Editing Timeline of diving technology

{{Short description|Chronological list of notable events in the history of underwater diving equipment}}
{{see also|History of underwater diving}}
{{use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}

The '''timeline of underwater diving technology''' is a chronological list of notable events in the history of the development of underwater [[diving equipment]]. With the partial exception of [[Freediving|breath-hold diving]], the development of underwater diving capacity, scope, and popularity, has been closely linked to available technology, and the [[Human physiology of underwater diving|physiological constraints]] of the underwater environment.

Primary constraints are:
* the provision of breathing gas to allow endurance beyond the limits of a single breath,
* safely [[Decompression (diving)|decompressing]] from high underwater pressure to surface pressure,
* the ability to see clearly enough to effectively perform the task,
* and sufficient mobility to get to and from the workplace.

==Pre-industrial==
* Ancient [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] and [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] era: There have been many instances of men swimming or diving for combat, but they always had to hold their breath, and had no diving equipment, except sometimes a hollow plant stem used as a [[Snorkel (swimming)|snorkel]].<ref name="mergulhadores" />
* About 500 BC: (Information originally from [[Herodotus]]): During a naval campaign the Greek Scyllis was taken aboard ship as prisoner by the Persian King [[Xerxes I of Persia|Xerxes I]]. When Scyllis learned that Xerxes was to attack a Greek flotilla, he seized a knife and jumped overboard. The Persians could not find him in the water and presumed he had drowned. Scyllis made his way among all the ships in Xerxes's fleet, cutting each ship loose from its moorings; he used a hollow reed as snorkel to remain unobserved.{{dubious|date=January 2021}}<!-- where did he find a hollow Reed? --> Then he swam nine miles (15 kilometers) to rejoin the Greeks off [[Cape Artemisium]].<ref name="Beloe 1791" /><ref name="Jones 1929" /><ref name="Paton 1917" /><ref name="Frost 1968" /><ref name="Marx 1990" /><ref name="Scyllis" />
* The use of [[diving bell]]s was recorded by the Greek philosopher [[Aristotle]] in the 4th century BC: "...they enable the divers to respire equally well by letting down a [[cauldron]], for this does not fill with water, but retains the air, for it is forced straight down into the water."<ref name="Bachrach 1998" />
* 1300 or earlier: Persian divers were using diving [[goggles]] with windows made of the polished outer layer of [[tortoiseshell material|tortoiseshell]].<ref name="Marx 1990" />
* 15th century: [[Konrad Kyeser]], illustrated his manual of military technology ''[[Bellifortis]]'' with a [[diving suit]] fitted with a hose to the surface. This diving suit drawing can also be seen in the manuscript [[Hans Talhoffer#Works|Ms.Thott.290.2º]], written by [[Hans Talhoffer]], which reproduces sections of ''Bellifortis''.<ref name="Van den Broek 2019" />
* 15th century: [[Leonardo da Vinci]] made the first known mention of air tanks in Italy: he wrote in his Atlantic Codex (Biblioteca Ambrosiana, [[Milan]]) that systems were used at that time to artificially breathe under water, but he did not explain them in detail. Some drawings, however, showed different kinds of snorkels and an air tank (to be carried on the breast) that presumably should have no external connections. Other drawings showed a complete immersion kit, with a plunger suit which included a sort of mask with a box for air. The project was so detailed that it included a [[urine]] collector.<ref name="da Vinci" />{{clarify|date=October 2022}}
* 1535: [[Guglielmo de Lorena]] and Francesco de Marchi dived on a Roman vessel sunk in [[Lake Nemi]] using a one-man [[diving bell]] invented by de Lorena.<ref name="Eliav 2015" />
* 1602: [[Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont]] built an air-renovated diving suit that allowed a man to remain underwater in the [[Pisuerga]] river on August 2. The diver passed an hour underwater before being ordered to return by King [[Philip III of Spain|Philip III]].<ref name="Xataka" />
* 1616: [[Franz Kessler]] built an improved diving bell.<ref name="Acott 1999" />
* Around 1620: [[Cornelis Drebbel]] may have made a crude [[Diving rebreather|rebreather]].<ref name="Acott 1999" />
* 1650: [[Otto von Guericke]] built the first air pump.<ref name="Acott 1999" />
* 1715: 
** the ''[[Knight|chevalier]]'' [[Pierre Rémy de Beauve]], a French aristocrat who served as ''[[Gardes de la Marine|garde de la marine]]'' in [[Brest, France|Brest]], built one of the oldest known [[Standard diving dress|diving dresses]]. De Beauve's dress was equipped with a metal helmet and two hoses, one of them [[surface-supplied diving|air-supplied from the surface]] by a [[bellows]] and the other one for evacuation of the exhaled air.<ref name="Musee de Scaphandre" /><ref name="Musee de Scaphandre 2" />
** the Englishman [[John Lethbridge]], a wool merchant, invented a diving suit built like a barrel with armholes and a viewport, and successfully used it to salvage valuables from wrecks.<ref name="Acott 1999" />

==Industrial era==
===Start of modern diving===
* 1772: the first diving dress using a compressed-air reservoir was successfully designed and built in 1772 by ''Sieur''<ref>old French honorific for "sir" or "Mister"</ref> [[Fréminet]], a Frenchman from [[Paris]]. Fréminet conceived an autonomous breathing machine equipped with a helmet, two hoses for inhalation and exhalation, a suit and a reservoir, dragged by and behind the diver,<ref name="Musee de Scaphandre 3" /> although Fréminet later put it on his back.<ref name="Perrier 2008" />{{rp|46}} Fréminet called his invention ''machine hydrostatergatique'' and used it successfully for more than ten years in the harbours of [[Le Havre]] and [[Brest, France|Brest]], as stated in the explanatory text of a 1784 painting.<ref name="Cousteau 1955" /><ref name="Guienne" />
* 1774: [[John Day (carpenter)|John Day]] became the first person known to have died in an underwater accident while testing a "diving chamber" in [[Plymouth Sound]].<ref name="Tall" /><ref name="Ecott" />
* 1776: [[David Bushnell (inventor)|David Bushnell]] invented the [[American Turtle|''Turtle'']], first submarine to attack another ship. It was used in the [[American Revolution]].<ref name="Griswold 1820" />
* 1797: [[Karl Heinrich Klingert]] designed a full diving dress which consisted of a large metal helmet and similarly large metal belt connected by a leather jacket and pants.<ref name="Raanan 2010" />
* 1798: in June, F. W. Joachim, employed by Klingert, successfully completed the first practical tests of Klingert's armor.<ref name="All things diving" />
* 1800: [[Peter Kreeft (diver)|Captain Peter Kreeft]] of Germany dived several times with his helmet diving equipment to show it to King [[Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden]].<ref name="Historical diver" />
* 1800: [[Robert Fulton]] built a [[submarine]], the "[[Nautilus (1800)|Nautilus]]".<ref name="Dickinson 1913" />
* 1825: [[Johan Patrik Ljungström]] demonstrated his diving bell built of [[tinned]] [[copper]] with space for a crew of 2-3 persons, equipped with [[compass]] and methods of communication to the surface, successfully diving down to about 16 meters with Ljungström and an assistant on board, and wrote a book on the organization of private underwater diving<ref name="Jacobsen" /><ref name="History of diving 3" />
* c. 1831: American [[Charles Condert]] built an autonomous diving suit, using a copper pipe curved in the form of a horseshoe, displacing about 50 pounds of water, and worn at the waist, as an air reservoir which fed compressed air through a manually operated valve and a hose into an airtight rubberised hip length tunic with integral hood. Air escaped from a small hole in the hood. The buoyancy of the set required about 200 pounds of weight for ballast. Condert made several dives in the East River to about 20&nbsp;ft, and was drowned on his last dive in 1832.<ref name="Diving heritage Condert" />
* 1837: Captain William H. Taylor demonstrated his "submarine dress" at the annual [[American Institute Fair]] at Niblo's Garden, New York City.<ref name="Cox 2017" />
* 1839: 
** Canadian inventors James Eliot and Alexander McAvity of [[Saint John, New Brunswick]] patented an "oxygen reservoir for divers", a device carried on the diver's back containing "a quantity of condensed oxygen gas or common atmospheric air proportionate to the depth of water and adequate to the time he is intended to remain below".<ref name="Theriault 2001" />
** W.H.Thornthwaite of [[Hoxton]] in London patented an inflatable lifting jacket for divers.<ref name="hds4537" />
* Around 1842: The Frenchman [[Joseph-Martin Cabirol]] (1799–1874) formed a company in Paris and started making [[standard diving dress]].<ref name="hdt 2004" />
* 1843: Based on lessons learned from the Royal George salvage, the first diving school was set up by the Royal Navy.<ref name="Boot Camp" />
* 1845 James Buchanan Eads designed and built a diving bell and began salvaging cargo from the bottom of the Mississippi River, eventually working on the river bottom from the mouth of the river at the Gulf of Mexico to Iowa.<ref name="Christensen et al 1999" />
* 1856: [[Wilhelm Bauer]] started the first of 133 successful dives with his second submarine ''[[Seeteufel (Russia)|Seeteufel]]''. The crew of 12 was trained to leave the submerged ship through a diving chamber (airlock).<ref name="Elliott" />
* 1860: [[Giovanni Luppis]], a retired engineer of the Austro-Hungarian navy, demonstrated a design for a [[self-propelled torpedo]] to emperor [[Franz Joseph]].<ref name="Miskovic 2010" />
* 1864: ''[[H.L. Hunley]]'' became the first submarine to sink a ship, the USS ''Housatonic'', during the [[American Civil War]].<ref name="Neyland2005" />
* 1866: ''Minenschiff'', the first [[self-propelled torpedo]], developed by [[Robert Whitehead (engineer)|Robert Whitehead]] (to a design by Captain Luppis, Austrian Navy), was demonstrated for the imperial naval commission on 21 December.<ref name="Whitehead" />
* 1882: Brothers [[Carmagnolle diving suit|Alphonse and Théodore Carmagnolle]] of [[Marseille]], France, patented the first properly [[anthropomorphic]] design of ADS ([[atmospheric diving suit]]). Featuring 22 rolling convolute joints that were never entirely waterproof and a helmet with 25 {{convert|2|in|mm|adj=on}} glass viewing ports,<ref name="Historical Diving Times 2005" /> it weighed {{convert|380|kg|lbs}} and was never put in service.<ref name="Roc Roussey" />

===Rebreathers===
{{Main|Rebreather#History}}
* 1808: on 17 June, ''Sieur'' [[Pierre-Marie Touboulic]] from [[Brest, France|Brest]], a mechanic in [[Napoleon]]'s Imperial Navy, patented the oldest known [[oxygen rebreather]], but there is no evidence of any prototype having been manufactured. This early rebreather design worked with an oxygen reservoir, the oxygen being delivered progressively by the diver himself and circulating in a closed circuit through a [[Sponge (material)|sponge]] soaked in [[limewater]].<ref name="plongeesout.com" /> Touboulic called his invention ''Ichtioandre'' (Greek for 'fish-man').<ref name="Ichtioandre drawing" />
* 1849: Pierre-Aimable de Saint Simon Sicard (a [[chemist]]) made the first practical oxygen rebreather. It was demonstrated in London in 1854.<ref name="hds4537" />
*1853: Professor T. Schwann designed a rebreather in [[Belgium]] which he exhibited in Paris in 1878.<ref name="Bech" /> It had a big backpack tank containing oxygen at about 13 [[Bar (unit)|bar]], and two scrubbers containing [[sponge]]s soaked in [[caustic soda]].
* 1876: An English merchant seaman, [[Henry Fleuss]], developed the first workable self-contained diving rig that used compressed oxygen. This prototype of closed-circuit scuba used rope soaked in [[caustic potash]] to absorb carbon dioxide so the exhaled gas could be re-breathed.<ref name="rebreather_hx" />

===Diving helmets improved and in common use===
* 1808: [[Brizé-Fradin]] designed a small bell-like helmet connected to a low-pressure backpack air container.<ref name="hds4537" />
* 1820: [[Paul Lemaire d'Augerville]] (a Parisian dentist) invented a diving apparatus with a copper backpack cylinder, a [[Diving rebreather#Counterlungs|counterlung]] to save air, and with an inflatable life jacket connected. It was used down to 15 or 20 meters for up to an hour in salvage work. He started a successful salvage company.<ref name="hds4537" />
* 1825: [[William H. James (inventor)|William H. James]] designed a self-contained diving suit with compressed air stored in an iron container worn around the waist.<ref name="History of scuba diving" />
* 1827: [[Beaudouin]] in France developed a diving helmet fed from an air cylinder pressurized to 80 to 100 bar. The [[French Navy]] was interested, but nothing came of this.<ref name="hds4537" />
* 1829: (1828?)
** [[Charles Anthony Deane]] and John Deane of [[Whitstable]] in [[Kent]] in England designed the first [[diving helmet]] supplied with airpumped from the surface, for use with a diving suit. It is said {{by whom|date=March 2017}}that the idea started from a crude emergency rig-up of a [[Firefighter|fireman]]'s water-pump (used as an air pump) and a knight-in-armour helmet used to try to rescue horses from a burning stable. Others say that it was based on earlier work in 1823 developing a "smoke helmet".<ref name="Lonsdale 2012" /> The suit was not attached to the helmet, so a diver could not bend over or invert without risk of flooding the helmet and drowning. Nevertheless, the diving system was used in salvage work, including the successful removal of cannon from the British warship HMS ''Royal George'' in 1834–35. This 108-gun fighting ship sank in 65 feet of water at Spithead anchorage in 1783.<ref name="Lonsdale 2012" /><ref name="History of scuba diving" />
** [[E.K.Gauzen]], a Russian naval technician of the [[Kronshtadt]] [[naval base]] in [[Saint Petersburg]], built a "diving machine". His invention was a metallic helmet strapped to a leather suit (an overall) with a pumped air supply. The bottom of the helmet was open, and the helmet strapped to the suit by a metal band. Gauzen's diving suit and its further modifications were used by the [[Russian Navy]] until 1880. The modified [[diving suit]] of the Russian Navy, based on Gauzen's invention, was known as "[[three-bolt equipment]]".<ref name="History of scuba diving" />
* 1837: Following up [[Leonardo da Vinci]]'s studies, and those of the astronomer [[Edmond Halley]], [[Augustus Siebe]] developed [[surface-supplied diving]] apparatus which became known as [[standard diving dress]].<ref name="spums_hx" /> By sealing the Deane brothers' helmet design to a waterproof suit, Augustus Siebe developed the Siebe "Closed" Dress combination diving helmet and suit, considered the foundation of modern diving dress. This was a significant evolution from previous models of "open" dress that did not allow a diver to invert. Siebe-Gorman went on to manufacture helmets continuously until 1975.<ref name="Lonsdale 2012" />
* 1840: The Royal Navy used Siebe closed dress for salvage and blasting work on the "Royal George", and subsequently the Royal Engineers standardised on this equipment.<ref name="Lonsdale 2012" />
* 1843: The Royal Navy established the first diving school.<ref name="Lonsdale 2012" />
* 1855: [[Joseph-Martin Cabirol]] patented a new model of standard diving dress, mainly issued from Siebe's designs. The suit was made out of rubberized canvas and the helmet, for the first time, included a hand-controlled tap that the diver used to evacuate his exhaled air. The exhaust valve included a non-return valve which prevented water from entering in the helmet. Until 1855 diving helmets were equipped with only three circular windows (for front, left and right sides). Cabirol's helmet introduced the later well known fourth window, situated in the upper front part of the helmet and allowing the diver to see above him. Cabirol's diving dress won the silver medal at the [[Exposition Universelle (1855)|1885 ''Exposition Universelle'']] in Paris. This original diving dress and helmet are now preserved at the ''[[Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers]]'' in Paris.<ref name="Cabirol" />

