Editing Timeline of materials technology

{{Short description|Tools}}
Major innovations in '''[[Materials science|materials technology]]'''
{{Incomplete list|date=February 2011}}

==BC==

*28,000 BC – People wear beads, bracelets, and pendants<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Volume Library 1|publisher=The Southwestern Company|year=2009}}</ref>
*14,500 BC – First [[pottery]], made by the [[Jōmon period|Jōmon]] people of Japan.
*[[6th millennium BC]] – [[Copper]] [[metallurgy]] is invented and copper is used for ornamentation (see [[Pločnik (archaeological site)|Pločnik]] article)
*[[2nd millennium BC]] – [[Bronze]] is used for [[weapon]]s and [[armor]]
*16th century BC – The [[Hittites]] develop crude [[History of ferrous metallurgy|iron metallurgy]]
*13th century BC – Invention of [[steel]] when [[iron]] and [[charcoal]] are combined properly
*10th century BC – [[Glass]] production begins in [[ancient Near East]]
*[[1st millennium BC]] – [[Pewter]] beginning to be used in China and [[Egypt]]
*1000 BC – The [[Phoenicia]]ns introduce dyes made from the purple murex.<ref name=":0" />
*3rd century BC – [[Wootz steel]], the first [[crucible steel]], is invented in [[History of India|ancient India]]
*50s BC – Glassblowing techniques flourish in [[Phoenicia]]
*20s BC – [[Rome|Roman]] [[architecture (built environment)|architect]] [[Vitruvius]] describes low-water-content method for mixing [[concrete]]

==1st millennium==
*3rd century – [[Cast iron]] widely used in [[Han dynasty]] China
*300 – Greek alchemist Zomius, summarizing the work of Egyptian alchemists, describes arsenic and lead acetate<ref name=":0" />
*4th century – [[Iron pillar of Delhi]] is the oldest surviving example of corrosion-resistant steel
*8th century – [[Porcelain]] is invented in [[Tang dynasty]] China
*8th century – [[Tin-glazing]] of [[ceramic]]s invented by [[Alchemy and chemistry in Islam|Muslim chemists]] and [[Islamic pottery|potters]] in [[Basra]], [[Iraq]]<ref name=Mason>{{cite journal | last=Mason | first=Robert B. | title=New Looks at Old Pots: Results of Recent Multidisciplinary Studies of Glazed Ceramics from the Islamic World | journal=Muqarnas: Annual on Islamic Art and Architecture | year=1995 | volume=XII | pages=1–10 | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers | isbn=90-04-10314-7 | doi=10.2307/1523219| jstor=1523219 }}</ref>{{rp|1}}
*9th century – [[Stoneware|Stonepaste ceramics]] invented in [[Iraq]]<ref name=Mason />{{rp|5}}
*900 – First systematic classification of chemical substances appears in the works attributed to [[Jabir ibn Hayyan|Jābir ibn Ḥayyān]] (Latin: Geber) and in those of the Persian alchemist and physician [[Abu Bakr al-Razi|Abū Bakr al-Rāzī]] ({{circa}} 865–925, Latin: Rhazes)<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Karpenko|first1=Vladimír|last2=Norris|first2=John A.|year=2002|title=Vitriol in the History of Chemistry|journal=Chemické listy|volume=96|issue=12|pages=997–1005|url=http://www.chemicke-listy.cz/ojs3/index.php/chemicke-listy/article/view/2266}}</ref>
*900 – [[Chemical synthesis|Synthesis]] of [[ammonium chloride]] from [[Organic compound|organic substances]] described in the works attributed to Jābir ibn Ḥayyān (Latin: Geber)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kraus|first=Paul|author-link=Paul Kraus (Arabist)|year=1942–1943|title=Jâbir ibn Hayyân: Contribution à l'histoire des idées scientifiques dans l'Islam. I. Le corpus des écrits jâbiriens. II. Jâbir et la science grecque|publisher=[[Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale]]|location=Cairo|oclc=468740510|isbn=9783487091150}} Vol. II, pp. 41–42.</ref>
*900 – Abū Bakr al-Rāzī describes the preparation of plaster of Paris and metallic antimony<ref name=":0" />
*9th century – [[Lustreware]] appears in Mesopotamia<ref>{{cite book|title=Ten thousand years of pottery |author=Emmanuel Cooper |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |edition=4th |date=2000 |isbn=0-8122-3554-1}}</ref>{{rp|86–87}}

