Editing Timeline of transportation technology

{{short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Transport}}
This is a [[timeline]] of [[transport]]ation technology and technological developments in the culture of transportation.

==Antiquity==
[[File:Priests traveling across kealakekua bay for first contact rituals.jpg|thumb|right|A traditional [[Polynesia]]n [[catamaran]]]]
[[File:Kylix Dionysus on a ship between dolphins 530 BC, Staatliche Antikensammlungen Munich 120637.jpg|thumb|right|[[Dionysus]] riding on a small galley-like craft in a painting from the [[Dionysus cup]] by [[Exekias]], from c. 530 BC<ref>Casson (1971), pp. 68–69</ref>]]
*20th millennium BC – [[Riverboat|rafts used on rivers]].
*7th millennium BC – Earliest known [[shoe]]s.
*6th millennium BC – [[Dugout canoes]] constructed.
*4th millennium BC – The earliest vehicles may have been [[bullock cart|ox carts]].<ref>David W. Anthony, [https://books.google.com/books?id=0FDqf415wqgC&pg=PA461 ''The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World.''] Princeton University Press, 2010 {{ISBN|1400831105}} p461</ref>
*3500 BCE – [[Domestication of the horse]] and invention of the [[wheel]] in [[Ancient Near East]]
*Toys excavated from the [[Indus Valley Civilisation]] (3010–1500 BC) include small carts.
*3000 BCE – [[Austronesians]] construct [[catamarans]] and [[outriggers]].
** In the [[Mediterranean]], [[galley]]s were developed about 3000 BC.
*2nd millennium BC – [[Cart]] mentioned in literature, [[chariot]] and [[spoked wheel]] invented.
*800 BC – [[Canal]] for transport constructed in [[Ancient China]].
*408 BC – [[Wheelbarrow]] referenced in [[Ancient Greece]].

==Middle Ages==
[[File:Weltchronik Fulda Aa88 075v detail1.jpg|thumb|Horse collars and cart between 1350 and 1375]]
*5th century – [[Horse collar]] invented in China.
*6th century – Evidence of a [[horseshoe]] in the tomb of the Frankish King [[Childeric I]], [[Tournai]], [[Belgium]].
*Late 7th century – First suspension bridge, [[Maya Bridge at Yaxchilan]]
*800 – The streets of [[Baghdad]] are paved with [[tar]].{{cn|date=March 2024}}
* 9th century – The sine [[quadrant (instrument)|quadrant]], was invented by [[Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi]] in the 9th century at the [[House of Wisdom]] in Baghdad.<ref name=king1987>{{cite book|last1=King|first1=David A.|title=Islamic Astronomical Instruments|date=1987|publisher=Variorum Reprints|location=London|isbn=0860782018}}</ref>{{rp|128}} The other types were the universal quadrant, the horary quadrant and the astrolabe quadrant.
*10th century – sea-going [[Junk (ship)|junk ships]] built in China.
*Late 10th century – [[Kamal (navigation)|Kamal]] invented in Arab world.
*1044 – [[Compass]] invented in [[China]].
*13th century (or before) – [[Rocket]] missiles used in China. Rocket powered passenger vehicles did not appear until 1939.
*1350 – [[Compass dial]] invented by [[Ibn al-Shatir]].
*1479–1519 – [[Da Vinci]] sketches [[pedalo]].
*1495–1504 – [[File:Reiszug, Hohensalzburg.jpg|thumb|[[Reisszug]], as it appeared in 2011]]The oldest extant [[cable railway]] is probably the [[Reisszug]], a private line providing goods access to [[Hohensalzburg Fortress]] at [[Salzburg]] in Austria. This line is generally described as the oldest [[funicular]].<ref name=fm1>{{cite web | url = http://www.funimag.com/funimag10/RESZUG01.HTM | title = Der Reiszug – Part 1 – Presentation | publisher=Funimag | access-date = 22 April 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | first = Reinhard | last = Kriechbaum | url = http://www.die-tagespost.de/Archiv/titel_anzeige.asp?ID=8916 | title = Die große Reise auf den Berg | work = der Tagespost | date = 15 May 2004 | access-date = 22 April 2009 | language = de | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://archive.today/20120628225245/http://www.die-tagespost.de/Archiv/titel_anzeige.asp?ID=8916 | archive-date = 28 June 2012 | df = dmy-all }}</ref>
*15th century – [[Jan Žižka]] built the precursor to the motorised tank, armoured wagons equipped with cannons.
*1569 – [[Mercator 1569 world map]] published.
*Late 16th century – [[Europe]]an sailing ships become advanced enough to reliably cross oceans.

==17th century==
*1604 – The world's first recorded overland [[wagonway]], the {{convert|2|mi|km|adj=on}} [[Wollaton Wagonway]], is built by [[Huntingdon Beaumont]] in [[Nottingham, England]], for the transport of coal.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Smith, Richard S.|title=England's first rails: a reconsideration|journal=Renaissance & Modern Studies|year=1960|volume=4|pages=119–134|doi=10.1080/14735786009391434}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=New, John|title=400 years of English railways: Huntingdon Beaumont and the early years|journal=Backtrack|volume=18|year=2004|pages=660–5}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Waggonway Research Circle|title=The Wollaton Wagonway of 1604: the World's first overland railway |url=http://www.waggonways.fsnet.co.uk/woll_wag_leaflet_a4.pdf|date=August 2005|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218183309/http://www.waggonways.fsnet.co.uk/woll_wag_leaflet_a4.pdf|archive-date=2012-02-18}}</ref>
*1616 - The first recorded mechanical ropeway was by [[Croatia]]n [[Fausto Veranzio]] who designed a bicable passenger ropeway
*1620 – [[Cornelius Drebbel]] builds the world's first known [[submarine]], which is propelled by oars (although there are earlier ideas for and depictions of submarines).