===The first diving regulators===
[[File:Dykeri, fig 6, Nordisk familjebok.png|thumb|upright|Diving set by Rouquayrol and Denayrouze with barrel-shaped air tank on the diver's back, depicted here in its surface-supplied configuration.]]
* 1838: Dr. Manuel Théodore Guillaumet invented a twin-hose [[demand regulator]].  On 19 June 1838, in London, England, a Mr. William Edward Newton filed a patent (no. 7695:  "Diving apparatus") for a diaphragm-actuated, twin-hose demand valve for divers.<ref name="Bevan 1990" /> However, it is believed that Mr. Newton was merely filing a patent on behalf of Dr. Guillaumet. The illustration of the apparatus in Newton's patent application is identical to that in Guillaumet's patent application; furthermore, Mr. Newton was apparently an employee of the British Office for Patents, who applied for patents on behalf of foreign applicants.<ref name="Guillaumet-Newton"/> It is demonstrated in [[surface-supplied diving|surface-demand]] use. During the demonstration, use duration was limited to 30 minutes because the dive was in cold water without a diving suit.<ref name="Mechanique appliquee" /><ref name="Scaphandre autonome" /><ref name="Perrier 2008"/>{{rp|45}}
* 1860: in [[Espalion]] (France), mining engineer [[Benoît Rouquayrol]] designed a self-contained breathing set with a backpack cylindrical air tank that supplied air through the first demand [[diving regulator|regulator]] to be commercialized (as of 1865, see below). Rouquayrol calls his invention ''régulateur'' ('regulator'), having conceived it to help miners avoid drowning in flooded mines.<ref name="R-D" />
* 1864: [[Benoît Rouquayrol]] met navy officer [[Auguste Denayrouze]] for the first time, in Espalion, and on Denayrouze's initiative, they adapted Rouquayrol's invention to diving. After having adapted it, they called their recently patented device ''appareil plongeur Rouquayrol-Denayrouze'' ('Rouquayrol-Denayrouze diving apparatus'). The diver still walked on the seabed and did not swim. The air pressure tanks made with the technology of the time could only hold 30 atmospheres, allowing dives of only 30 minutes at no more than ten meters deep;<ref name="Musee du Scaphandre 5" /> during surface-supplied configuration the tank was also used for [[bailout]] in the case of a hose failure.<ref name="Musee du Scaphandre 5" />
* 1865: on August the 28th the French Navy Minister ordered the first Rouquayrol-Denayrouze diving apparatus and large scale production started.<ref name="plongeesout.com"/>

===Gas and air cylinders appear===
* Late 19th century: [[Manufacturing|Industry]] began to be able to make high-pressure air and [[gas cylinder]]s. That prompted a few inventors down the years to design open-circuit compressed air breathing sets, but they were all constant-flow, and the demand [[Diving regulator|regulator]] did not come back until 1937.<ref name="History of scuba diving" />

===Underwater photography===
[[File:Raco-Boutang.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Oceanography|oceanographer]] and [[biologist]] [[Emil Racoviță]], here equipped with a [[standard diving dress]]. An underwater photograph taken by [[Louis Boutan]] ([[Banyuls-sur-Mer]], south of France, 1899).]]
* 1856: [http://www.bsoup.org/Articles/William_Thompson.php William Thompson] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512224600/http://www.bsoup.org/Articles/William_Thompson.php |date=12 May 2014 }} and his friend Mr Kenyon take the first under water photograph using a camera sealed in a metal box.<ref name="Milestones" /><ref name="Diving Almanac" />
* 1893: [[Louis Boutan]] makes the first under water camera becoming the first underwater photographer and produces the first clear underwater photographs.<ref name="Petapixel" /><ref name="Burgess" />
* 1900: Louis Boutan published ''La Photographie sous-marine et les progrès de la photographie'' (''The Underwater Photography and the Advances in Photography''), the first book about underwater photography.<ref name="Burgess" />

===Decompression sickness recognised as a problem===
* 1841: [[Jacques Triger]] constructs the first [[Caisson (engineering)|caisson]] for mining work in France. First two cases of decompression sickness in caisson workers are reported by Triger in 1845, consisting of joint and extremity pains.<ref name="Acott 1999" />
* 1846-1855: Several cases of decompression sickness, some with fatal outcome, reported in caisson workers during bridge construction first in France, then in England. Recompression is reported to help alleviate symptoms by Pol and Wattelle in 1847, and a gradual compression and decompression is advocated by Thomas Littleton in 1855.<ref name="Acott 1999" /><ref name="Littleton 1855" />
* From 1870 to 1910 all prominent features of decompression sickness were established, but theories over the pathology ranged from cold or exhaustion causing reflex spinal cord damage; electricity caused by [[friction]] on compression; or organ [[wiktionary:Congestion|congestion]] and vascular stasis caused by decompression.<ref name="Acott 1999" />
* 1870: Louis Bauer, a professor of surgery from St. Lous, publishes an initial report on the outcomes of 25 paralyzed caisson workers involved in the construction of the [[St Louis]] [[Eads Bridge]].<ref name="Bauer 1870" /> The construction project eventually employed 352 compressed air workers including Dr. Alphonse Jaminet as the physician in charge. There were 30 seriously injured and 12 fatalities. Dr. Jaminet himself suffered a case of decompression sickness when he ascended to the surface in four minutes after spending almost three hours at a depth of 95 feet in a caisson, and his description of his own experience was the first such recorded.<ref name="Butler 2004" /> While obviously caused by the increased pressure, both Bauer and Jaminet theorized that the symptoms were caused by a hypermetabolic state caused by the increase in oxygen, with inability to remove waste products in normal pressure. Gradual compression and decompression, shorter shifts with longer intervals, and complete rest after decompression were advocated. Actual cases were treated with rest, beef tea, ice, and alcohol.<ref name="Diaz 1996" />
* 1872: The similarity between decompression sickness and [[iatrogenic]] air embolism as well as the relationship between inadequate decompression and decompression sickness were noted by [[Hermann Friedberg]].<ref name="Hoff 1948" /><ref name="Friedberg 1872" /> He suggested that intravascular gas was released by rapid decompression and recommended: slow compression and decompression; four-hour working shifts; limit to maximum depth 44.1 [[Pounds per square inch|psig]] (4 [[Atmosphere (unit)|ATA]]); using only healthy workers; and recompression treatment for severe cases.<ref name="Acott 1999" />
* 1873: Dr. Andrew Smith first used the term "caisson disease" to describe 110 cases of decompression sickness as the physician in charge during construction of the [[Brooklyn Bridge]].<ref name="Butler 2004" /> The project employed 600 compressed air workers. Recompression treatment was not used. The project chief engineer [[Washington Roebling]] suffered from caisson disease. (He took charge after his father [[John Augustus Roebling]] died of [[tetanus]].) Washington's wife, Emily, helped manage the construction of the bridge after his sickness confined him to his home in [[Brooklyn]]. He battled the after-effects of the disease for the rest of his life.
According to different sources, the term "The Bends" for decompression sickness was coined by workers of either the Brooklyn or the Eads bridge, and was given because afflicted individuals characteristically arched their backs in a manner similar to a then-fashionable posture known as the [[Grecian bend|Grecian Bend]].<ref name="Butler 2004" />
* 1878: [[Paul Bert]] published ''La Pression barométrique'', providing the first systematic understanding of the causes of DCS.<ref name="Bert 1878" />