==2nd millennium==
*1000 – Gunpowder is developed in China<ref name=":0" />
*1340 – In [[Liège|Liège, Belgium]], the first blast furnaces for the production of iron are developed<ref name=":0" />
*1448 – [[Johann Gutenberg]] develops [[type metal]] alloy
*1450s – [[Cristallo]], a clear soda-based glass, is invented by [[Angelo Barovier]]
*[[:Category:1540s in science|1540]] – [[Vannoccio Biringuccio]] publishes first systematic book on [[metallurgy]]
*[[:Category:1550s in science|1556]] – [[Georg Agricola]]'s influential book on [[metallurgy]]
*[[1590 in science|1590]] – Glass [[lens (optics)|lens]]es are developed in the Netherlands and used for the first time in [[microscope]]s and [[telescope]]s
*1664 – In the pipes supplying water to the gardens at Versailles, cast iron is used<ref name=":0" />

===18th century===
*1717 – [[Abraham Darby I|Abraham Darby]] makes iron with coke, a derivative of coal<ref name=":0" />
*[[1738 in science|1738]] – Metallic [[zinc]] processed by [[distillation]] from [[calamine (mineral)|calamine]] and charcoal patented by [[William Champion (metallurgist)|William Champion]]
*[[1740 in science|1740]]  – [[Crucible steel]] technique developed by [[Benjamin Huntsman]]
*1774 – 
**Joseph Priestley discovers oxygen<ref name=":0" />
**Johann Gottlieb Gahn discovers manganese<ref name=":0" />
**Karl Wilhelm Scheele discovers chlorine<ref name=":0" />
*[[1779 in science|1779]]  – Hydraulic cement ([[stucco]]) patented by [[Bryan Higgins]] for use as an exterior [[plaster]]
*[[1799 in science|1799]]  – [[Acid]] [[battery (electricity)|battery]] made from copper/zinc by [[Alessandro Volta]]

===19th century===
*[[1821 in science|1821]]  – [[Thermocouple]] invented by [[Thomas Johann Seebeck]]
*[[1824 in science|1824]]  – [[Portland cement]] patent issued to [[Joseph Aspdin]]
*[[1825 in science|1825]]  – Metallic [[aluminum]] produced by [[Hans Christian Ørsted]]
*[[1839 in science|1839]]  – [[Vulcanization|Vulcanized rubber]] invented by [[Charles Goodyear]]
*[[1839 in science|1839]]  – [[Silver]]-based [[photography|photographic]] processes invented by [[Louis Daguerre]] and [[William Fox Talbot]]
*[[1855 in science|1855]]  – [[Bessemer process]] for mass production of steel patented by [[Henry Bessemer]]
*[[1861 in science|1861]]  – Color photography demonstrated by [[James Clerk Maxwell]]
*[[1883 in science|1883]]  – First [[solar cell]]s using [[selenium]] waffles made by [[Charles Fritts]]
*1893  – [[Exothermic welding|Thermite Welding]] developed and soon used to weld rails