*1644 - [[Adam Wybe]] builds world's first cable car on multiple supports. It was the biggest built until the end of the 19th century.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.encyklopediagdanska.pl/index.php?title=WIEBE_ADAM |title=WIEBE ADAM – Encyklopedia Gdańska |language=pl |publisher=Encyklopediagdanska.pl |date= |access-date=2014-04-20}}</ref>
*1655 - Stephan Farffler was a Nuremberg watchmaker of the seventeenth century whose invention of a manumotive carriage in 1655 is widely considered to have been the first self-propelled [[wheelchair]].
*1662 – [[Blaise Pascal]] invents a horse-drawn public [[bus]] which has a regular route, schedule, and fare system.
*1672 – [[Ferdinand Verbiest]] built what may have been the first steam-powered scale [[model car]].<!--Other pages doubt the existence of this vehicle--><ref>{{cite web
|title=1679–1681 – R P Verbiest's Steam Chariot
|work =History of the Automobile: origin to 1900
|publisher=[[Hergé]]
|url=https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=fr&u=http://users.skynet.be/tintinpassion/VOIRSAVOIR/Auto/Pages_auto/Auto_001.html&sa=X&oi=translate
|access-date=8 May 2009
}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
|author=Setright, L. J. K.
|title=Drive On!: A Social History of the Motor Car
|publisher=Granta Books
|year=2004
|isbn=1-86207-698-7
}}</ref>

==18th century==
*1716 – Swedish scientist, [[Emanuel Swedenborg]], creates the first concept of a hovering vehicle.<ref>{{Cite web | title = HOVERCRAFT BILL (Hansard, 16 May 1968) | work = [[Hansard|Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)]] | url = https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1968/may/16/hovercraft-bill | date = 16 May 1968 | access-date = 3 May 2017}}</ref>
*1720 - [[Differential gear]] invented by Joseph Williamson.
*1731 - [[Sextant]] first implemented to accurately determine latitude.
*1733 - [[William Kent]] developed an early [[stroller]].<ref>{{cite book |title=On foot: a history of walking - Google Book Search |isbn= 9780814705025|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-gUk_wmrciMC&q=William+Kent+baby+carriage&pg=PA311 |access-date=2009-03-24|last1= Amato|first1= Joseph|date= November 2004|publisher= NYU Press}}</ref> 
*1740 – [[Jacques de Vaucanson]] debuted his clockwork powered carriage.
*1760s - [[Inline skate]]s invented.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rogerskateboards.com/inline-skate-history/|title=History of Inline Skate – When Were Rollerblades Invented?|date=16 September 2021}}</ref>
*1761 - [[Marine chronometer]] invented as a means to accurately determine longitude.
*1769 – [[Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot]] demonstrates his ''fardier à vapeur'', an experimental steam-driven artillery tractor
*1776 – First submarine to be propelled by screws, and the first military submarine to attempt an attack on a ship, [[American Turtle|''Turtle'']], is built by [[David Bushnell (inventor)|David Bushnell]]. The attack fails to sink {{HMS|Eagle|1774|6}}.
*1779 - [[The Iron Bridge]] built in Shropshire.
*1783 - First [[parachute]].
*1783 – [[Montgolfier brothers|Joseph Montgolfier and Étienne Montgolfier]] launch the first [[hot air balloon]]s triggering [[Balloonomania]].
*1783 – [[Jacques Charles]] and [[Robert brothers|Les Frères Robert (Anne-Jean Robert and Nicolas-Louis Robert)]] launch the first [[Balloon (aircraft)|Hydrogen balloon]].
*1784 – [[William Murdoch]] built a working model of a [[steam locomotive]] carriage in [[Redruth|Redruth, England]].<ref name="buchanan">{{cite book
|author=C.D. Buchanan
|title=Mixed Blessing: The Motor in Britain
|url=https://archive.org/details/mixedblessingmot0000buch
|url-access=registration
|publisher=Leonard Hill
|year=1958
|chapter=1
}}</ref>
*1789 - The pedal powered [[tricycle]] was invented by two Frenchmen, named Blanchard and Maguier.
*1790s – [[Canal Mania]], an intense period of canal building in England and Wales.

==19th century==
===Early 19th century===
*1801 – [[Richard Trevithick]] ran a full-sized steam '[[History of steam road vehicles|road locomotive]]' on the road in [[Camborne|Camborne, England]].<ref name="buchanan"/>
*1803 – Richard Trevithick built his 10-seater [[London Steam Carriage]].<ref name="buchanan"/>
*1803 – [[William Symington]]'s ''[[Charlotte Dundas]]'', generally considered to be the world's first practical [[steamboat]], makes her first voyage.
*1804 – Richard Trevithick built a prototype steam-powered [[railway locomotive]] and it ran on the Pen-y-Darren Line near Merthyr Tydfil Wales.
*1804 – [[Oliver Evans]] (claimed to have) demonstrated a steam-powered [[amphibious vehicle]].
* 1807 – [[Francois Isaac de Rivaz]] – the [[De Rivaz engine]], the first internal combustion engine using hydrogen as a fuel
* 1807 - The [[Swansea and Mumbles Railway]] ran the world's first passenger [[horsecar]] [[tram]] service.
* 1807 – [[Robert Fulton]]'s ''[[North River Steamboat]]'', the world's first commercially successful steamboat, makes her maiden voyage.
* 1807 – [[Nicéphore Niépce]] installed his [[Pyréolophore]] internal combustion engine in a boat and powered up the river [[Saone]] in France.
*1807 – [[Isaac de Rivas]] made a [[De Rivaz engine|hydrogen gas powered internal combustion engine]] and mounted it on a vehicle.
*1809 - First stone laid of first '[[guided bus]]' passenger [[wagonway]] [[Gloucester and Cheltenham Tramroad]].