===Twentieth century===
* 1900: [[John P. Holland]] built the first [[submarine]] to be formally commissioned by the U.S. Navy, ''Holland'' (also called ''A-1'').<ref name="Paine 2000" />
** [[Leonard Erskine Hill|Leonard Hill]] used a frog model to prove that decompression causes bubbles and that recompression resolves them.<ref name="Acott 1999" />
* 1903: [[Siebe Gorman]] started to make a submarine [[escape set]] in England; in the years afterwards it was improved, and later was called the [[Davis Escape Set]] or [[Davis Submerged Escape Apparatus]].<ref name="rebreather_hx" />
* from 1903 to 1907: Professor [[Georges Jaubert]], invented Oxylithe, a mixture of [[sodium peroxide|peroxides of sodium]] (Na<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) and potassium with a small amount of salts of copper or nickel, which produces oxygen in the presence of water.<ref name="Larousse" />
* 1905:
** Several sources, including the 1991 [[United States Navy|US Navy]] Dive Manual (pg 1–8), state that the [[MK V Deep Sea Diving Dress]] was designed by the Bureau of Construction & Repair in 1905, but in reality, the 1905 Navy Handbook shows British Siebe-Gorman helmets in use. Since the earliest known MK V is dated 1916, these sources are probably referring to the earlier MK I, MK II, MK III & MK IV [[Morse Diving|Morse]] and [[August Schrader|Schrader]] helmets.<ref name="Lonsdale 2012" />
** The first rebreather with metering valves to control the supply of oxygen was made.<ref name="divedesco" />
* 1907: [[Draegerwerk|Draeger]] of [[Lübeck]] made a [[Diving rebreather|rebreather]] called the ''U-Boot-Retter.'' (submarine rescuer).<ref name="Draeger history" />
* 1908: 
** [[Arthur Boycott]], [[Guybon Chesney Castell Damant|Guybon Damant]], and [[John Scott Haldane|John Haldane]] published "The Prevention of Compressed-Air Illness", detailed studies on the cause and symptoms of decompression sickness, and proposed a table of [[decompression stop]]s to avoid the effects.<ref name="Acott 1999" /><ref name="Boycott et al 1908" />
** The Admiralty Deep Diving Committee adopted the [[Haldane's decompression model|Haldane tables]] for the Royal Navy, and published [[Haldane's decompression model|Haldane's diving tables]] to the general public.<ref name="Acott 1999" />
* 1910: the British [[Robert Davis (inventor)|Robert Davis]] invented his own submarine rescuer rebreather, the [[Davis Submerged Escape Apparatus]], for the Royal Navy submarine crews.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}
* 1912: 
** US Navy adopted the [[Haldane's decompression model|decompression tables published by Haldane, Boycott and Damant]]. Driven by Chief Gunner [[George Stillson]], the navy set up a program to test tables and staged decompression based on the work of Haldane.<ref name="nedu" />
** [[Maurice Fernez]] introduced a simple lightweight underwater breathing apparatus as an alternative to helmet diving suits.<ref name="Fernez patent" />
** [[Draegerwerk|Dräger]] started the commercialization of his rebreather in both configuration types, mouthpiece and helmet.<ref name="Diving heritage Draeger" />
* 1913: The US Navy began developing the future MK V, influenced by [[Schrader]] and [[Morse Diving|Morse]] designs.<ref name="nedu" /><ref name="Lonsdale 2012" />
* 1914: Modern swimfins were invented by the Frenchman [[Louis de Corlieu]], ''capitaine de corvette'' ([[Lieutenant Commander]]) in the [[French Navy]]. In 1914 De Corlieu made a practical demonstration of his first [[prototype]] for a group of navy officers.<ref name="Perrier 2008" />{{rp|65}}
* 1915: The submarine {{USS|F-4|SS-23|6}} was salvaged from 304 feet establishing the practical limits for air diving. Three US Navy divers, [[Frank W. Crilley]], William F. Loughman, and Nielson, reached 304 fsw using the MK V dress.<ref name="Lonsdale 2012" />
* 1916:
** The basic design of the MK V dress was finalized by including a battery-powered telephone, but several more detail improvements were made over the next two years.<ref name="Lonsdale 2012" />
** The [[Drägerwerk|Draeger]] model DM 2 became standard equipment of the [[Imperial German Navy]].{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}
* 1917: The [[Bureau of Construction & Repair]] adopted the MK V helmet and dress, which remained the standard for US Navy diving until the introduction of the MK 12 in the late seventies.<ref name="Lonsdale 2012" />
* 1918: the "[[Ohgushi's Peerless Respirator]]" was first patented. Invented in 1916 by Riichi Watanabi and the blacksmith Kinzo Ohgushi, and used with either surface-supplied air or a 150 bar steel scuba cylinder holding 1000 litres free air, the valve-supplied air to a mask over the diver's nose and eyes and the demand valve was operated by the diver's teeth. Gas flow was proportional to bite force and duration. The breathing apparatus was used successfully for fishing and salvage work and by the military Japanese Underwater Unit until the end of the Pacific War.<ref name="Ohgushi manual" /><ref name="Monday 2004" />
* Around 1920: Hanseatischen Apparatebau-Gesellschaft made a 2-cylinder breathing apparatus with double-lever single-stage demand valve and single wide corrugated [[Breathing tube (in breathing apparatus)|breathing tube]] with mouthpiece, and a "duck's beak" exhalent valve in the regulator. It was described in a [[mine rescue]] handbook in 1930. They were successors to Ludwig von Bremen of [[Kiel]], who had the licence to make the Rouquayrol-Denayrouze apparatus in Germany.<ref name="Historical diving society 45" />
* 1924:
** De Corlieu left the French Navy to fully devote himself to his invention.<ref name="Taillez 1954 fins" />
** Experimental dives using helium-oxygen mixtures sponsored by the US Navy and Bureau of Mines.<ref name="Lonsdale 2012" />
* 1925: 
** [[Maurice Fernez]] introduced a new model of his underwater surface-supplied apparatus at the [[Grand Palais]]. [[Yves le Prieur]], an assistant at the exhibition, decided to meet Fernez in person and asked him to transform the equipment into a manually-controlled constant flow [[scuba set|self-contained underwater breathing apparatus]].<ref name="Fernez" />
** Due to post World War I cutbacks, the US Navy found it had only 20 divers qualified to dive deeper than 90 feet when salvaging the submarine [[USS S-51 (SS-162)|S-51]].<ref name="Lonsdale 2012" />
* 1926: 
** [[Maurice Fernez|Fernez-Le Prieur]] self-contained underwater breathing apparatus was demonstrated to the public in Paris,<ref name="Gallant 2" /> and adopted by the French Navy.{{citation needed|date=March 2017}}
** Dräger introduced a rescue breathing apparatus that the wearer could swim with. Previous devices served only for submarine escape and were designed to provide buoyancy so that the wearer was lifted to the surface without effort, the diving set had weights, which made it possible to dive for search and rescue after an accident.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}
*1927: [[US Navy School of Diving and Salvage]] was re-established at Washington Navy Yard, and the Experimental Diving Unit brought from Pittsburgh to Washington Navy Yard.<ref name="Lonsdale 2012" />
*1928: Davis invented the Submersible Decompression Chamber (SDC) diving bell.<ref name="Lonsdale 2012" />
*1929: Lieutenant [[Swede Momsen|C.B."Swede" Momsen]], a submariner and diver, developed and tested the submarine escape apparatus named the [[Momsen Lung]].<ref name="Lonsdale 2012" /> 
* The 1930s:
**In France, [[Guy Gilpatric]] started swim diving with waterproof goggles, derived from the swimming goggles which were invented by [[Maurice Fernez]] in 1920.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}
**Sport [[spearfishing]] became common in the [[Mediterranean]], and spearfishers gradually developed the [[diving mask]], fins and snorkel, with [[Georges Beuchat]] in Marseille, France, who created the [[speargun]]. Italian sport spearfishers started using oxygen [[Diving rebreather|rebreathers]]. This practice came to the attention of the [[Italian Navy]], which developed its frogman unit [[Decima Flottiglia MAS]].{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}
* 1933:
** In April [[Louis de Corlieu]] registered a new patent (number 767013, which in addition to two fins for the feet included two spoon-shaped fins for the hands) and called this equipment ''propulseurs de natation et de sauvetage'' (which can be translated as "swimming and rescue propulsion device").<ref name="Perrier 2008"/>{{rp|65}}
** In [[San Diego, California]], the first sport diving club was started by Glenn Orr, Jack Prodanovich and Ben Stone, called the San Diego Bottom Scratchers.<ref name="Bottom scratchers" /> As far as it is known, it did not use breathing sets; its main aim was [[spearfishing]].
** More is known of [[Yves Le Prieur]]'s constant-flow open-circuit breathing set. It is said that it could allow a 20-minute stay at 7 meters and 15 minutes at 15 meters. It has one cylinder feeding into a circular [[fullface mask]]. Its air cylinder was often worn at an angle to get its on/off valve in reach of the diver's hand.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}
* 1934:
** In France, [[Beuchat]] established a [[scuba diving]] and [[spearfishing]] equipment manufacturing company.<ref name="Beuchat" />
** In France a sport diving club was started, called the ''Club des Sous-l'Eau'' = "club of those [who are] under the water". It did not use breathing sets as far as is known. Its main aim was [[spearfishing]]. ("''Club des Sous-l'Eau''" was later realized to be a [[homophone]] of "''club des soulôts''" = "club of the drunkards", and was changed to ''Club des Scaphandres et de la Vie Sous L'Eau'' = "Club of the diving apparatuses and of underwater life".){{citation needed|date=February 2017}}
** [[Otis Barton]] and [[William Beebe]] dived to 3028 feet using a [[bathysphere]].<ref name="Beebe and Barton" />
* 1935: The [[French Navy]] adopted the Le Prieur breathing set.<ref name="Marx 1990a" />
** On the [[French Riviera]], the first known sport scuba diving club Club Des Scaphandres et de la Vie Sous L'eau (The club for divers and life underwater) was started by Le Prieur & Jean Painleve. It used Le Prieur's breathing sets.{{citation needed|date=December 2019}}
* 1937: US Navy published its revised diving tables based on the work of O.D. Yarbrough.<ref name="nedu" />
* 1937: The American [[Diving Equipment and Salvage Company]] (now known as DESCO) developed a heavy bottom-walking-type diving suit with a self-contained mixed-gas helium and oxygen rebreather.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}
* 1939: After floundering for years, even producing his fins in his own [[apartment|flat]] in [[Paris]], De Corlieu finally started [[mass production]] of his invention in France. The same year he rented a licence to [[Owen P. Churchill]] for mass production in the [[United States]]. To sell his fins in the USA [[Owen Churchill]] changed the French De Corlieu's name (''propulseurs'') to "swimfins", which is still the [[English language|English]] name. Churchill presented his fins to the US Navy, who decided to acquire them for its [[Underwater Demolition Team]] (UDT).{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}
** [[Hans Hass]] and Hermann Stelzner of Dräger, in Germany made the M138 rebreather. It was developed from the 1912 [[escape set]], a type of rebreather used to exit sunken submarines. The M138 sets were oxygen rebreathers with a 150 bar, 0.6 liter tank and appeared in many of his [[movie]]s and books.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}
* 1941: The Italian Navy's [[Decima Flottiglia MAS]] using oxygen [[Diving rebreather|rebreathers]] and [[manned torpedo]]es, [[Raid on Alexandria (1941)|attacked the British fleet in Alexandria harbor]].<ref name="O'Hara 2015" />
* 1944: [[United States|American]] UDT and [[United Kingdom|British]] COPP [[Frogman|frogmen]] (COPP: [[Combined Operations Pilotage Parties]]) used the "Churchill fins" during all prior underwater [[demining]]s, allowing this way in 1944 the [[Normandy landings]]. During years after [[World War II]] had ended, De Corlieu spent time and efforts struggling with [[civil procedure]]s for [[patent infringement]].<ref name="Perrier 2008" />{{rp|66}}

===The demand regulator reappears===
* 1934: [[René Commeinhes]], from [[Alsace]], invented a breathing set working with a demand valve and designed to allow [[firefighter]]s to breathe safely in smoke-filled environments.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}
* 1937: [[Georges Commeinhes]], son of René, adapted his father's invention to diving and developed a two-cylinder open-circuit apparatus with [[diving regulator|demand regulator]]. The regulator was a big rectangular box between the cylinders. Some were made, but [[World War II|WWII]] interrupted development.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}

===World War II===
* 1939: [[Georges Commeinhes]] offered his breathing set to the French Navy, which could not continue developing uses for it because of [[World War II|WWII]].<ref name="Commeinhes" />
* 1940-1944: [[Christian J. Lambertsen]] of the United States designed a [[Diving rebreather|rebreather]] 'Breathing apparatus' for the U.S. military.<ref name="army" />
* 1942: Georges Commeinhes patented a better version of his scuba set, now called the GC42 ("G" for Georges, "C" for Commeinhes and "42" for 1942). Some are made by the Commeinhes' company.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}
* 1942: with no relation with the Commeinhes family, [[Émile Gagnan]], an engineer employed by the [[Air Liquide]] company, obtained  a Rouquayrol-Denayrouze apparatus (property of the Bernard Piel company in 1942) in Paris. He miniaturized and adapted it to [[gas generator]]s, since [[German military administration in occupied France during World War II|the Germans occupy France]] and confiscated the French fuel for war purposes. Gagnan's boss and owner of the Air Liquide company, [[Henri Melchior]], decided to introduce Gagnan to [[Jacques-Yves Cousteau]], his [[son-in-law]], because he knows that Cousteau is looking for an efficient and automatic demand regulator. They met in Paris in December 1942 and adapted Gagnan's regulator to a diving cylinder.<ref name="Musee du Scaphandre 4" />
* 1943: after fixing some technical problems, Cousteau and Gagnan patented the first modern demand regulator.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}
** Air Liquide built two more aqualungs: these three are owned by Cousteau but also at the disposal of his first two diving companions [[Frédéric Dumas]] and [[Taillez]]. They use them to shoot the film ''Épaves'' (''Shipwrecks''), the first underwater film shot using scuba sets.<ref name="Epaves" />
** In July Commeinhes reached 53 metres (about 174 feet) using his GC42 breathing set off the coast of Marseille.<ref name="Taillez 1954 p52" />
** In October, and not knowing about Commeinhes's exploit, Dumas dived with a Cousteau-Gagnan prototype and reached 62 metres (about 200 feet) off [[Les Goudes]], not far from Marseille. He experienced what is now called [[nitrogen narcosis]].<ref name="Cousteau and Dumas 1953 p37" />
* 1944: Commeinhes died in the liberation of [[Strasbourg]] in [[Alsace]].<ref name="CG45" /> His invention was overtaken by Cousteau's invention.<ref name="Rousseau 2004" />
* Various nations use [[frogmen]] equipped with [[Diving rebreather|rebreather]]s for war actions: see [[Human torpedo]].{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}
* [[Hans Hass]] later said that during [[World War II|WWII]] the German diving gear firm [[Drägerwerk|Dräger]] offered him an open-circuit [[scuba set]] with a [[demand regulator]]. It may have been a separate invention, or it may have been copied from a captured Commeinhes-type set.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}
* Early 1944: the USA government, to try to stop men from being drowned in sunken army [[tank]]s, asked the company [[Mine Safety Appliances]] (MSA) for a suitable small escape breathing set. MSA provided a small [[Open-circuit scuba|open-circuit]] breathing set with a small (5 to 7 liters) air cylinder, a circular [[demand regulator]] with a two-lever system similar to Cousteau's design (connected to the cylinder by a nut and cone nipple connection), and one corrugated wide [[Breathing tube (in breathing apparatus)|breathing tube]] connected to a mouthpiece. This set was stated to be made from "off-the-shelf" items, which shows that MSA already had that regulator design; also, that regulator looks like the result of development and not a [[prototype]]; it may have arisen around 1943.<ref name="HDT" /> In an example recovered in 2003 from a submerged [[Sherman tank]] in the [[Bay of Naples]], the cylinder was bound round in tape and tied to a [[lifejacket]]. These sets were too late for the [[D-day]] landings in June 1944, but were used in the invasion of the south of France and in the [[Pacific War]].{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}
* 1944: Cousteau's first aqualung was destroyed by a stray [[artillery]] shell in an [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] landing on the [[French Riviera]]: that leaves two.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}