===20th century===
*[[1902 in science|1902]]  – [[Chemical synthesis|Synthetic]] [[ruby|rubies]] created by the [[Verneuil process]] developed by [[Auguste Verneuil]]
*[[1908 in science|1908]]  – [[Cellophane]] invented by [[Jacques E. Brandenberger]]
*[[1909 in science|1909]]  – [[Bakelite]] hard thermosetting [[plastic]] presented by [[Leo Baekeland]]
*[[1911 in science|1911]]  – [[Superconductivity]] discovered by [[Heike Kamerlingh Onnes]]
*[[1912 in science|1912]]  – [[Stainless steel]] invented by [[Harry Brearley]]
*[[1916 in science|1916]]  – Method for growing single [[crystal]]s of [[metal]]s invented by [[Jan Czochralski]]
*1919  – The merchant ship [[Cammell Laird|Fullagar]] has the first all [[Welding|welded]] hull. 
*[[1924 in science|1924]]  – [[Pyrex]] invented by scientists at [[Corning Glass Works|Corning Incorporated]], a glass with a very low [[coefficient of thermal expansion]]
*[[1931 in science|1931]]  – synthetic [[rubber]] called [[neoprene]] developed by [[Julius Nieuwland]] (''see also: [[E.K. Bolton]], [[Wallace Carothers]]'')
*[[1931 in science|1931]]  – [[Nylon]] developed by [[Wallace Carothers]]
*[[1935 in science|1935]]  – [[Langmuir–Blodgett film]] coating of glass was developed by [[Katharine Burr Blodgett]], creating "invisible glass" which is >99% transmissive
*[[1938 in science|1938]]  – The process for making poly-tetrafluoroethylene, better known as [[Polytetrafluoroethylene|Teflon]] discovered by [[Roy J. Plunkett|Roy Plunkett]]
*[[1939 in science|1939]]  – Dislocations in metals confirmed by [[Robert W. Cahn]]
*[[1947 in science|1947]]  – First [[germanium]] [[point-contact transistor]] invented
*[[1947 in science|1947]]  – First commercial application of a [[piezoelectricity|piezoelectric]] [[ceramic]]: [[barium titanate]] used as a [[phonograph]] pickup
*[[1951 in science|1951]]  – Individual [[atom]]s seen for the first time using the [[field ion microscope]]
*[[1953 in science|1953]]  – Metallic [[catalyst]]s which greatly improve the strength of [[polyethylene]] [[polymer]]s discovered by [[Karl Ziegler]]
*[[1954 in science|1954]]  – [[Silicon]] [[solar cell]]s with 6% efficiency made at [[Bell Labs|Bell Laboratories]]
*[[1954 in science|1954]]  – [[Argon oxygen decarburization]] (AOD) refining invented by scientists at the [[Union Carbide Corporation]]
*[[1959 in science|1959]]  – [[Float glass]] process patented by the [[Pilkington Brothers]]
*[[1962 in science|1962]]  – [[SQUID]] superconducting quantum interference device invented
*[[1966 in science|1966]]  – [[Stephanie Kwolek]] invented a fibre that would later become known as [[Kevlar]]
*[[1968 in science|1968]]  – [[Liquid crystal display]] developed by [[RCA]]
*[[1970 in science|1970]]  – Silica [[optical fiber]]s grown by [[Corning Incorporated]]
*[[1980 in science|1980]]  – [[Duplex stainless steel]]s developed which resist oxidation in chlorides
*[[1984 in science|1984]]  – [[Fold-forming]] system developed by Charles Lewton-Brain to produce complex three dimensional forms rapidly from sheet metal
*[[1985 in science|1985]]  – The first [[fullerene]] molecule discovered by scientists at [[Rice University]] (''see also:'' [[Timeline of carbon nanotubes]])
*[[1986 in science|1986]]  – The first [[high temperature superconductor]] is discovered by [[Georg Bednorz]] and [[K. Alex Müller]]

==See also==
*[[Timeline of scientific discoveries]]
*[[Timeline of historic inventions]]
*[[List of inventions named after people]]
*[[Materials science]]
*[[Roman metallurgy]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{History of physics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Timeline Of Materials Technology}}
[[Category:Technology timelines|Materials Technology]]
[[Category:Materials science]]