*1812 – First commercially successful self-propelled engine on land was [[Matthew Murray]]'s [[Salamanca (locomotive)|''Salamanca'']] on [[Middleton Railway]] using toothed wheels and rail.
*1812 – [[Timothy Hackworth]]'s "[[Puffing Billy (locomotive)|Puffing Billy]]" ran on smooth Cast Iron Rails at Wylam Colliery near Newcastle
*1814 – [[George Stephenson]] built the first practical steam-powered railway locomotive "Blutcher" at Killingworth Colliery.<ref name=Blutcher>{{cite book|last=Smiles|first=Samuel|year=1906|publisher=The Folio Society|location=UK|isbn=0-7153-4279-7|page=256|title=Lives of the engineers: Work of James Brindley; John Smeaton; John Rennie; Thomas Telford; George Stephenson; Robert Stephenson and others}}</ref> 
*1816 – The most likely originator of the [[Bicycle]] is the German, Baron [[Karl von Drais]], who rode his 1816 machine while collecting taxes from his tenants.
* 1819 – {{SS|Savannah||}}, the first vessel to cross the [[Atlantic Ocean]] partly under steam power, arrives at [[Liverpool, England]] from [[Savannah, Georgia]].
*1819 - Denis Johnson invents [[kick scooter]].
*1822 – Stephenson built a locomotive and designed the railway for Hetton Colliery which is first railway not to use any horse-traction but it did have several rope hauled sections.
*1822 – First Meeting of Liverpool Manchester Railway Company Permanent Committee.<ref name="LMRC meeting">{{cite book|last=Thomas|first=RHG|title=The Liverpool and Manchester Railway|year=1980|publisher=BT Batsford Ltd|location=UK|isbn=0713405376|page=15}}</ref> 
*1825 - Stephenson's [[Locomotion No. 1]] runs on [[Stockton & Darlington Railway]] which opens as first public railway and uses horses and self-propelled steam engines and stationary engines with ropes along a single track.  No stations and no timetables as anyone could hire the track to use their own vehicle on it.<ref name="Stockton Darlington">{{cite book|last=Smiles|first=Samuel|title=The Liverpool and Manchester Railway|year=2006|publisher=The Folio Society|isbn=0-7153-4279-7|pages=268–270}}</ref> 
* 1825 – [[Goldsworthy Gurney|Sir Goldsworthy Gurney]] invented a series of [[Goldsworthy Gurney#Gurney's steam carriage|steam-powered passenger carriages]] and by 1829 completed the 120-mile journey from London to [[Bath, Somerset]] and back.
*1825 - The first [[suspension railway]] was opened at [[Cheshunt]], England, United Kingdom on 25 June.
*1826 – Bill passed for [[Liverpool and Manchester Railway]] at second attempt and George Stephenson commences work on 35-mile twin track line permitting simultaneous travel in both directions between the 2 towns.  Means of traction not specified to reduce opposition.<ref name="Enabling Bill">{{cite book|last=Carlson|first=Robert|title=The Liverpool and Manchester Railway Project|year=1969|publisher=David and Charles :Newton Abbot|location=UK|isbn=0-7153-4646-6|page=179}}</ref> 
*1828 – Stephenson's "[[Lancashire Witch]]" runs on [[Bolton and Leigh Railway]] line - a public goods line to connect [[Leeds and Liverpool Canal]] and [[Manchester Bolton & Bury Canal]].  Railway has rope hauled and self-propelled steam engines and single track.<ref name=Bolton-Leigh>{{cite book|last=Thomas|first=RHG|title=The Liverpool and Manchester Railway|year=1980|publisher=BT Batsford Ltd|location=UK|isbn=07134-05376|page=95}}</ref>
*1829 – [[Rainhill Trials]] to find best self-propelled engine for Liverpool Manchester line are won by Robert [[Stephenson's Rocket]] proving there is no need for horse traction or static engines on the main line.<ref name="Rainhill Trials">{{cite book|last=Thomas|first=RHG|title=The Liverpool and Manchester Railway|year=1980|publisher=BT Batsford Ltd|location=UK|isbn=07134-05376|page=75}}</ref> ''Rocket'' becomes basic formula for all future steam engines with boiler tubes, blast pipe, and the use of coal rather than coke. 
*1830 – [[Opening of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway|Liverpool and Manchester Railway]] opens. First public transport system without animal traction, first public line with no rope hauled sections for main journey, first twin track, first railway between 2 large towns, first timetabled trains, first railway stations, first train faster than a [[mail coach]], first tunnels under streets, first proper modern railway which formed the template for all subsequent railways.<ref name="LMRC Opening">{{cite book|last=Carlson|first=Robert|title=The Liverpool and Manchester Railway Project 1821–1831|year=1969|publisher=David and Charles|location=Newton Abbot|isbn=0-7153-4646-6|pages=11–16}}</ref>
*1837 - The first [[electric locomotive]] built in 1837 was a [[battery locomotive]]. It was built by chemist [[Robert Davidson (inventor)|Robert Davidson]] of [[Aberdeen]] in [[Scotland]], and it was powered by [[galvanic cell]]s (batteries).
* 1838 – [[Isambard Kingdom Brunel]]'s {{SS|Great Western||}}, the first purpose-built transatlantic steamship, inaugurates the first regular transatlantic steamship service.
*1839 - An early electric boat was developed by the German inventor [[Moritz von Jacobi]] in 1839 in [[St Petersburg]], [[Russia]]. It was a {{convert|24|ft|m|adj=on}} boat which carried 14 passengers at {{convert|3|mph}}. It was successfully demonstrated to Emperor [[Nicholas I of Russia]] on the [[Neva River]].
*1840s – [[Railway Mania]] sweeps UK and Ireland. 6,220 miles (10,010&nbsp;km) of railway line were built
*1843 - [[Dalkey Atmospheric Railway|Dalkey Atmospheric railway]] opens.