===Postwar===
* The public first heard about [[frogmen]].<ref name="Plumb" /><ref name="NYT 1947" />
* 1945: In [[Toulon]], Cousteau showed the film ''Épaves'' to the Admiral [[André Lemonnier|Lemonnier]]. The Admiral then made Cousteau responsible for the creation of the underwater research unit of the French Navy (the GRS, Groupe de Recherches Sous-marines, nowadays called the CEPHISMER).<ref name="Taillez 1954" /> GRS' first mission was to clear of mines the French coasts and harbours. While creating the GRS, Cousteau only had at his disposal the two remaining Aqua-Lung prototypes made by l'Air Liquide in 1943.<ref name="Cousteau and Dumas 1953" />
* 1946: 
**Air Liquide created [[Aqua Lung/La Spirotechnique|La Spirotechnique]] and started to sell Cousteau-Gagnan sets under the names of ''scaphandre Cousteau-Gagnan'' ('Cousteau-Gagnan scuba set'), CG45 ("C" for Cousteau, "G" for Gagnan and "45" for 1945, year of their first postwar patent) or [[Aqua-Lung]], the latter for commercialization in English-speaking countries. This word is correctly a [[tradename]] that goes with the Cousteau-Gagnan patent, but in Britain it has been commonly used as a [[Genericized trademark|generic]] and spelt "aqualung" since at least the 1950s, including in the [[British Sub-Aqua Club|BSAC]]'s publications and training manuals, and describing scuba diving as "aqualunging".{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}
** [[Henri Broussard]] founded the first post-[[World War II|WWII]] scuba diving club, the [[Club Alpin Sous-Marin]]. Broussard was one of the first men who Cousteau trained in the GRS.<ref name="Double hose collection" />
** [[Yves Le Prieur]] invented a new version of his breathing set. Its fullface mask's front plate was loose in its seating and acted as a very big, and therefore, very sensitive diaphragm for a demand regulator: see [[Diving regulator#Demand valve]].{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}
** The first known underwater diving club in Britain, "The Amphibians Club", is formed in [[Aberdeen]] by Ivor Howitt (who modified an old civilian [[conflict gas mask|gas mask]]) and some friends. They called underwater diving "[[fathom]]eering", to distinguish from [[diving (sport)|jumping into water]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2011}}
** The [[Cave Diving Group]] (CDG) is formed in Britain.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}
* 1947: [[Maurice Fargues]] became the first diver to die using an aqualung while attempting a new depth record with Cousteau's Undersea Research Group near [[Toulon]].<ref name="Ecott"/>
* 1948: 
** [[Auguste Piccard]] sent the first [[bathyscaphe]], ''FNRS-2'', on unmanned dives.<ref name="Piccard" />
** [[Siebe Gorman]] and/or [[Heinke (diving equipment makers)|Heinke]] started making [[Jacques-Yves Cousteau|Cousteau]]-type aqualungs in England. Siebe Gorman made those first patented aqualungs at [[Chessington]] from 1948 to 1960, popularly known as ''tadpole sets''.<ref name="Tadpole" /> Siebe Gorman and the Royal Navy expected aqualungs to be used with weighted boots for bottom-walking for light commercial diving: see [[Aqua-lung#"Tadpoles"]].{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}
** [[Ted Eldred]] in Australia started developing the first [[Open-circuit scuba|open-circuit]] [[single-hose]] scuba set known: see [[Porpoise (make of scuba gear)]].{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}
** [[Georges Beuchat]] in France created the first surface buoy.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}
* 1948 or 1949: [[Rene's Sporting Goods]] shop in [[California]] imported aqualungs from France. Two graduate students, [[Andreas Rechnitzer|Andy Rechnitzer]] and Bob Dill obtained a set and began to use it for underwater research.<ref name="Rechnitzer" />
* 1949: [[Otis Barton]] made a record dive to 4,500 feet in the [[Benthoscope]].<ref name="Time" />
* 1950: a British naval diving manual printed soon after this said that the aqualung is to be used for walking on the bottom with a heavy diving suit and weighted boots, and did not mention Cousteau.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}
** A report to Cousteau said that only 10 aqualung sets had been sent to the USA because the market there was saturated.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}
** The first camera housing called Tarzan is released by [[Georges Beuchat]],{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}
* 1951:
** The movie "[[The Frogmen (1951 film)|The Frogmen]]" was released. It was set in the Pacific Ocean in [[World War II|WWII]]. In its last 20 minutes, it shows US [[Frogman|frogmen]], using bulky 3-cylindered aqualungs on a combat mission. This equipment use is [[anachronistic]] (in reality they would have used [[Diving rebreather|rebreathers]]), but it shows that aqualungs were available (even if not widely known of) in the US in 1951.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}
** The [[US Navy]] started to develop [[wetsuit]]s, but not known to the public.<ref name="nedu" /><ref name="Divinghistory Wetsuit" /><ref name="Fulton et al 1952" />
** In December 1951 the first issue of ''Skin Diver Magazine'' (USA) appeared. The magazine ran until November 2002.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}
** [[Jacques-Yves Cousteau|Cousteau]]-type aqualungs went on sale in Canada.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}
* 1952: 
** [[University of California, Berkeley|UC Berkeley]] and subsequent [[UC San Diego]] [[Scripps Institution of Oceanography]] [[physicist]] [[Hugh Bradner]], invented the modern wetsuit.<ref name="Bradner obit" />
** [[Jacques-Yves Cousteau|Cousteau]]-type aqualungs went on sale in the USA.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}
** [[Ted Eldred]] in Melbourne, Australia started making for public sale the [[Porpoise (make of scuba gear)]]. This was the world's first commercially available single-hose scuba unit and was the forerunner of most sport SCUBA equipment produced today. Only about 12,000 were made.<ref name="Dowsett" />
** After World War II Lambertsen called his 1940-1944 rebreather LARU (for [[Lambertsen Amphibious Respiratory Unit]]) but as of 1952 Lambertsen renamed his invention and coined the acronym SCUBA (for "self-contained underwater breathing apparatus"). During the following years this acronym was used, more and more, to identify the Cousteau-Gagnan apparatus, taking the place of its original name (Aqualung). In Britain the word ''aqualung'', used for any demand-valve-controlled open-circuit scuba set, still continues to be used.

===Public interest in scuba diving takes off===
* 1953: ''[[National Geographic Magazine]]'' published an article about Cousteau's underwater archaeology at Grand Congloué island near Marseille. This started a massive public demand for aqualungs and diving gear, and in France and America the diving gear makers started making them as fast as they could. But in Britain [[Siebe Gorman]] and [[Heinke (diving equipment makers)|Heinke]] kept aqualungs expensive, and restrictions on exporting [[currency]] stopped people from importing them. Many British sport divers used home-made constant-flow breathing sets and ex-armed forces or ex-industrial rebreathers. In the early 1950s, [[diving regulator]]s made by [[Siebe Gorman]] cost £15, which was an average week's [[salary]].{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}
** After the supply of war-surplus [[frogman]]'s [[Diving suit#Drysuits|drysuits]] ran out, free-swimming diving suits were not readily available to the general public, and as a result many scuba divers dived with their skin bare except for swimming trunks. That is why scuba diving used often to be called skindiving. Others dived in homemade drysuits, or in thick layers of ordinary clothes.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}
** After the supply of war-surplus frogman's fins dried up, for a long time fins were not available to the public, and some had to resort to such things as gluing [[marine ply]] to [[plimsolls]].{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}
** [[Captain Trevor Hampton]] founded the [[British Underwater Centre]] at [[Dartmouth, Devon|Dartmouth]] in [[Devon]] in England.<ref name="Divernet" />
** [[False Bay Underwater Club]] founded in Cape Town, South Africa (1950).<ref name="FBUC" /> 
** [[Rene's Sporting Goods]] shop (now owned by [[Aqua Lung/La Spirotechnique|La Spirotechnique]]) became [[U.S. Divers]], now a leading maker of diving equipment.<ref name="Gallant 3" />
** 15 October 1953: The [[British Sub-Aqua Club]] (BSAC) was founded.<ref name="BSAChxBook" /><ref name="BSAChxWeb" />
* 1954: [[USS Nautilus (SSN-571)|USS ''Nautilus'']], the first nuclear-powered submarine, was launched.<ref name="Nat Mus Am Hist" />
** The first manned dives in the bathyscaphe ''FNRS-2'' were made.<ref name="Busby" />
** The first scuba certification course in the USA was offered by the Los Angeles County Department of Parks and Recreation. The training program was created by Albert Tillman and Bev Morgan now known as LA County Scuba.<ref name="LA County" />
** In the US, [[Mine Safety Appliances|MSA]] advertised (in [[Popular Mechanics]] magazine) a two-cylinder aqualung-like open-circuit diving set using the MSA regulator.<ref name="HDT" />
** [[Underwater hockey]] (octopush) was invented by four navy sub-aqua divers in Southsea who got bored swimming up and down and wanted a fun way to keep fit.<ref name="Edmonton" />
* 1955: In Britain, "''[[Practical Mechanics]]''" magazine published an article on "Making an Aqualung".<ref name="Making an aqualung" />
** Jacques-Yves Cousteau and assistant director [[Louis Malle]], a young film maker of 23, shot ''[[The Silent World]]'', one of the first films to use [[underwater photography|underwater cinematography]] to show the ocean depths [[color photography|in color]].<ref name="All things diving 2" />
** [[Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins]] (FFESSM) was formed.<ref name="ffessm" />
* 1956:
** US Navy published decompression tables that allowed for repetitive diving.<ref name="michu" />
** Around this time, some British scuba divers started making [[Diving regulator#Twin-hose, home-made|homemade diving demand regulators]] from industrial parts, including [[Calor Gas]] regulators. (Since then, Calor Gas regulators have been redesigned, and this conversion is now impossible.){{citation needed|date=February 2017}}
** Later, [[Submarine Products Ltd]] in [[Hexham]] in [[Northumberland]], England designed round the Cousteau-Gagnan patent and marketed recreational diving breathing sets at an accessible price. This forced [[Siebe Gorman]]'s and [[Heinke (diving equipment makers)|Heinke]]'s prices down and started them selling to the sport diving trade. (Siebe Gorman gave its drysuit the [[tradename]] "Frogman".) Because of this better availability of aqualungs, [[British Sub-Aqua Club|BSAC]] adopted a policy that rebreathers were unacceptable for recreational diving.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}{{Original research inline|date=February 2017}} In the US, some oxygen diving clubs developed down the years. Eventually, the term of the Cousteau-Gagnan patent [[Term of patent|expired]], and it could be legally copied.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}
** ''[[The Silent World]]'' received an [[Academy Award]] for Best Documentary Feature, and the [[Palme d'Or]] award at the [[Cannes Film Festival]].<ref name="Cannes" />
* 1958:
** The U.S. [[television]] series ''[[Sea Hunt]]'' began. It introduced scuba diving to the television audience. It ran until 1961.<ref name="IMDb" />
** [[USS Nautilus (SSN-571)|USS ''Nautilus'']] completed the first ever voyage under the polar ice to the [[North Pole]] and back.<ref name="Nautilus" />
** The [[Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques]] (CMAS) (World Underwater Federation) was founded in Brussels.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}
* August 1959: [[YMCA SCUBA Program]] was founded.<ref name="Brylske" />
[[File:Odd Henrik Johnsen Scuba Diving.jpg|thumb|Norwegian diving pioneer Odd Henrik Johnsen with 1960's diving equipment.]]
* 1960: [[Jacques Piccard]] and Lieutenant [[Don Walsh]], USN, descended to the bottom of the [[Challenger Deep]], the deepest known point in the ocean (about 10900&nbsp;m or 35802&nbsp;ft, or 6.78 miles) in the [[Bathyscaphe Trieste|bathyscaphe ''Trieste'']].<ref name="Trieste" />
** [[USS Triton (SSRN-586)|USS ''Triton'']] completes the first ever underwater [[circumnavigation]] of the world.<ref name="USS Triton" />
** In Italy, sport diving oxygen rebreathers continued to be made well into the 1960s.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}
* 1961<ref name="CAC" />
**The patent for the PA 61 horse-collar buoyancy compensator is filed by [[Fenzy]].
**The Italian made [[SOS analog decompression meter]] is released.
**The Mistral regulator is equipped with non-return valves in the breathing hoses.
* 1962:
** [[Robert Sténuit]] lives aboard a tiny one-man cylinder at 200 feet for over 24 hours off [[Villefranche-sur-Mer]] on the [[French Riviera]], becoming the world's first [[aquanaut]].<ref name="Ecott"/><ref name="NGM 1" /><ref name="Sténuit"/>
** Swiss diver [[Hannes Keller]] reaches over {{convert|1000|ft|m}} depth off California.<ref name="Lonsdale 2012" />
** [[Edward A. Link]]'s [[Man-in-the-Sea]] program had one man breathing helium-oxygen at 200&nbsp;fsw for 24 hours in the first practical [[saturation dive]].<ref name="Lonsdale 2012" />
* 1964: 
** In France, [[Georges Beuchat]] creates the [[Jetfins]], first vented fins.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}
** The U.S. Navy's [[SEALAB (United States Navy)|Sealab 1]] [[underwater habitat]] project directed by Captain [[George F. Bond]], keeps four divers in saturation underwater at an average depth of 193 feet for 11 days.<ref name="Lonsdale 2012" /> 
* 1965: 
** Robert D. Workman of the [[United States Navy Experimental Diving Unit|U.S. Navy Experimental Diving Unit]] (NEDU) publishes an algorithm for computing decompression requirements suitable for implementing in a [[dive computer]], rather than a pre-computed table.<ref name="Workman 1965" />
** Bob Kirby and Bev Morgan formed Kirby-Morgan.<ref name="Lonsdale 2012" />
** Three teams of ten men each spent 15 days under saturation at 205 fsw in Sealab II. Astronaut [[Scott Carpenter]] stayed for 30 days.<ref name="Lonsdale 2012" />
** The action/adventure movie ''[[Thunderball (film)|Thunderball]]'', which used both sorts of open-circuit scuba, was released and helped make single-hose regulators popular.<ref name="Council 2018" />
* 1966: [[Professional Association of Diving Instructors]] (PADI) was founded by John Cronin and Ralph Erickson.<ref name="cronin" />
* 1968: An excursion dive to 1025 fsw was made from a saturation depth of 825 fsw at NEDU.<ref name="Lonsdale 2012" />
* 1969: The first known rebreather with [[Electronics|electronic]] monitoring was produced. The Electrolung, designed by Walter Starke, was subsequently bought by Beckman Instruments, but discontinued in 1970 after a number of fatalities.<ref name="Menduno 2012" />
* 1971: [[Scubapro]] introduced the Stabilization Jacket,  commonly called [[stab jacket]] in England, and Buoyancy Control (or Compensation) Device (BC or BCD) elsewhere.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}
* 1972: [[Scubapro]] introduced the decompression meter (the first analog [[dive computer]]).{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}
* 1976: Professor [[Albert A. Bühlmann]] published his work extending the formulae to apply to diving at altitude and with complex gas mixes.<ref name="Boni et al 1976" />
* 1978: Deeper diving techniques breathing Mixed Gas (Helium/Oxygen) rather than Air were becoming more widely used, due to the requirements of Oil and Gas industry clients in the UK North Sea and elsewhere. The first effective Helium recycling systems where breathed out Heliox diving mix was returned to the surface for CO2 scrubbing and O2 injection were deployed by KD Marine and subsequent Krasberg (Alan Krasberg, gas systems engineer) reclaim systems were used by Commercial Diving operators such as Wharton Williams, Stena Offshore, KD Marine etc. Helium recycling was regularly better than 90% efficient and brought the cost of deeper diving techniques down to a reasonable threshold.
* 1981: The "Salvage of the Century" - the recovery of 431 Gold bars from HMS Edinburgh was carried out from the DSV Stephaniturm by Wharton Williams divers from a water depth of around 800 feet. This operation and all subsequent Helium/Oxygen breathing operations by Wharton Williams used Krasberg based Helium recycling. As new diving vessels were constructed Gas Reclaim technology became a standard fitment.  
* 1983: The Orca Edge (the first commercially viable electronic [[dive computer]]) was introduced.<ref name="CHM Orca Edge" /><ref name="Kutter" />
* 1985: 
** The wreck of [[RMS Titanic|RMS ''Titanic'']] was found. [[Air India Flight 182]], a Boeing 747 aircraft, was found and salvaged off [[Cork (city)|Cork, Ireland]] during the first large scale deep water (6,200 feet) air crash investigation.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}
** [[International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers]] (IANTD) was founded<ref name="IANTD" />{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}
* 1986 [[Apeks Marine Equipment]] introduced the first dry sealed 1st Stage developed by engineering designer Alan Clarke, later to house a patented electronic pressure sensor named STATUS.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}
* 1989: The film ''[[The Abyss]]'' (including an as-yet-fictional deep-sea [[liquid-breathing]] set) helped to make scuba diving popular.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}
** The [[Communist Bloc]] fell apart and the [[Cold War]] ended (''see [[Fall of Communism]] and [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]]''), and with it the risk of future attack by Communist Bloc forces including by their [[frogman|combat divers]]. After that, the world's armed forces had less reason to requisition rebreather [[patent]]s submitted by civilians, and sport diving automatic and semi-automatic mixture [[Diving rebreather|rebreathers]] start to appear.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}
* 1990: During operations in the Campos basin of Brazil, saturation divers from the DSV Stena Marianos performed a manifold installation for [[Petrobras]] at {{convert |316 |m|ft}} depth in February 1990. When a lift bag attachment failed, the equipment was carried by the bottom currents to {{convert |328 |m|ft}} depth, and the Brazilian diver Adelson D'Araujo Santos Jr. made the recovery and installation.<ref name="ScubaRec" />
* 1994: 
** Divex and Kirby-Morgan developed the Divex UltraJewel 601 gas-reclaim system in response to rising helium costs.<ref name="Lonsdale 2012" />
** [[Technical Diving International]] was founded to focus on training beyond the contemporary scope of recreational diving.<ref name="TDI" /><ref name="What is technical diving" />
* 1995: BSAC allowed [[nitrox]] diving and introduced nitrox training.<ref name="BSAChxWeb" /><ref name="BSACnitrox" />
* 1996: PADI introduced its Enriched Air Diver Course.<ref name="PADInitrox" />
* 1997: The film [[Titanic (1997 film)|''Titanic'']] helped to make underwater trips onboard [[MIR (submersible)|MIR]] submersible vehicles popular.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}
* 1998 August: Dives on [[RMS Titanic|RMS ''Titanic'']] were made using a Remotely Operated Vehicle controlled from the surface (Magellan 725), and the first live video broadcast was made from the ''Titanic''.<ref name="Gallant" />
* 1999 July: The ''[[Liberty Bell 7]]'' Mercury spacecraft was recovered from {{convert|16,043|ft|m}} of water in the Atlantic Ocean during the deepest commercial search and recovery operation to date.<ref name="Liberty bell" />

