mandatory Palestine|Mandate for Palestine]] to Great Britain would be reviewed and then issued by the [[League of Nations]]. The mandate would contain similar content to the [[Balfour Declaration]], which indicates that Palestine will be a homeland for Jews, and that the existing non-Jews would not have their rights infringed.  In anticipation of this forthcoming mandate, the British military occupation shifts to a civil rule.
;1920: [[Histadrut]], [[Haganah]], [[Vaad Leumi]] are founded.
;1921: [[Chaim Weizmann]] becomes new President of the WZO at the 12th Zionist Congress (the first since World War I).
;1921: Britain grants autonomy to [[Emirate of Transjordan|Transjordan]] under [[Abdullah I of Jordan|Crown Prince Abdullah]].
;1922 July: The offer of a [[Mandatory Palestine|Mandate for Palestine]] to Great Britain from the San Remo conference is confirmed by the [[League of Nations]].
;1923 September: [[Mandatory Palestine|Mandate for Palestine]] to Great Britain comes into effect.
;1923: Britain [[cession|cedes]] the [[Golan Heights]] to the [[French Mandate of Syria]].
;1923: Jabotinsky establishes the [[Revisionist Zionism|revisionist]] party [[Hatzohar]] and its [[Zionist youth movement|youth movement]], [[Betar (youth movement)|Betar]].
;1924: [[Palestine Jewish Colonization Association]] established by [[Edmond James de Rothschild]]
;1924–1928: The [[Fourth Aliyah]] was a direct result of the economic crisis and anti-Jewish policies in Poland, along with the introduction of stiff immigration quotas by the United States. The Fourth Aliyah brought 82,000 Jews to British [[Mandatory Palestine]], of whom 23,000 left.
;1927: The [[Zionist Federation of Australia]] is established in [[Melbourne]].
;1932–1939: The [[Fifth Aliyah]] was primarily a result of the Nazi accession to power in Germany (1933) and later throughout Europe. Persecution and the Jews' worsening situation caused immigration from Germany to increase and from Eastern Europe to continue.  Nearly 250,000 Jews arrived in British Mandatory Palestine during the Fifth Aliyah (20,000 of them left later). From this time on, the practice of "numbering" the waves of immigration was discontinued.
;1933: [[Assassination of Haim Arlosoroff]], a left-wing Zionist leader, thought to have been killed by right-wing Zionists
;1933–1948: [[Aliyah Bet]]: Jewish refugees flee Germany because of persecution under the [[Nazism|Nazi]] government with many turned away as illegal because of the British-imposed immigration limit.
;1937: The British propose a partition between Jewish and Arab areas. It is rejected by both parties.
;1936–1939: [[1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine|Great Uprising]] by Arabs against British rule and Jewish immigration.
;1939: The British government issues the [[White Paper of 1939]], which sets a limit of 75,000 on Jewish immigration to Palestine for the next five years and increases Zionist opposition to British rule.
;1942 May: The [[Biltmore Conference]] makes a fundamental departure from traditional Zionist policy and demands "that Palestine be established as a Jewish Commonwealth" (state), rather than a "homeland."  This sets the ultimate aim of the movement.
;1944: The [[One Million Plan]] becomes official Zionist policy
;1947 November 29: The United Nations approves [[1947 UN Partition Plan|partition of Palestine]] into Jewish and Arab states. It is accepted by the Jews, but rejected by the Arab leaders (See [https://web.archive.org/web/20080725032855/http://www.jajz-ed.org.il/100/concepts/d3.html] [https://web.archive.org/web/20080517230937/http://www.jajz-ed.org.il/100/maps/part.html]).
;1947 November 30: The [[1947–1948 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine]] starts between Jewish forces, centered around the [[Haganah]] and Palestinians supported by the [[Arab Liberation Army]].
;1948 May 14: [[Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel]]

==After the Declaration of Israel==
;1948 May 15: Five neighboring Arab countries invade, and the [[1948 Arab–Israeli war]] ensues.
;1949 January 7: The [[1948 Arab–Israeli war]] ends.
;1956 October 29 – 1956 November 7: [[Suez Crisis]] between Egypt on one side, and Britain, France and Israel on the other.
;1967 June 5 – 1967 June 10: [[Six-Day War]] with Egypt, Jordan and Syria, assisted by forces from [[Iraq]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Morocco]], [[Algeria]], [[Libya]], [[Tunisia]], [[Sudan]] and the [[Palestine Liberation Organization]] against Israel.
;1967 July – 1970 August 7: [[War of Attrition]] between Egypt and Israel.
;1973 October 4 – 1973 October 25: [[Yom Kippur War]] with Egypt, Syria, Jordan and Iraq against Israel.
;1975: The [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3379]] equates [[Zionism]] with [[racism]].
;1979 March 26: [[Egypt–Israel peace treaty]] is signed by Egyptian President [[Anwar El Sadat]] and Israeli Prime Minister [[Menachem Begin]].
;1982 June – 1982 September: [[1982 Lebanon War]] with Syria and Lebanon against Israel.
;1991: The UN GA resolution 3379 is revoked by [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution 4686|Resolution 4686]].
;1993 August 20: The [[Oslo Accords]] are signed by [[Mahmoud Abbas]] of the Palestine Liberation Organization, Israeli Foreign Minister [[Shimon Peres]], U.S. Secretary of State [[Warren Christopher]] and Russian Foreign Minister [[Andrei Kozyrev]].
;1994 October 26: [[Israel–Jordan peace treaty]] is signed by King [[Hussein I of Jordan]] and Israeli Prime Minister [[Yitzhak Rabin]].
;1995 November 4: Israeli Prime Minister [[Yitzhak Rabin]] is assassinated.
;2006 July 12 — 2006 August 14: [[2006 Lebanon War]] between Lebanon and Israel.

==See also==
* [[History of Israel]]
* [[Timeline of Jewish history]]
* [[Timeline of Israeli history]]
* [[Anti-Zionism]]

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Sources==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050413070446/http://www.dinur.org/resources/resourceCategoryDisplay.aspx?categoryID=561&rsid=219 Resources > Timelines] The Jewish History Resource Center, Project of the Dinur Center for Research in Jewish History, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
*[http://www.zionism-Israel.com/zionism_timeline.htm A Timeline of Zionism, Modern Israel and the Conflict]

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[[Category:Zionism]]
[[Category:History of Zionism|*]]
[[Category:Jewish history timelines]]