*1847 - The first steam [[railcar]] was designed by [[James Samuel]], the [[Eastern Counties Railway]] Locomotive Engineer, built by [[William Bridges Adams]] in 1847, and trialled between Shoreditch and Cambridge on 23 October 1847.
*1849 - [[Sir George Cayley]]'s [[Glider (aircraft)|glider]]s achieved brief wing-borne hops from around 1849.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1954/1954%20-%202909.html|title=''Flight'' magazine 1954}}</ref>

===Late 19th century===
[[File:Kuruma zukushi.jpg|thumb|Late 19th century modes of transport, Japan.]]
[[File:First Zeppelin ascent.jpg|thumb|First Zeppelin ascent, 1900]]
*1852 – [[Elisha Otis]] invents the safety elevator.
*1853 – Sir [[George Cayley]] built and demonstrated the first heavier-than-air aircraft (a [[glider aircraft|glider]]).
** - [[Quadracycle]] invented.
*1859 - First [[model railway]] for [[Napoléon, Prince Imperial]].
*1859 - [[Gaston Planté]] invented the [[lead–acid battery]], the first-ever battery that could be recharged by passing a reverse current through it.
*1860 - first urban horse railway line (a predecessor of trams), opened in [[Saint Petersburg]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.electrotrans.spb.ru/14/page15.html |publisher = Горэлектротранс (Saint Petersburg)|title =Appearance konka|year =2008}}</ref>
*1862 – [[Étienne Lenoir]] made a gasoline engine [[automobile]].
*1863 – London's [[Metropolitan Railway]] opened to the public as the world's first underground railway.
* 1863 – [[Étienne Lenoir]]–  [[Hippomobile (car)|Hippomobile]]
*1867 – First modern [[History of the motorcycle|motorcycle]] was invented.
*1868 – [[Safety bicycle]] invented.
*1868 – [[George Westinghouse]] invented the [[air brake (rail)|compressed-air brake]] for railway trains.
*1868 – [[Louis-Guillaume Perreaux]]'s [[Michaux-Perreaux steam velocipede|steam velocipede]], a steam engine attached to a [[Pierre Michaux|Michaux]] [[velocipede]].<ref name=Falco1999>{{Citation |last1=Falco  |first1=Charles M. |year= 1998 |author-link=Charles M. Falco |title=The Art of the Motorcycle |author2=Guggenheim Museum Staff |editor1-first= Thomas |editor1-last= Krens |editor2-last= Drutt |editor2-first= Matthew |editor-link2= Matthew Drutt|publisher=Harry N. Abrams |isbn=0-89207-207-5 |chapter=Issues in the Evolution of the Motorcycle |pages=24–31, 98–101 }}</ref>
*1869 - [[Jules Suriray]], a Parisian [[bicycle mechanic]], designed the first radial style [[ball bearing]].<ref>See:
*  Suriray, [https://books.google.com/books?id=8S0UAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA647 "Perfectionnements dans les vélocipèdes"] (Improvements in bicycles), French patent no. 86,680, issued:  2 August 1869, ''Bulletin des lois de la République française'' (1873), series 12, vol. 6, page 647.
*  Louis Baudry de Saunier, ''Histoire générale de la vélocipédie'' [General history of cycling] (Paris, France:  Paul Ollendorff, 1891), [https://books.google.com/books?id=E70UAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA63 pages 62–63].</ref>
*1870 - First definite record of a [[kicksled]].
*1874 - Midland railway introduces the first [[bogie]].
*1875 -  World's first [[electric tram]] line operated in [[Sestroretsk]] near [[Saint Petersburg]], Russia, invented and tested by [[Fyodor Pirotsky]].<ref>C. N. Pyrgidis. Railway Transportation Systems: Design, Construction and Operation. CRC Press, 2016. P. 156</ref><ref>Ye. N. Petrova. St. Petersburg in Focus: Photographers of the Turn of the Century; in Celebration of the Tercentenary of St. Petersburg. Palace Ed., 2003. P. 12</ref>
*1880 – [[Werner von Siemens]] builds first electric elevator.
*1881 - World's first commercially successful [[electric tram]], the [[Gross-Lichterfelde tramway]] in [[Lichterfelde (Berlin)|Lichterfelde]] near Berlin in Germany built by [[Werner von Siemens]] who contacted Pirotsky. It initially drew current from the rails, with [[Overhead line|overhead wire]] being installed in 1883.
*1882 - The [[trolleybus]] dates back to 29 April 1882, when Dr. [[Ernst Werner von Siemens|Ernst Werner Siemens]] demonstrated his "[[Elektromote]]" in a Berlin suburb. This experiment continued until 13 June 1882
*1883 - [[Mödling and Hinterbrühl Tram]], Vipenna, Austria, first [[electric tram]] powered by [[overhead wire]].
*1884 - [[Thomas Parker (inventor)|Thomas Parker]] built a practical production [[electric car]] in Wolverhampton using his own specially designed high-capacity rechargeable batteries.
*1885 – [[Karl Benz]] invents the first car powered by an [[internal combustion engine]], he called it the [[Benz Patent Motorwagen]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.daimler.com/company/tradition/company-history/1885-1886.html|title=Benz Patent Motor Car: The first automobile (1885–1886)|website=Daimler|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181021003344/https://www.daimler.com/company/tradition/company-history/1885-1886.html|archive-date=21 October 2018}}</ref>
*1887 - The first [[Battery electric multiple unit]] (battery rail car) was used on the [[Royal Bavarian State Railways]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Johnston |first1=Ben |title=Battery Rail Vehicles |url=http://railknowledgebank.com/Presto/content/GetDoc.axd?ctID=MTk4MTRjNDUtNWQ0My00OTBmLTllYWUtZWFjM2U2OTE0ZDY3&rID=NzA=&pID=Nzkx&attchmnt=True&uSesDM=False&rIdx=MjUyOA==&rCFU= |website=railknowledgebank.com |access-date=19 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024194417/http://railknowledgebank.com/Presto/content/GetDoc.axd?ctID=MTk4MTRjNDUtNWQ0My00OTBmLTllYWUtZWFjM2U2OTE0ZDY3&rID=NzA=&pID=Nzkx&attchmnt=True&uSesDM=False&rIdx=MjUyOA==&rCFU= |archive-date=October 24, 2020 |language=en |date=September 12{{ndash}}15, 2010}}</ref>
*1888 - Flocken Elektrowagen built by German inventor Andreas Flocken, the first true electric car.