===Twenty-first century===
* 2001 December: The [[British Sub-Aqua Club|BSAC]] allowed [[Diving rebreather|rebreathers]] to be used in BSAC dives.<ref name="BSAChxWeb" />
* 2006 August 1: A US Navy diver in an ADS 2000 atmospheric suit established a new depth record of {{convert|2,000|ft|m|abbr=off}}.<ref name="Navy depth record" />
* 2009 June: [[NAUI]] approved the first [[Standard Diving Dress]] recreational diving course. The course is offered in Australia.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}
* 2012 March: Canadian film director [[James Cameron]] piloted the [[Deepsea Challenger]] {{convert|10,898.4|m|ft|abbr=off}} to the bottom of the [[Challenger Deep]], the deepest known point in the ocean.<ref name="NatGeo Dec 2012" /><ref name="NatGeo Jul 2015" />
* 2019: [[Victor Vescovo]] on the [[full ocean depth]] classed [[DSV Limiting Factor]] visited the deepest parts of all five oceans.<ref name="BBC News 2021" />
* 2023 June: The fibre composite hulled [[Titan (submersible)|''Titan'']] submersible, operated by [[OceanGate]], was lost  with all on board by implosion on a dive to the wreck of the Titanic in the Atlantic Ocean.<ref name="Shpigel2023" /><ref name="reuters.com" />

==See also==
* [[Timeline of atmospheric diving suits]]
* {{annotated link|History of underwater diving}}

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=

<ref name="Acott 1999">{{cite journal |last=Acott |first=C. |title=A brief history of diving and decompression illness. |journal=South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society Journal |volume=29 |issue=2 |year=1999 |issn=0813-1988 |oclc=16986801 }}</ref>

<ref name="All things diving" >{{Cite web |title=Timeline Stories – All Things Diving |url=https://allthingsdiving.com/ctl-stories/timeline-stories-en/ |access-date=18 January 2021 }}</ref>

<ref name="All things diving 2" >{{Cite web |title=The Silent World, first film to show the underwater in color – All Things Diving |url=https://allthingsdiving.com/timeline/silent-world-first-underwater-color/ |access-date=18 January 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128003229/https://allthingsdiving.com/timeline/silent-world-first-underwater-color/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=army >{{Cite web|title=Dr. Christian Lambertsen: 70 years of influence on the military dive community|url=https://www.army.mil/article/75716/dr_christian_lambertsen_70_years_of_influence_on_the_military_dive_community|access-date=24 June 2021|website=www.army.mil|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624211604/https://www.army.mil/article/75716/dr_christian_lambertsen_70_years_of_influence_on_the_military_dive_community|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Bachrach 1998">{{cite journal |last=Bachrach |first=Arthur J. |author-link=Arthur J. Bachrach |date=Spring 1998 |title=History of the Diving Bell |journal=Historical Diving Times |issue=21}}</ref>

<ref name="Bauer 1870">{{cite journal |last1=Bauer |first1=Louis |title=pathological effects upon the brain and spinal cord of men exposed to the action of a largely increased atmospheric pressure |journal=St. Louis Medical and Surgical Journal |date=1870 |pages=234–245 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sfRXAAAAMAAJ&dq=%22pathological+effects+upon+the+brain+and+spinal+cord+of+men+exposed+to+the+action+of+a+largely+increased+atmospheric+pressure%22&pg=PA234 |access-date=22 June 2021}}</ref>

<ref name="BBC News 2021" >{{Cite news |date=11 May 2021 |title=Oceans' extreme depths measured in precise detail |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-57063396 |access-date=14 August 2022 |archive-date=26 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626202809/https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-57063396 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="Bech">{{Cite web |first=Janwillem |last=Bech |title=Theodor Schwann |url=http://www.therebreathersite.nl/Zuurstofrebreathers/German/theodore_schwann.htm |access-date=23 February 2008 }}</ref>

<ref name="Beebe and Barton">{{Cite web |title=William Beebe and Otis Barton Set Depth Record {{!}} Encyclopedia.com |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/william-beebe-and-otis-barton-set-depth-record |access-date=13 October 2021 |website=www.encyclopedia.com |archive-date=28 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028171143/https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/william-beebe-and-otis-barton-set-depth-record |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="Beuchat">{{Cite web |url=https://www.beuchat-diving.com/gb/content/6-history |title=History |website=Beuchat |access-date=22 November 2018 |archive-date=23 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123022756/https://www.beuchat-diving.com/gb/content/6-history |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="Beloe 1791">{{cite book |editor-first=William |editor-last=Beloe |title=The History of Herodotus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aWM9AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA342 |volume=3 |year=1791 |publisher=Leigh and Sotheby |location=London, England |page=342}}</ref>

<ref name="Bert 1878">{{cite journal |last=Bert |first=P. |title=Barometric Pressure: researches in experimental physiology |journal=Translated by: Hitchcock MA and Hitchcock FA. College Book Company |date=1943 |orig-year= 1878 }}</ref>

<ref name="Bevan 1990">{{cite journal |last=Bevan |first=John |year=1990 |title=The First Demand Valve? |journal=SPUMS Journal |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=239–240 |url=http://gtuem.praesentiert-ihnen.de/tools/literaturdb/project2/pdf/SPU01551.pdf |access-date=27 August 2012 |archive-date=10 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510223719/http://gtuem.praesentiert-ihnen.de/tools/literaturdb/project2/pdf/SPU01551.pdf |url-status=dead }}Reprinted from ''Diver'' (U.K. magazine) of February 1989</ref> On 19 June 1838, in London, England, a Mr. William Edward Newton filed a patent (no. 7695:  "Diving apparatus") for a diaphragm-actuated, twin-hose demand valve for divers.

<ref name="Boni et al 1976">{{cite journal |author1=Böni M. |author2=Schibli R. |author3=Nussberger P. |author4=Bühlmann Albert A. |title=Diving at diminished atmospheric pressure: air decompression tables for different altitudes |journal=Undersea Biomedical Research |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=189–204 |year=1976 |issn=0093-5387 |oclc=2068005 |pmid=969023 }}</ref>

<ref name="Boot Camp" >{{Cite web |date=19 October 2014 |title=British Army Military Diver Training |url=https://bootcampmilitaryfitnessinstitute.com/elite-special-forces/uk-elite-special-forces/british-army-military-diver-training/ |access-date=16 January 2021 |website=Boot Camp & Military Fitness Institute |archive-date=16 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416112356/https://bootcampmilitaryfitnessinstitute.com/elite-special-forces/uk-elite-special-forces/british-army-military-diver-training/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="Bottom scratchers">{{cite web |url=http://www.underwaterhunters.com/Hist_History%20of%20Sab%20Diego%20Bottom%20Scratchers.asp |title=History of the San Diego Bottom Scratchers |last=Staff |year=2007 |work=Spearfishing history |publisher=Underwater Hunters |access-date=9 February 2017 |archive-date=10 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160810172005/http://www.underwaterhunters.com/Hist_History%20of%20Sab%20Diego%20Bottom%20Scratchers.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref>

<ref name="Boycott et al 1908">{{cite journal |last1=Boycott |first1=A. E. |first2=G. C. C. |last2=Damant |first3=J. S. |last3=Haldane |title=Prevention of compressed air illness |journal=J. Hygiene |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=342–443 |year=1908 |doi=10.1017/S0022172400003399 |pmid=20474365 |pmc=2167126}}</ref>

<ref name="Bradner obit">{{Cite web |url=https://scripps.ucsd.edu/news/2462 |title=Obituary Notice Renowned Physicist and Inventor of Wetsuit: Hugh Bradner |website=Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UC San Diego |access-date=5 October 2017 |date=9 November 2012 |archive-date=6 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171006013104/https://scripps.ucsd.edu/news/2462 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

<ref name="Brylske">{{cite journal |last1=Brylske |first1=A. |title=A Brief History of Diving, part 2: Evolution of the Self-Contained Diver |journal=Diver Training Magazine |url=http://www.dtmag.com/Stories/Dive_History/01-03-2feature.htm |access-date=6 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808051647/http://www.dtmag.com/Stories/Dive_History/01-03-2feature.htm |archive-date=8 August 2014}}</ref>

<ref name="BSAChxBook">{{cite book |last=Valentine |first=R |title=BSAC: The Club 1953-2003 |isbn=978-0-9538919-5-5 |publisher=BSAC }}</ref>

<ref name="BSAChxWeb">{{cite web |url=http://www.bsac.org/page/52/11-brief-history-of-bsac.htm |title=Section 1.1 A Brief History of the British Sub-Aqua Club |author=BSAC |publisher=BSAC |access-date=5 September 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070906102121/http://www.bsac.org/page/52/11-brief-history-of-bsac.htm |archive-date=6 September 2007 }}</ref>

<ref name="BSACnitrox">{{cite journal |author=Allen, C |title=BSAC gives the OK to nitrox. reprinted from Diver 1995; 40(5) May: 35-36. |journal=South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society Journal |volume=26 |issue=4 |year=1996 |issn=0813-1988 |oclc=16986801 }}</ref>

<ref name="Burgess" >{{Cite web|last=Burgess|first=Anika|date=14 June 2018|title=How a 19th-Century Biologist Became an Underwater Photography Pioneer|url=http://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/worlds-first-underwater-portrait|access-date=19 January 2021|website=Atlas Obscura|language=en|archive-date=17 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117134517/https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/worlds-first-underwater-portrait|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Busby" >{{cite book |last1=Frank Busby |first1=Roswell |title=Manned Submersibles |date=1976 |publisher=Manned Submersibles |page=38 }}</ref>

<ref name="Butler 2004" >{{cite journal |author=Butler WP |title=Caisson disease during the construction of the Eads and Brooklyn Bridges: A review |journal=Undersea Hyperb Med |volume=31 |issue=4 |pages=445–59 |year=2004 |pmid=15686275 }}</ref>

<ref name="Cabirol">{{cite web |url=http://archeoblog.hostoi.com/ffessm/?p=517 |website=archeoblog.hostoi.com |title=Le scaphandre à casque de Joseph Martin Cabirol |access-date=6 September 2011 |archive-date=31 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331192240/http://archeoblog.hostoi.com/ffessm/?p=517 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

<ref name="CAC" >{{cite web |url=http://cac.plongee.free.fr/Histoire_plongee.html |title=Histoire Moderne del la Plongee |language=fr |website=cac.plongee.free.fr |access-date=4 November 2022 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303215108/http://cac.plongee.free.fr/Histoire_plongee.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="Cannes" >{{cite web |title=In Competition – Feature Films |url=https://www.festival-cannes.com/en/films/le-monde-du-silence |website=Festival de Cannes |access-date=30 April 2020 |archive-date=18 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518075233/https://www.festival-cannes.com/en/films/le-monde-du-silence |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="CG45" >{{Cite web|url=http://www.cg-45.com/regulators/Commeinhes/|title=Double Hose Regulators - Commeinhes|website=www.cg-45.com|access-date=19 September 2019|archive-date=24 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024073723/http://www.cg-45.com/regulators/Commeinhes/|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="CHM Orca Edge">{{cite web |url=http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/102716293 |title=Orca Edge diving computer Catalog Number 102716293 |last=Staff |work=Artifact Details |date=1983 |publisher=Computer History Museum |access-date=12 February 2017 |archive-date=13 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170213000559/http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/102716293 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="Christensen et al 1999" >{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6gyxWHRLAWgC&q=James+Buchanan+Eads+designed+and+built+a+diving+bell&pg=PA267 |title=Dictionary of Missouri Biography |last1=Christensen |first1=Lawrence O. |last2=Foley |first2=William E. |last3=Kremer |first3=Gary |date=October 1999 |publisher=University of Missouri Press |isbn=978-0-8262-6016-1 }}</ref>