*1889 -  The first [[interurban]] [[tram-train]] to emerge in the United States was the Newark and Granville Street Railway in Ohio, which opened in 1889.
*1889 - First introduced in 1889, [[battery vehicle]]s [[milk float]]s expanded use in 1931 and by 1967 gave Britain the largest electric vehicle fleet in the world.
*1890s – [[Bike boom]] sweeps Europe and America with hundreds of bicycle manufacturers in the biggest bicycle craze to date
*1890 - The [[City and South London Railway]] (C&SLR) was the first deep-level underground "tube" railway in the world,<ref>{{cite book |last=Wolmar |first=Christian |author-link=Christian Wolmar |title = The Subterranean Railway: How the London Underground Was Built and How It 
|publisher = Atlantic Books |isbn=1-84354-023-1 |orig-year=2004 |year=2005 |page=4}}</ref>{{refn|A "tube" railway is an underground railway constructed in a cylindrical tunnel by the use of a [[tunnelling shield]], usually deep below ground level.|group="note"}} and the first major railway to use [[Railway electrification in Great Britain|electric traction]]
*1893 - [[Recumbent bicycle]]s invented.
*1893 - first [[moving walkway]] debuted at the [[World's Columbian Exposition]].
*1893 - The [[Liverpool Overhead Railway]] opened on 6 March 1893 with 2-car [[electric multiple unit]]s, the first to operate in the world. 
*1893 - Frank W. Hawley adapted an ordinary steam canal boat to a [[trolleyboat]] (named after him), which was tested on the Erie Canal in the US.<ref>{{cite web |title=Trolley canal boats |url=https://www.lowtechmagazine.com/2009/12/trolley-canal-boats.html |website=LOW-TECH MAGAZINE|date=15 December 2009 }}</ref>
*1893 - First [[sidecar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bikesure.co.uk/bikesureblog/2016/03/a-brief-history-of-motorcycle-sidecars.html|title = A brief history of motorcycle sidecars|date = 29 March 2016}}</ref>
*1894 – [[Hildebrand & Wolfmüller]] became the [[Motorcycle history#First commercial products|first motorcycle]] available to the public for purchase.
*1895 - First motorbus. [[File:Erster Benzin-Omnibus der Welt.jpg|thumb|The first internal combustion omnibus of 1895 ([[Siegen]] to [[Netphen]])]] In [[Siegerland]], Germany, two passenger bus lines ran briefly, but unprofitably, in 1895 using a six-passenger motor carriage developed from the 1893 [[Benz Viktoria]].<ref name= Eckermann2001>{{Citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yLZeQwqNmdgC&pg=PA687 |title=World History of the Automobile |first=Erik |last=Eckermann |publisher=SAE |year=2001 |isbn=9780768008005 |pages=67–68 |access-date=6 October 2013}}</ref>
*1896 – [[Jesse W. Reno]] builds first [[escalator]] at [[Coney Island]], and then reinstalls it on the Manhattan side of the [[Brooklyn Bridge]].
*1896 - First battery powered [[monorail]], [[Ontario Southern Railway (Ontario)]].
* 1897 – [[Charles Algernon Parsons|Charles Parsons]]' ''[[Turbinia]]'', the first vessel to be powered by a [[steam turbine]], makes her debut.
* 1897 – Most likely the first [[electric bicycle]] was built in 1897 by Hosea W. Libbey.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.electric-bicycle-guide.com/|title=Electric Bicycle Guide|website=Electric Bicycle Guide}}</ref>
*1899 - The Lohner-Porsche Mixte Hybrid was both the world's first hybrid vehicle, and the first [[four-wheel drive]] without a steam engine.
* 1899 – [[Ferdinand von Zeppelin]] builds the first successful [[airship]].<ref name="Airships.net">{{cite web|url=http://www.airships.net/zeppelins |title=The First Zeppelins: LZ-1 through LZ-4 |publisher=Airships.net |access-date=1 February 2014}}</ref>
*1900 – [[Ferdinand von Zeppelin]] launches [[LZ 1|the first]] successful [[airship]].<ref name="Airships.net"/>

==20th century==
===Early 20th century===
[[File:All of early 20th century transport is here… (12202409055).jpg|thumb|Early 20th Century modes of road transport in Dublin, 1929]]
*1903
**[[Wright brothers|Orville Wright and Wilbur Wright]]  – Fly the first motor-driven [[airplane]].
**[[Diesel engine]]  – Tested in a canal boat by [[Rudolph Diesel]], [[Adrian Bochet]] and [[Frederic Dyckhoff]].
**first diesel [[motorship]] was also the first diesel–electric ship, the Russian tanker ''[[Vandal (tanker)|Vandal]]'' from [[Branobel]], which was launched in 1903
*1904 - The first non-experimental [[trolleybus]] system was a seasonal municipal line installed near [[Hull, MA|Nantasket Beach]] in 1904; the first year-round commercial line was built to open a hilly property to development just outside [[Los Angeles]] in 1910.
*1906 - Early [[hydrofoil]] used by [[Enrico Forlanini]].
*1907 - The [[London Electrobus Company]] started running a service of [[battery-electric bus]]es between London's Victoria Station and Liverpool Street on 15 July 1907.
*1908 - the Kohlerer-funicular went into service in [[Bolzano]]. It was the first modern (enclosed) [[Aerial lift|cable car]] in the world to carry passengers.
*1908 – First mass-produced automobile- [[Henry Ford]] develops the assembly line method of automobile manufacturing with the introduction of the [[Model T|Ford Model T]].
*1910 - [[Fabre Hydravion]] first seaplane.
*1911 – ''[[Selandia]]'' launched – First ocean-going, [[diesel engine]]-driven ship.
*1912 - The world's first [[diesel locomotive]] (a diesel-mechanical locomotive) was operated in the summer of 1912 on the [[Winterthur–Romanshorn railway]] in Switzerland. 
*1912 - [[Articulated vehicle|Articulated]] trams, invented and first used by the [[Boston Elevated Railway]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mbta.com/about_the_mbta/history/?id=964|title=About the MBTA-The "El"|author=MBTA|year=2010|publisher=MBTA|access-date=8 December 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101126204041/http://mbta.com/about_the_mbta/history/?id=964|archive-date=26 November 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
*1914 - The first application of railway electric [[traffic light]] signals was by the [[Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad]]'s use of the US&S "Style L" colour light signal on their line through the Pacific Northwest.
*1915
**The Luftkissengleitboot [[Hovercraft]] – First hovering vehicle was created by Dagobert Müller. It could only travel on water.
**[[Motorized scooter]] invented.
**A British commission was tasked with creating a vehicle able to cross a 4&nbsp;ft wide trench – the tank.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-25109879|title=World War One: The tank's secret Lincoln origins|work=BBC News|date=24 February 2014|access-date=1 April 2015}}</ref>
*1916 – First tank prototype, nicknamed "mother", was created by Britain during [[World War I]].<ref>Glanfield, Appendix 2.</ref>
*1919 - [[HD-4]] first [[hydroplane (boat)|hydroplane]] launched by [[Alexander Graham Bell]].
*1923 - First controlled [[autogyro]] [[rotorcraft]] flight in [[Cierva C.4]].
*1924 - The world's first functional [[diesel locomotive]] (diesel-electric locomotive) ([[Russian locomotive class E el-2|E<sup>el</sup>2]] original number Юэ 001/Yu-e 001) started operations, designed by a team led by [[Yuri Lomonosov]] and built 1923–1924 by [[Maschinenfabrik Esslingen]] in Germany.
*1926 – [[Robert H. Goddard]] launches the first [[bipropellant rocket|liquid-fueled rocket]].
*1928 - First [[Moth (dinghy)]] built in [[Inverloch, Victoria|Inverloch]].
*1932 - The first electric [[golf cart]] was custom-made in 1932, but did not gain widespread acceptance.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=5uEDAAAAMBAJ&dq=popular+mechanics+1932+May%2C1932&pg=PA801 "Golfer Follows Ball In Car Run By Electricity", May 1932, Popular Mechanics] article bottom of page 801</ref>
*1935 – First flight of the [[DC-3]], one of the most significant transport aircraft in the history of aviation.<ref>[http://www.centercomp.com/cgi-bin/dc3/gallery?1902 The DC-3] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071205084939/http://centercomp.com/cgi-bin/dc3/gallery?1902 |date=5 December 2007 }}</ref>
**[[Hermann Kemper]] built a working [[linear induction motor]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cem.colorado.edu/archives/fl1997/thor.html |title=CEM - Fall/Winter 1997 Issue - Germany's Transrapid |access-date=2011-08-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928000224/http://cem.colorado.edu/archives/fl1997/thor.html |archive-date=2011-09-28 }}</ref>
*1939 - 20 June - First rocket powered aircraft, the [[Heinkel He 176]], takes flight.
*1939 – 27 August - First [[jet engine]] aircraft, the [[Heinkel He 178]], takes flight.
*1940 - First fully articulated bus Isotta Fraschini TS40.
*1942 – [[V-2 rocket|V2]] [[rocket]] covers a distance of {{convert|200|km|mi}}.
*1943 - [[Traffic cone]] invented.
*1947 – [[Chuck Yeager]] in the [[Bell X1]] completes the first [[supersonic]] manned flight.

===Late 20th Century===
[[File:0 series Yurakucho 19670505.jpg|thumb|A 0 series [[Shinkansen]] high-speed rail set in Tokyo, May 1967]]
[[File:02.03.69 1er vol de Concorde (1969) - 53Fi1931 - cropped.jpg|thumb|Concorde 001 first flight in 1969]]
[[File:STS120LaunchHiRes-edit1.jpg|thumb|Space shuttle launch]]
[[File:C5 Alive rally.jpg|right|thumb|C5 enthusiasts gather at the [[Brooklands Museum]]]]
[[File:BSag 801-III.JPG|thumb|First fully low floor tram in Bremen]]
*1950 – First [[Heritage railway]].
*1952
**Supramar launched the first commercial [[high-speed craft]], a [[hydrofoil]].
**[[de Havilland Comet]] first commercial jet air liner.
*1955 – First [[nuclear marine propulsion|nuclear-powered vessel]], {{USS|Nautilus|SSN-571|6}}, a submarine, is launched.
*1956 – Demonstration of [[SR.N1]], first modern hovercraft by [[Christopher Cockerell]].
*1957
**[[Sputnik 1]] – First artificial satellite to be launched into orbit.
**''Gateway City'' – World's first purpose-built [[container ship]], enters service.
**First flight of the [[Boeing 707]] – First commercially successful jet airliner.
*1959 – The first modern [[fuel cell]] vehicle was a modified [[Allis-Chalmers]] farm tractor, fitted with a 15 kilowatt fuel cell, around 1959.<ref>Wand, George. [http://www.fuelcelleducation.org/wp-content/themes/sandbox/pdf/Fuel%20Cell%20History%20article.pdf “Fuel Cell History, Part 2”] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402160546/http://www.fuelcelleducation.org/wp-content/themes/sandbox/pdf/Fuel%20Cell%20History%20article.pdf |date=2015-04-02 }}. “Fuel Cell Today”, April 2006, accessed August 2, 2011</ref>
*1961 – [[Vostok 1]], first crewed space mission, designed by [[Sergey Korolyov]], makes two orbits around the Earth with [[Yuri Gagarin]].