<ref name=Commeinhes >{{Cite web|title=Georges Commeinhes patent the first demand regulator on an open-circuit set – All Things Diving|url=https://allthingsdiving.com/timeline/commeinhes-first-demand-regulator-open-circuit/|access-date=24 June 2021|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624212426/https://allthingsdiving.com/timeline/commeinhes-first-demand-regulator-open-circuit/|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Council 2018" >{{cite web |last1=Council |first1=Jon |title=Remembering 007 and Thunderball |url=https://www.hds.org/articles/remembering-007-and-thunderball |publisher=Historical Diving Society |access-date=29 December 2022 |date=11 December 2018}}</ref>

<ref name="Cousteau 1955">French explorer and inventor [[Jacques-Yves Cousteau]] mentions Fréminet's invention and shows this 1784 painting in his 1955 documentary ''[[The Silent World|Le Monde du silence]]''.</ref>

<ref name="Cousteau and Dumas 1953">{{cite book |last1=Cousteau |first1=Jacques-Yves |last2=Dumas |first2=Frédéric |title=Le Monde du silence |edition=Édition N° 228 - Impression N° 741 |year=1953 |publisher=Éditions de Paris |location=Paris |language=fr |page=72 }}</ref>

<ref name="Cousteau and Dumas 1953 p37">{{cite book|last1=Cousteau|first1=Jacques-Yves|last2=Dumas|first2=Frédéric|title=Le Monde du silence|edition=Édition N° 228 - Impression N° 741|year=1953|publisher=Éditions de Paris|location=Paris|language=fr|pages=35–37}}</ref>

<ref name="Cox 2017" >{{Cite web |last=Cox |first=Mike |date=20 April 2017 |title=Taylor's Submarine Armor |url=http://texasescapes.com/MikeCoxTexasTales/Taylors-Submarine-Armor.htm |access-date=8 November 2022 |website=Texas Escapes}}</ref>

<ref name="cronin">{{cite web |author=DAN News |publisher=Divers Alert Network |title=PADI CEO & Co-Founder John Cronin Dies at Age 74 |date=17 July 2003 |url=https://www.diversalertnetwork.org/news/Article.aspx?newsid=317 |access-date=12 February 2017 |archive-date=13 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613082231/http://diversalertnetwork.org/News/Article.aspx?newsid=317 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="da Vinci">{{Cite web |url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/features/leonardo/diving.html |title=Leonardo da Vinci -- Diving Apparatus |website=British Library |access-date=23 January 2018 |archive-date=7 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210707194542/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/features/leonardo/diving.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

<ref name="Diaz 1996">{{cite journal |last1=Diaz |first1=David |title=Under Pressure |journal=Invention & Technology |date=1996 |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=52–63 |pmid=11615340 |url=https://www.inventionandtech.com/content/under-pressure-1?page=full |access-date=22 June 2021}}</ref>

<ref name="Dickinson 1913">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/robertfultoneng01dickgoog |title=Robert Fulton, engineer and artist; his life and works |last=Dickinson |first=Henry Winram |author-link=Henry Winram Dickinson |date=1913 |publisher=London, John Lane; New York}}</ref>

<ref name=divedesco >{{Cite web |title=DESCO Diving Equipment and Supply Company Milwaukee, Wisconsin |url=https://www.divedesco.com/mobile/history |access-date=2024-06-30 |website=www.divedesco.com}}</ref>

<ref name="Divernet" >{{cite web |website=Divernet |url=http://archive.divernet.com/general-diving/p302268-british-pioneer-diver-trevor-hampton.html |title=British pioneer diver - Trevor Hampton |access-date=24 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200424164941/http://archive.divernet.com/general-diving/p302268-british-pioneer-diver-trevor-hampton.html |archive-date=24 Apr 2020 }}</ref>

<ref name="Diving Almanac" >{{Cite web |title=First underwater photo |url=https://divingalmanac.com/first-underwater-photo/ |access-date=19 January 2021 |website=Diving Almanac & Book of Records |archive-date=27 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127215929/https://divingalmanac.com/first-underwater-photo/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

<ref name="Diving heritage Draeger" >{{cite web |url=http://www.divingheritage.com/drager.htm |title=Drägerwerk |website=Divingheritage.com |access-date=29 August 2011 |archive-date=17 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517132232/http://www.divingheritage.com/drager.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="Diving heritage Condert" >{{cite web |url=https://www.divingheritage.com/waybackkern.htm |title=Charles Condert |website=www.divingheritage.com |access-date=3 November 2022 }}</ref>

<ref name="Divinghistory Wetsuit" >{{cite web |url=http://www.divinghistory.com/historyofthewetsuit.htm |title=History of the wet suit |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060117160453/http://www.divinghistory.com/historyofthewetsuit.htm |archive-date=17 January 2006 }}</ref>

<ref name="Double hose collection" >{{cite web |url=http://plongervieuxdetendeurs.blog4ever.com/blog/lire-article-126301-1763825-carte_de_membre_club_aviation_sous_marine_de_franc.html |title=Articles - Collectionneur de vieux détendeurs/ Vintage double hose regs collector |access-date=5 September 2011 |archive-date=31 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331183158/http://plongervieuxdetendeurs.blog4ever.com/blog/lire-article-126301-1763825-carte_de_membre_club_aviation_sous_marine_de_franc.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="Dowsett">{{cite web |last=Dowsett |first=Kathy |title=About Ted Eldred, Designer of the "Porpoise" |website=The Scuba News |date=28 March 2024 |url=https://www.thescubanews.com/2024/03/28/about-ted-eldred-designer-of-the-porpoise/ |access-date=14 May 2024 |archive-date=14 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240514133829/https://www.thescubanews.com/2024/03/28/about-ted-eldred-designer-of-the-porpoise/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="Draeger history" >{{Cite web|title=The History of Draeger|url=https://www.draeger.com/Corporate/Content/the_history_of_draeger_2.pdf|access-date=18 January 2021|website=www.draeger.com|archive-date=27 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127222039/https://www.draeger.com/Corporate/Content/the_history_of_draeger_2.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="Ecott" >{{cite book |first=Tim |last=Ecott |title=Neutral Buoyancy: Adventures in a Liquid World |publisher=[[Atlantic Monthly Press]] |location=[[New York City|New York]] |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-87113-794-4 |lccn=2001018840 |url=https://archive.org/details/neutralbuoyancy00time_0 }}</ref>

<ref name="Edmonton" >{{cite web |publisher=The Edmonton Underwater Hockey Association |url=https://edmuwh.club/about/history/ |title=History  |access-date=24 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200424183510/https://edmuwh.club/about/history/ |archive-date=24 April 2020}}</ref>

<ref name="Eliav 2015" >{{Cite journal |last=Eliav |first=Joseph |date=19 January 2015 |title=Guglielmo's Secret: The Enigma of the First Diving Bell Used in Underwater Arcaheology |journal=  The International Journal for the History of Engineering & Technology|volume=85 |pages=60–69 |doi=10.1179/1758120614Z.00000000060|s2cid=111073448 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name="Elliott" >{{cite journal |author=Elliott, David |title=A short history of submarine escape: The development of an extreme air dive |journal=South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society Journal |volume=29 |issue=2 }}</ref>

<ref name="Epaves" >The 1943 documentary film ''Épaves'', in ''Google vidéos'' (in French). Two early Aqua-Lung prototypes can be appreciated in the film.</ref>

<ref name="FBUC" >{{cite web |title=False Bay Underwater Club - Home|url=https://www.fbuc.co.za/index.html |access-date=24 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200424170830/https://www.fbuc.co.za/index.html |archive-date=24 April 2020 }}</ref>

<ref name="Fernez" >{{cite web |url=http://www.hdsitalia.com/articoli/31_fernez.pdf |title=A study research about Maurice Fernez's apparatuses (free translated to Italian from original French and English texts). |access-date=2 September 2011 |archive-date=24 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324035013/http://www.hdsitalia.com/articoli/31_fernez.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

<ref name="Fernez patent" >{{cite patent |country=FR |number=F443802 |status=patent |title=Appareil respiratoire pour séjourner sous l'eau ou dans des milieux irrespirables |pubdate=1912-09-03. |gdate=1912-07-22 |fdate=1912-05-14 |invent1=Maurice Fernez}}</ref>

<ref name="ffessm" >{{cite web |last=Commission Médicale Et De Prévention. |date=2013 |title=Manuel du medecin federal |url=https://medical.ffessm.fr/uploads/media/default/0001/06/21ef2fa48ff98bce44b575149fa210f353d9ede7 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} .[https://medical.ffessm.fr/uploads/media/default/0001/06/21ef2fa48ff98bce44b575149fa210f353d9ede7.pdf pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624202310/https://medical.ffessm.fr/uploads/media/default/0001/06/21ef2fa48ff98bce44b575149fa210f353d9ede7.pdf |date=24 June 2021 }}</ref>

<ref name="Friedberg 1872">{{cite journal |last1=Friedberg |first1=Hermann |title=Ueber die Rücksichten der öffentlichen Gesundheitspflege auf das Arbeiten in comprimirter Luft |journal=Dingler |date=1872 |volume=205 |issue=122 |pages=509–519 |url=http://dingler.culture.hu-berlin.de/article/pj205/ar205120 |access-date=22 June 2021 |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624210431/http://dingler.culture.hu-berlin.de/article/pj205/ar205120 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

<ref name="Frost 1968" >Frost, Frank J. (October 1968) "Scyllias: Diving in Antiquity," ''Greece and Rome'', 2nd series, '''15''' (2) : 180-185.</ref>

<ref name="Fulton et al 1952" >{{cite journal |last1=Fulton |first1=H. T. |last2=Welham |first2=W. |last3=Dwyer |first3=J. V. |last4=Dobbins |first4=R. F. |title=Preliminary Report on Protection Against Cold Water |journal=US Navy Experimental Diving Unit Technical Report |volume=NEDU-5-52 |year=1952 }}</ref>

<ref name="Gallant" >{{Cite web |last=Gallant |first=Jeffrey |title=Diving Timeline |url=https://divingalmanac.com/diving-timeline/ |access-date=20 June 2020 |website=Diving Almanac & Book of Records |archive-date=9 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809180114/https://divingalmanac.com/diving-timeline/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

<ref name="Gallant 2" >{{cite web |last1=Gallant |first1=Jeffrey |title=Le Prieur, Yves Paul Gaston |url=https://divingalmanac.com/le-prieur-yves-paul-gaston/ |website=Diving Almanac |access-date=20 June 2020 |archive-date=23 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623110659/https://divingalmanac.com/le-prieur-yves-paul-gaston/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

<ref name="Gallant 3" >{{cite web |last=Gallant |first=Jeffrey |url=https://divingalmanac.com/bussoz-rene/  |title=Bussoz, René |website=divingalmanac.com |date=15 March 2017 |access-date=24 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200424171802/https://divingalmanac.com/bussoz-rene/ |archive-date=24 April 2020 }}</ref>

<ref name="Griswold 1820" >Charles Griswold to Professor Silliman, Lyme CT, 21 February 1820; from "The Beginning of Modern Submarine Warfare, under Captain-Lieutenant David Bushnell, Sappers and Miners, Army of the Revolution;" Henry L. Abbot (pamphlet, 1881); reproduced by Frank Anderson (Archon Books and Shoe String Press, Hamden CT, 1966); pp 26-28</ref>

<ref name="Guienne" >In 1784 Fréminet sent six copies of a treatise about his ''machine hydrostatergatique'' to the chamber of Guienne (nowadays called [[Guyenne]]). On 5 April 1784, the archives of the Chamber of Guienne (Chambre de Commerce de Guienne) officially recorded: ''Au sr Freminet, qui a adressé à la Chambre six exemplaires d'un précis sur une "machine hydrostatergatique" de son invention, destinée à servir en cas de naufrage ou de voie d'eau déclarée''.</ref>

<ref name="Guillaumet-Newton" >{{cite web|url=http://www.espalion-12.com/scaphandre/autonomie/scaphandre_autonome.htm |title=Le scaphandre autonome |last=Staff |language=fr |quote=''Un brevet semblable est déposé en 1838 par William Newton en Angleterre. Il y a tout lieu de penser que Guillaumet, devant les longs délais de dépôt des brevets en France, a demandé à Newton de faire enregistrer son brevet en Angleterre où la procédure est plus rapide, tout en s'assurant les droits exclusifs d'exploitation sur le brevet déposé par Newton.'' (A similar patent was filed in 1838 by William Newton in England. There is every reason to think that owing to the long delays in filing patents in France, Guillaumet asked Newton to register his patent in England where the procedure was faster, while ensuring the exclusive rights to exploit the patent filed by Newton.) |access-date=12 February 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030022352/http://www.espalion-12.com/scaphandre/autonomie/scaphandre_autonome.htm |archive-date=30 October 2012 }}</ref> However, it is believed that Mr. Newton was merely filing a patent on behalf of Dr. Guillaumet.    [Note: The illustration of the apparatus in Newton's patent application is identical to that in Guillaumet's patent application; furthermore, Mr. Newton was apparently an employee of the British Office for Patents, who applied for patents on behalf of foreign applicants.]

<ref name="hdt 2004" >{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mC0cAQAAIAAJ&q=Joseph-Martin+Cabirol+making+standard+diving+dresses.|title=Historical Diving Times: The Newsletter of the Historical Diving Society|date=2004|publisher=Historical Diving Society}}</ref>

<ref name="HDT" >{{cite journal |date=Summer 2008 |title=5-12 |journal=Historical Diving Times |issue=44}}</ref>

<ref name="hds4537" >Historical Diving Society magazine issue 45, page 37</ref>

<ref name="Historical diver" >{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6zwcAQAAIAAJ&q=:+Captain+Peter+Kreeft+of+Germany+King+Gustav+IV+Adolf+of+Sweden|title=Historical Diver |date=2002 |publisher=Historical Diving Society U.S.A }}</ref>

<ref name="Historical diving society 45" >Historical Diving Society magazine issue 45, page 43</ref>

<ref name="Historical Diving Times 2005" >{{cite journal|title=The Carmagnolle Brothers Armoured Dress |journal=Historical Diving Times |issue=37 |date=Autumn 2005}}</ref>

<ref name="History of diving 3" >{{Cite web |title=History of Diving, part 3 – SDHF |url=https://www.sdhf.se/history-of-diving-part-3/ |access-date=18 January 2021 |language=sv-SE}}</ref>

<ref name="History of scuba diving" >{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=History of Scuba Diving|url=https://marineops.sfsu.edu/sites/default/files/History%20of%20Scuba%20Diving%20-%20Google%20Docs.pdf|access-date=18 January 2021|website=San Francisco State University Marine Operations|archive-date=31 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731211710/https://marineops.sfsu.edu/sites/default/files/History%20of%20Scuba%20Diving%20-%20Google%20Docs.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="Hoff 1948">{{cite book |last1=Hoff |first1=Ebbe Curtis |title=A Bibliographical Sourcebook of Compressed Air, Diving and Submarine Medicine |date=1948 |publisher=Research Division, Project X-427, Bureau of Medicine and Surgery, Navy Department |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=REGGNdAGkkMC&pg=PR1 |access-date=22 June 2021}}</ref>

<ref name="IANTD" >{{cite web|url=http://www.iantd.cz/pl/about/history/ |title=History |access-date=5 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100925223922/http://www.iantd.cz/pl/about/history/ |archive-date=25 September 2010 }}</ref>

<ref name="Ichtioandre drawing" >{{Cite web |url=http://www.plongeesout.com/articles%20publication/recycleur/recycleur_bahuet/recycleur_bahuet%20photo03%20grand.JPG |title=Ichtioandre's technical drawing. |access-date=6 September 2011 |archive-date=3 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703211617/http://www.plongeesout.com/articles%20publication/recycleur/recycleur_bahuet/recycleur_bahuet%20photo03%20grand.JPG |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="IMDb" >{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0051311/|title=Sea Hunt: Episode guide|last=Staff|quote=Release Date: 4 January 1958 (USA)|website=IMDb.com|access-date=14 February 2017|archive-date=19 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219212804/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0051311/|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Jacobsen" >Protocol, Åmåls Rådhus, 10 February 1827, J. Jacobson</ref>

<ref name="Jones 1929" >Pausanius with W.H.S. Jones, trans. & ed., ''Description of Greece'' (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1929), volume 4, [http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015028936030;view=1up;seq=483 p. 471.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102072423/http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015028936030;view=1up;seq=483 |date=2 January 2016 }}</ref>

<ref name="Kutter" >{{cite web|url=http://divemagazine.co.uk/kit/6597-history-of-the-dive-computer|title=The history of the dive computer: From analogue to digital - the rise of the dive computer|last=Kutter|first=Marion|work=divemagazine.co.uk|date=6 June 2014 |publisher=Syon publishing|access-date=12 February 2017}}</ref>

<ref name="LA County" >{{cite web|url=http://www.lacountyscuba.com/|title=LA County Scuba|publisher=LACountyScuba.com|access-date=17 July 2009|archive-date=22 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090722175918/http://www.lacountyscuba.com/|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Larousse" >{{cite web|url=http://www.larousse.fr/dictionnaires/francais/oxylithe/57121|title=oxylithe|last=Staff|work=Dictionaires de francaise Larousse|publisher=Editions Larousse|language=fr|access-date=10 February 2017|quote=''Mélange de peroxydes de sodium et de potassium, avec un peu de sels de cuivre ou de nickel, qui, en présence d'eau, dégage de l'oxygène''|archive-date=11 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211080223/http://www.larousse.fr/dictionnaires/francais/oxylithe/57121|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Liberty bell" >{{Cite web |title=Liberty Bell 7: The Peril and Promise of Space Exploration |url=https://cosmo.org/blog/view/liberty-bell-7-the-peril-and-promise-of-space-exploration |access-date=6 October 2021 |website=Cosmosphere |archive-date=6 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006095934/https://cosmo.org/blog/view/liberty-bell-7-the-peril-and-promise-of-space-exploration |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="Littleton 1855">{{cite journal |last1=Littleton |first1=Thomas |title=Effects of Submarine Descent |journal=Assoc Med J |date=Feb 9, 1855 |volume=3 |issue=110 |pages=127–128 |pmc=2438681 }}</ref>

<ref name="Lonsdale 2012" >{{cite web|url=http://www.divinghistory.com/id28.html|title=Evolution of us navy diving|last=Lonsdale|first=Mark V.|year=2012|work=History of Navy Diving|publisher=Northwest Diving History Association|access-date=1 March 2017|archive-date=16 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216172913/http://www.divinghistory.com/id28.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="Making an aqualung" >{{cite web|url=http://www.vintagedoublehose.com/downloads/MakinganAqualung2.pdf |title=Making an Aqualung |access-date=29 September 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928114322/http://www.vintagedoublehose.com/downloads/MakinganAqualung2.pdf |archive-date=28 September 2007 }}</ref>

<ref name="Marx 1990" >{{cite book|last=Marx|first=Robert F.|title=The History of Underwater Exploration|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofunderwa00marx|url-access=registration|year=1990|publisher=Dover Publications, Inc.|location=Mineola, New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofunderwa00marx/page/11 11]|isbn=9780486264875}}</ref>

<ref name="Marx 1990a" >{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oiWFhoRzPBQC&pg=PA95 |title=The History of Underwater Exploration |series=Dover books on earth sciences |first=Robert F |last=Marx |publisher=Courier Corporation |date=1990 |isbn=9780486264875 |access-date=7 July 2017}}</ref>

<ref name="Mechanique appliquee" >On 14 November 1838, Dr. Manuel Théodore Guillaumet of Argentan, Normandy, France, filed a patent for a twinhose demand regulator; the diver was provided air through pipes from the surface. The apparatus was demonstrated to, and investigated by, a committee of the French Academy of Sciences:  [https://books.google.com/books?id=zmZFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA363 "Mèchanique appliquée &ndash; Rapport sur une cloche à plongeur inventée par M. Guillaumet"] (Applied mechanics &ndash; Report on a diving bell invented by Mr. Guillaumet), ''Comptes rendus'', vol. 9, pages 363-366 (16 September 1839).</ref>

<ref name="Menduno 2012" >{{cite web |url=http://divermag.com/rebreather-history-from-conception-to-the-modern-era-1680-2012-2/ |title=Rebreather History: From Conception to the Modern Era (1680-2012) |last=Menduno |first=Michael |date=7 May 2012 |work=Diver Magazine |access-date=12 February 2017 |archive-date=23 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223134839/http://divermag.com/rebreather-history-from-conception-to-the-modern-era-1680-2012-2/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="mergulhadores" >{{cite web |url=http://www.tropaselite.hpg.ig.com.br/mergulhadores_de_combate.htm |title=Mergulhadores de combate |language=pt |access-date=14 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070116162117/http://www.tropaselite.hpg.ig.com.br/mergulhadores_de_combate.htm |archive-date=16 January 2007}}</ref>

<ref name="michu" >{{cite web |url=http://nsgd.gso.uri.edu/michu/michuh90001/michuh90001_part7.pdf |title=Chapter 4-2: Introduction to Dive Tables |work=University of Michigan Diving Manual |publisher=University of Michigan |pages=4–19 |access-date=10 February 2017 |archive-date=7 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307175002/http://nsgd.gso.uri.edu/michu/michuh90001/michuh90001_part7.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

<ref name="Milestones" >{{Cite web |date=28 April 2016 |title=6 Milestones in the History of Underwater Photography |url=https://www.uw360.asia/6-milestones-in-the-history-of-underwater-photography/ |access-date=19 January 2021 |website=Underwater360 |archive-date=27 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127205146/https://www.uw360.asia/6-milestones-in-the-history-of-underwater-photography/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="Miskovic 2010" >{{Cite book |last=Miskovic |first=Nikola |title=Use of self oscillations in guidance and control of marine vessels |year=2010 |pages=3}}</ref>

<ref name="Monday 2004" >{{cite journal |last=Monday |first=Nyle C |year=2004 |title=Behind the Japanese Mask: The Strange Journey of Ohgushi's Peerless Respirator |journal=Historical Diver |volume=12 |issue=2 Number 39 |page=25 |issn=1094-4516 |url=http://aquaticcommons.org/15067/1/Historical_Diver_39_2004.pdf |access-date=21 November 2016 |archive-date=21 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121174357/http://aquaticcommons.org/15067/1/Historical_Diver_39_2004.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="Musee de Scaphandre">{{Cite web |url=http://www.espalion-12.com/scaphandre/pieds-lourds/heavysuit_divers.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327173205/http://www.espalion-12.com/scaphandre/pieds-lourds/heavysuit_divers.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-03-27 |title=Heavy suit divers: The chevalier De Beauve's diving suit |website=Musée du Scaphandre |location=Espalion, France}}</ref>

<ref name="Musee de Scaphandre 2">{{cite web |url=http://www.espalion-12.com/scaphandre/pieds-lourds/Beauve.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101105192859/http://www.espalion-12.com/scaphandre/pieds-lourds/Beauve.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2010-11-05 |title=Pierre De Rémy De Beauve, 1715 |language=fr |website=Musée du Scaphandre |location=Espalion, France }}</ref>

<ref name="Musee de Scaphandre 3">{{cite web |url=http://www.espalion-12.com/scaphandre/autonomie/Freminet.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110301003200/http://www.espalion-12.com/scaphandre/autonomie/Freminet.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2011-03-01 |title=Machine Hydrostatergatique de Fréminet |language=fr |website=Musée du Scaphandre'|location=Espalion, France }}</ref>

<ref name="Musee du Scaphandre 4">{{cite web |url=http://www.espalion-12.com/scaphandre/autonomie/scaphandre_autonome.htm |website=Musée du Scaphandre |location=Espalion, France |title=le Scaphandre Autonome: Jacques-Yves Cousteau et Emile Gagnan |language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030022352/http://www.espalion-12.com/scaphandre/autonomie/scaphandre_autonome.htm |archive-date=30 October 2012 }} mentions how Gagnan and Cousteau adapted a Rouquayrol-Denayrouze apparatus by means of the Air Liquide company</ref>

<ref name="Musee du Scaphandre 5">{{cite web |url=http://www.espalion-12.com/scaphandre/inventeurs_espalion/inventeurs_espalionnais.htm |title=3 Inventeurs Espalionnais |language=fr |website=Musée du Scaphandre |location=Espalion, France |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110630173055/http://www.espalion-12.com/scaphandre/inventeurs_espalion/inventeurs_espalionnais.htm |archive-date=30 June 2011 }} Description of the Rouquayrol-Denayrouze apparatus</ref>

<ref name="NatGeo Dec 2012">{{Cite news |url=http://www.deepseachallenge.com/latest-news/national-geographic-news-scientific-results/ |title=Scientific Results From Challenger Deep |date=4 December 2012 |work=Deepsea Challenge |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-date=23 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823205135/http://www.deepseachallenge.com/latest-news/national-geographic-news-scientific-results/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

<ref name="NatGeo Jul 2015">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/ocean-trench/ |title=ocean trench |date=13 July 2015 |work=National Geographic Society |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-date=23 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823205036/https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/ocean-trench/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

<ref name="Nat Mus Am Hist">[https://americanhistory.si.edu/ National Museum of American History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422211959/https://americanhistory.si.edu/ |date=22 April 2020 }}. [https://americanhistory.si.edu/subs/history/subsbeforenuc/revolution/nautilus.html ''USS Nautilus (SSN-571)'']. Accessed on 24 April 2020.</ref>

<ref name="Nautilus" >{{cite web |title=Nautilus (SSN-571) |url=https://www.history.navy.mil/browse-by-topic/ships/submarines/uss-nautilus.html |website=Notable Ships, Submarines |publisher=Naval History and Heritage Command |access-date=30 April 2020}}</ref>

<ref name="Navy depth record">{{cite web|url=http://www.military.com/features/0,15240,108883,00.html |title=Navy Diver Sets Record with 2,000-foot Dive |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110821033924/http://www.military.com/features/0%2C15240%2C108883%2C00.html |archive-date=21 August 2011 }}</ref>

<ref name="nedu">{{cite journal |last=Carter |first=R. C. Jr. |title=Pioneering Inner Space: The Navy Experimental Diving Unit's First 50 Years |journal=US Navy Experimental Diving Unit Technical Report |volume=NEDU-1-77 |year=1977 }}</ref>

<ref name="Neyland2005">{{cite journal |author=Neyland, Robert S |title=Underwater Archaeology and the Confederate Submarine H.L. Hunley. |journal=In: Godfrey, JM; Shumway, SE. Diving for Science 2005. Proceedings of the American Academy of Underwater Sciences Symposium on 10–12 March 2005 at the University of Connecticut at Avery Point, Groton, Connecticut. |year=2005 }}</ref>

<ref name="NGM 1">{{cite journal |author=Lord Kilbracken |year=1963 |title=The Long, Deep Dive |journal=[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]] |volume=123 |issue=5 |pages=718–731 |author-link=John Godley, 3rd Baron Kilbracken }}</ref>