*1962 – The first ascending-gliding parachute was developed by Pierre-Marcel Lemoigne in 1962.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.parasail.org/|title=Welcome to the Parasail Safety Council|website=www.parasail.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.alohasurfguide.com/parasailing/|title=Parasailing &#124; Aloha Surf Guide}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.discovery.com/adventure/extreme-sports/parasailing-what-you-need-to-know-before-you-go.htm|title=Parasailing: What You Need to Know Before You Go|first=Talal|last=Al-Khatib|date=5 December 2011}}</ref> 
*1964 – [[Shinkansen]] first [[high-speed rail]].
*1966 – [[Caspian Sea Monster]] [[ground effect vehicle]] introduced.
*1967 – [[Automatic train operation]] introduced on [[London Underground]].
*1968 – [[Space hopper]] invented.
*1969
**First flight of the [[Boeing 747]] – First commercial widebody airliner.
**NASA rocket technology, spurred on by the US/Russia [[Space Race]] – Makes the first [[Apollo 11|crewed Moon landing]] a reality.
**[[Lolo ball]] invented.
*1971
**[[Salyut 1]], first [[space station]], launched by [[Soviet Union]].
**[[Runcorn Busway]] was the world's first [[bus rapid transit]] system.<ref name="RUDI 7.3 Transport">{{cite web |url=http://www.rudi.net/books/3346 |title=Runcorn New Town - 7.3 Transport |website=rudi.net |access-date=24 July 2020 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018012240/http://www.rudi.net/books/3346 |archive-date=18 October 2014}}</ref>
*1973 – [[Stadtbahnwagen B]] [[semi-metro|hybrid]] [[tram]] developed.
*1975 – [[Morgantown PRT]], first [[Personal Rapid Transit]] system to be installed.
*1976 – [[Concorde]] makes the world's first commercial passenger-carrying supersonic flight.
*1977 – The first [[self driving car|semi-automated car]] was developed in 1977, by Japan's Tsukuba Mechanical Engineering Laboratory, which required specially marked streets.
*1980 – Modern [[guided bus]] passenger service introduced in [[Essen]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://citytransport.info/OBahn.htm|title=Bus Priority Systems (Bus Rapid Transit) - Special Feature On Kerb Guided Buses (O-Bahn)|website=citytransport.info}}</ref>
*1981
**Maiden flight of the [[Space Shuttle]].
**The first fully [[Automated guideway transit]] driverless [[people mover]] train technology introduced on [[Port Island Line]], Japan.
*1983 – First [[Automated guideway transit]] driverless metro, and one of the first fully driverless train technologies, [[Véhicule Automatique Léger]] introduced in [[Lille Metro]], France.
*1984 – First commercial maglev, albeit low-speed opens in Birmingham.
*1985 – [[Sinclair C5]], the first mass-produced electric battery [[velomobile]] launched.
*1989 – [[Snakeboard]] invented.
*1990 – First transport simulation computer game [[Railroad Tycoon]] released.
*1990 – [[ADtranz low floor tram]] world's first completely low floor tram introduced.
*1994 – [[Channel Tunnel]] opens.
*1994 – Modern [[kickbike]] invented in Finland.
*1997 – First [[Shinkansen#Maglev (Chuo Shinkansen)|Maglev]] train prototypes are tested in Japan.
*1997 – [[Toyota RAV4 EV]], first [[nickel-metal hydride batteries]] (NiMH) electric car. [[Toyota Prius]] first mass-produced full hybrid car.
*1997 – [[Nissan R'nessa]], first short-run production [[lithium-ion battery]] electric car.
*1998 – First ion-propulsion spacecraft [[Deep Space 1]] launched.
*1998 – Honda Raccoon Compo, first [[folding bicycle|folding electric bicycle]] in Japan.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Henshaw |first1=David |title=Honda Step-Compo |url=https://www.atob.org.uk/folding-electric-bikes-2/honda-step-compo/ |website=A to B Magazine |date=1 June 2004}}</ref>
*1999 – [[Trikke]] (wiggle scooter) invented.
*2000 – Honda Step Compo, first [[folding bicycle|folding electric bicycle]] internationally available.
*2000 – [[TransMilenio]], first modern [[bus rapid transit]].

==21st century==
{{See also|History of self-driving cars|Timeline of railway history#21st century}}<!--List of automated train systems--><!--Automated guideway transit-->

*2001 - Germany trials [[capa vehicle]] hybrid buses in Nuremberg using an ultracapacitor to store electrical energy.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vag.de/Busses/id124/The-Ultracapbus.html |title=The Ultracapbus - VAG Nürnberg - Öffentlicher Personennahverkehr in Nürnberg |publisher=Vag.de |access-date=29 May 2013 |archive-date=11 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111220125/http://www.vag.de/Busses/id124/The-Ultracapbus.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>Stefan Kerschl, Eberhard Hipp, Gerald Lexen: ''[http://www.aachener-kolloquium.de/pdf/Vortr_Nachger/Kerschl.pdf Effizienter Hybridantrieb mit Ultracaps für Stadtbusse] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111215209/http://www.aachener-kolloquium.de/pdf/Vortr_Nachger/Kerschl.pdf |date=11 January 2014 }}'' 14. Aachener Kolloquium Fahrzeug- und Motorentechnik 2005 (German)</ref>
*2002 – [[Segway PT]] self-balancing personal transport was launched by inventor [[Dean Kamen]].