<ref name="NYT 1947">{{Cite news |date=20 April 1947 |title=British ward off 'Frogmen' at Haifa; Drop Depth Charges to Guard 3 Deportee Ships -- Another Refugee Load Is Reported |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1947/04/20/87738383.html |access-date=17 July 2024 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=3 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203190236/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1947/04/20/87738383.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="O'Hara 2015" >{{Cite journal|last=O'Hara, Cernuschi|first=Vincent, Enrico|date=2015|title=Frogmen against a fleet: The Italian Attack on Alexandria 18/19 December 1941.|journal=Naval War College Review|volume= 68|issue=3|pages=125–126|via=ProQuest Central}}</ref>

<ref name="Ohgushi manual">{{cite book|last=Staff|title=Key to the treasury of the deep: Ohgushi's Peerless Respirators - Unrivalled in the world|publisher=Tokyo submarine industrial company|location=Tokyo|url=http://libraries.ucsd.edu/speccoll/DigitalArchives/b7940458/b7940458.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121232020/http://libraries.ucsd.edu/speccoll/DigitalArchives/b7940458/b7940458.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 November 2016|access-date=21 November 2016}} Copy of an original users'manual by the manufacturers.</ref>

<ref name="PADInitrox">{{cite journal |last1=Richardson |first1=D. |last2=Shreeves |first2=K. |title=The PADI Enriched Air Diver course and DSAT oxygen exposure limits. |journal=South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society Journal |volume=26 |issue=3 |year=1996 |issn=0813-1988 |oclc=16986801 }}</ref>

<ref name="Paine 2000">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xh7CSxFeK-IC&q=1900%3A+John+P.+Holland+built+the+first+submarine+to+be+formally+commissioned+by+the+U.S.+Navy%2C+Holland&pg=PA77 |title=Warships of the World to 1900 |last=Paine |first=Lincoln P. |date=1 January 2000 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |isbn=978-0395984147 }}</ref>

<ref name="Paton 1917" >W. R. Paton, trans. ''The Greek Anthology'' (London, England: William Heinemann, 1917), volume 3, [https://archive.org/stream/greekanthology03newyuoft#page/158/mode/2up pp. 158-159], Epigram 296 (by Apollonides).</ref>

<ref name="Petapixel" >{{Cite web |title=This is the World's First Underwater Portrait, Taken in 1899 |url=https://petapixel.com/2016/09/02/worlds-first-underwater-portrait-taken-1899/ |access-date=19 January 2021 |website=petapixel.com |date=2 September 2016 |archive-date=27 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127214028/https://petapixel.com/2016/09/02/worlds-first-underwater-portrait-taken-1899/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="Perrier 2008">{{cite book|first=Alain |last=Perrier |title=250 réponses aux questions du plongeur curieux [250 Answers to the questions of the curious diver] |publisher=Éditions du Gerfaut |location=Paris |date=2008 |isbn=978-2-35191-033-7 |language=fr }}</ref>

<ref name=Piccard >{{Cite web |title=Auguste Piccard {{!}} Swiss-Belgian physicist {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Auguste-Piccard-Swiss-Belgian-physicist |access-date=2022-06-26 |website=www.britannica.com |archive-date=2 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002173330/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Auguste-Piccard-Swiss-Belgian-physicist |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="plongeesout.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.plongeesout.com/articles%20publication/recycleur/recycleur_bahuet/avec%20ou%20sans%20bulle.htm |title=Plongee souterraine - avec ou sans bulles |access-date=6 September 2011 |archive-date=30 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160730044046/http://www.plongeesout.com/articles%20publication/recycleur/recycleur_bahuet/avec%20ou%20sans%20bulle.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=Plumb >{{Cite news |last=Plumb |first=Robert K. |date=27 May 1951 |title=Rough mud trials test U.S. 'Frogmen'; Underwater Demolition Teams Trained in War Exercises at Virginia Navy Base |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1951/05/27/84846920.html |access-date=17 July 2024 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

<ref name="Raanan 2010">{{Cite web |first=Gidi |last=Raanan |url=http://www.submarinesonstamps.co.il/userfiles/image/html/Klingert.htm |title=Karl Heinrich Klingert's diving suit, 1797 |date=March 2010 |website=Submarines on Stamps |access-date=24 January 2018}}</ref>

<ref name="R-D" >{{Cite web |title=History Rouquayrol - Denayrouze |url=https://divescrap.com/DiveScrap_INDEX/History_Rouquayrol_-_Denayrouze.html |access-date=2022-11-08 |website=divescrap.com |archive-date=8 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108182424/https://divescrap.com/DiveScrap_INDEX/History_Rouquayrol_-_Denayrouze.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="rebreather_hx">{{cite journal |last=Quick |first=D. |title=A History Of Closed Circuit Oxygen Underwater Breathing Apparatus |journal=Royal Australian Navy, School of Underwater Medicine. |volume=[[RANSUM]]-1-70 |year=1970 }}</ref>

<ref name=Rechnitzer >{{cite web |title=The First U.S. Scuba Training |first=Andreas B. |last=Rechnitzer |publisher=University of California at Los Angeles |url=https://library.ucsd.edu/scilib/biogr/Rechnitzer-ScubaTraining.pdf |access-date=19 February 2022 |archive-date=19 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219235651/https://library.ucsd.edu/scilib/biogr/Rechnitzer-ScubaTraining.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="reuters.com">{{cite news |date=23 June 2023 |title=Titanic sub timeline: when did it go missing and key events in search |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/missing-titanic-sub-when-it-vanished-race-find-it-2023-06-21/ |access-date=23 June 2023 |archive-date=22 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622001050/https://www.reuters.com/world/missing-titanic-sub-when-it-vanished-race-find-it-2023-06-21/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="Roc Roussey">{{Cite web|title=Mannequins équipés en matériel français|trans-title=Suits of French manufacture|first=Vincent|last=Roc Roussey|publisher=Association Les Pieds Lourds|language=fr|url=http://www.pieds-lourds.com/Pages/mannequins.cfm?Pays=france|access-date=16 November 2011 }}</ref>

<ref name="Rousseau 2004" >{{Cite book |title=Historical Diver Volume 13 Issue 3 |last=Rousseau |first=Philippe |publisher=Historical Diving Society |year=2004 |location=USA}}</ref>

<ref name="Scaphandre autonome" >Also from "le scaphandre autonome" Web site:  ''"Reconstruit au XXe siècle par les Américains, ce détendeur fonctionne parfaitement, mais, si sa réalisation fut sans doute effective au XIXe, les essais programmés par la Marine Nationale ne furent jamais réalisés et l'appareil jamais commercialisé."'' (Reconstructed in twentieth century by the Americans, this regulator worked perfectly; however, although it was undoubtedly effective in the nineteenth century, the test programs by the French Navy were never conducted and the apparatus was never sold.)</ref>

<ref name="ScubaRec">{{cite web|publisher=Scuba Rec - Recife Scuba Diver's Center - Brazil |title=The origins of deep sea diving in Brazil |url=http://www.scubarec.com.br/index_arquivos/Historia.htm |language=pt-BR |access-date=6 March 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303231903/http://www.scubarec.com.br/index_arquivos/Historia.htm |archive-date=3 March 2016 }} {{nonspecific|date=February 2017}}</ref>

<ref name="Scyllis" >"Scyllis" has also been spelled Scillis, Scyllias, Scyllos, and Scyllus.</ref>

<ref name=Shpigel2023>{{cite news |last1=Shpigel |first1=Ben |last2=Victor |first2=Daniel |title=Missing Titanic Submersible: All Five on Board Believed Dead After 'Catastrophic Implosion' |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |date=22 June 2023 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2023/06/22/us/titanic-missing-submarine |access-date=22 June 2023 |archive-date=22 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622101452/https://www.nytimes.com/live/2023/06/22/us/titanic-missing-submarine |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="spums_hx">{{cite journal |last1=Edmonds |first1=Carl |last2=Lowry |first2=C |last3=Pennefather |first3=John |title=History of diving. |journal=South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society Journal |volume=5 |issue=2 }}</ref>

<ref name="Sténuit">{{cite book |author=Sténuit, Robert |title=The Deepest Days |others=Trans. Morris Kemp |publisher=[[Coward-McCann]] |location=New York |year=1966 |author-link=Robert Sténuit }}</ref>

<ref name="Tadpole">{{cite web |url=http://plongervieuxdetendeurs.blog4ever.com/blog/photos-cat-126301-1948537559-siebe_gorman.html |title=The Siebe Gorman ''tadpole set'' |access-date=6 September 2011 |archive-date=31 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331183248/http://plongervieuxdetendeurs.blog4ever.com/blog/photos-cat-126301-1948537559-siebe_gorman.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="Taillez 1954">Capitaine de frégate Philippe Taillez, ''Plongées sans câble'', Arthaud, Paris, January 1954, Dépôt légal 1er trimestre 1954 - Édition N° 605 - Impression N° 243 (page 59, in French)</ref>

<ref name="Taillez 1954 p52">Capitaine de frégate Philippe Taillez, ''Plongées sans câble'', Arthaud, Paris, January 1954, Dépôt légal 1er trimestre 1954 - Édition N° 605 - Impression N° 243 (page 52, in French)</ref>

<ref name="Taillez 1954 fins">{{cite book|first=Phillippe |last=Tailliez |author-link=Philippe Tailliez |page=14 |title='Plongées sans câble |publisher=Arthaud |location=Paris |date=January 1954 }}.  In the 1950s Philippe Tailliez was still was thinking that De Corlieu conceived his fins for the first time in 1924, but he had started ten years earlier. <!-- Dépôt légal 1er trimestre 1954 - Édition N° 605 - Impression N° 243 --></ref>

<ref name="Tall">{{cite book |last=Tall |first=Jeffrey |year=2002 |title=Submarines & Deep-Sea Vehicles |publisher=Thunder Bay Press |isbn=978-1-57145-778-3}}</ref>

<ref name="TDI">{{cite web|url=http://www.tdisdi.com.au/intro_history.php |title=History |access-date=5 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320115708/http://tdisdi.com.au/intro_history.php |archive-date=20 March 2012 }}</ref>

<ref name="Theriault 2001">Mario Theriault, ''Great Maritime Inventions 1833-1950'', Goose Lane, 2001, p. 46</ref>

<ref name="Time" >{{Cite web|date=2010-09-27|title=Science: Deep Dip - TIME|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,855007,00.html|access-date=2021-07-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100927092225/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,855007,00.html|archive-date=27 September 2010}}</ref>

<ref name="Trieste">{{cite web |title=First Trip to the Deepest Part of the Ocean The Bathyscaphe Trieste carried two hydronauts to the Challenger Deep in 1960 |url=http://geology.com/records/bathyscaphe-trieste.shtml |website=Geology.com |publisher=2005-2015 Geology.com |access-date=27 April 2015 |archive-date=30 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171130050045/http://geology.com/records/bathyscaphe-trieste.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="USS Triton" >{{Cite web |title=U.S.S. Triton {{!}} Science and the Sea |url=https://www.scienceandthesea.org/program/201004/uss-triton |access-date=2024-06-15 |website=www.scienceandthesea.org |archive-date=15 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615021815/https://www.scienceandthesea.org/program/201004/uss-triton |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="Van den Broek 2019" >{{citation|first1=Marc |last1=van den Broek |authorlink=Marc van den Broek |title=Leonardo da Vinci Spirits of Invention. A Search for Traces |publisher=A.TE.M. |location=Hamburg |isbn=978-3-00-063700-1 |date=2019 }}</ref>

<ref name="What is technical diving" >{{Cite web |url=https://www.tdisdi.com/our-story/ |title=Our Story: What is Technical Diving |website=Technical Diving International |access-date=18 July 2019 |archive-date=18 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118052658/https://www.tdisdi.com/our-story/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="Whitehead" >{{cite web |title=Robert Whitehead |url=https://www.gracesguide.co.uk/Robert_Whitehead |website=Grace's Guide |access-date=27 May 2020 |archive-date=26 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726171659/https://www.gracesguide.co.uk/Robert_Whitehead |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="Workman 1965">{{cite journal |last=Workman |first=R. D. |title=Calculation of Decompression Schedules for Nitrogen-Oxygen and Helium-Oxygen Dives |journal=US Navy Experimental Diving Unit Technical Report |volume=NEDU-6-65 |year=1965 }}</ref>

<ref name="Xataka" >{{cite web|url=https://www.xataka.com/historia-tecnologica/jeronimo-ayanz-da-vinci-olvidado-que-diseno-submarino-sistemas-aire-acondicionado-espana-austrias|title=Jerónimo de Ayanz, el Da Vinci olvidado que diseñó un submarino y sistemas de aire acondicionado en la España de los Austrias|date=26 September 2021|access-date=17 October 2022|publisher=Xataka|language=Spanish|archive-date=17 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017151635/https://www.xataka.com/historia-tecnologica/jeronimo-ayanz-da-vinci-olvidado-que-diseno-submarino-sistemas-aire-acondicionado-espana-austrias|url-status=live}}</ref>

}}

==External links==
There are other diving history chronologies at:

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070607233948/http://www.divinglore.com/Origins.htm Diving Lore] from its origins to the aqualung breakthrough.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040805070403/http://dg8fz.dyndns.org/~karl/dg8fz/rebreather/gallery.htm Rebreather history]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061119173109/http://www.bsac.com/about/trailblazers.html BSAC info]
* [https://www.therebreathersite.nl Rebreather Diving History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518184640/http://therebreathersite.nl/ |date=18 May 2024 }}
* [https://www.flashbackscuba.com/links/links.html Museum of old scuba gear]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071107100534/http://www.diverite.com/divelog/history/timeline/ History of Cave Diving]

{{Underwater diving|hisdiv}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:History of underwater diving]]
[[Category:Technology timelines|Diving technology]]
[[Category:Underwater diving lists|Diving tech]]

[[sv:Dykning#Historia]]