*2003 - Concorde makes last passenger flight.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/concode-last-flight|title = Concorde's last flight: Is this the greatest aviation photograph of all time?| date=25 November 2018 }}</ref>
*2003 - First modern [[Ground-level power supply]] technology, [[Bordeaux tramway]].
*2003 - Germany introduces [[capa vehicle]] trams in Mannheim.<ref>M. Fröhlich, M. Klohr, St. Pagiela: ''[http://www.uic.org/cdrom/2008/11_wcrr2008/pdf/R.3.4.3.2.pdf Energy Storage System with UltraCaps on Board of Railway Vehicles] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111224348/http://www.uic.org/cdrom/2008/11_wcrr2008/pdf/R.3.4.3.2.pdf |date=11 January 2014 }}'' In: ''[http://www.allianz-pro-schiene.de/veranstaltungen/2006/workshop-verbesserung-der-umweltwirkungen-des-eisenbahnverkehrs/praesentation-kehl.pdf Proceedings - 8th World Congress on Railway Research]'' Mai 2008, Soul, Korea</ref><ref>Bombardier, MITRAC Energy Saver [http://www.bombardier.com/content/dam/Websites/bombardiercom/supporting-documents/BT/Bombardier-Transport-ECO4-MITRAC_Energy_Saver-EN.pdf Support PDF]</ref>
*2003 - [[NE Train]] trials first [[hybrid train]] to use lithium-ion batteries.<ref>{{cite book | chapter-url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6869881 | doi=10.1109/IPEC.2014.6869881 | chapter=Catenary and storage battery hybrid system for electric railcar series EV-E301 | title=2014 International Power Electronics Conference (IPEC-Hiroshima 2014 - ECCE ASIA) | year=2014 | last1=Kono | first1=Y. | last2=Shiraki | first2=N. | last3=Yokoyama | first3=H. | last4=Furuta | first4=R. | pages=2120–2125 | isbn=978-1-4799-2705-0 | s2cid=22030223 }}</ref>
*2004 – [[Shanghai Maglev Train|First commercial high speed Maglev train]] starts operation between Shanghai and its airport.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2004/jan/15/research.highereducation3|title=Probably the world's fastest train|website=[[TheGuardian.com]]|date=15 January 2004}}</ref>
*2004 - First modern urban transit aerial cable car [[Metrocable (Medellín)]].<ref>{{cite news |title=The rise of the urban cable car |url=https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20190103-the-rise-of-the-urban-cable-car |work=www.bbc.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Macguire |first1=Eoghan |title=Skypods: Are gondolas the next big thing in urban transport? {{!}} CNN Business |url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/09/13/business/skypods-gondolas-urban-transport/index.html |work=CNN |date=13 September 2013 |language=en}}</ref>
*2008 - [[Tesla Roadster (2008)|Tesla Roadster]], first mass production lithium-ion battery electric car.
*2009 - [[Škoda 15 T]] world's first completely low-floor tram with articulated bogies introduced.
*2010s - [[Mobile app]]s and online platforms for finding, planning, offering and booking affordable public transport such as buses as well as [[carsharing]], [[bicycle sharing system|bicycle sharing]] and [[carpool]]ing emerge and are becoming popular along with associated transportation infrastructure networks (examples: [[BlaBlaCar]], [[Flixbus]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Billiganbieter erobern den Fernreisemarkt |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319275719 |access-date=25 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Guihéry |first1=Laurent |title=Long Distance Coach Services in France and Germany: the new European competition between Flixbus and BlaBlaBus |url=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-02374703/ |journal=Rivista di Economia e Politica dei Trasporti |access-date=25 August 2021 |language=en |date=15 November 2019|volume=1 |issue=2019 }}</ref>
*2010 – [[ULTra (rapid transit)]], the first modern commercial [[Personal Rapid Transit]] system to be installed. Started operations at [[Heathrow Airport]].
*2010 - [[IKAROS]] spacecraft launched with [[solar sail]] propulsion.
*2013 - [[Self-balancing scooter]] invented.
*2015 - In March, [[CSR Corporation Limited|China South Rail Corporation]] (CSR) demonstrated the world's first hydrogen [[fuel cell vehicle]] tramcar at an assembly facility in Qingdao.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://en.yibada.com/articles/21142/20150321/china-worlds-first-hydrogen-fueled-tram.htm#|title=China Presents the World's First Hydrogen-Fueled Tram|work=Yibada News |date=21 March 2015 |last1=Salvacion |first1=Manny }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iflscience.com/technology/china-develops-worlds-first-hydrogen-powered-tram|title=China Develops World's First Hydrogen-Powered Tram|work=IFLScience|date=24 March 2015 }}</ref>
*2015 - [[Navya SAS]] launch first autonomous bus, Navya Autonom Shuttle at [[Sheba Medical Center]], Israel.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bloomberg.com/press-releases/2021-01-18/navya-first-autonomous-shuttle-service-launched-in-israel | title=Navya: First Autonomous Shuttle Service Launched in Israel | newspaper=Bloomberg.com | date=18 January 2021 }}</ref>
*2016 - First [[hydrogen fuel cell]] powered  passenger aircraft flight [[DLR HY4]].
*2017 - First 100% [[low-floor tram]] [[Ground-level power supply]] technology, ''TramWave'', opening of [[Trams in Zhuhai|Zhuhai tram]] China.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sohu.com/a/www.sohu.com/a/151199902_802218|title=历经磨难 全球首个地面供电的100%低地板现代有轨电车项目终成正果|website=www.sohu.com}}</ref>
*2018 - First driverless [[trams in Potsdam]], Germany tested.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/sep/23/potsdam-inside-the-worlds-first-autonomous-tram | title=Germany launches world's first autonomous tram in Potsdam | first=Kate | last=Connolly | newspaper=The Guardian | date=23 September 2018 | access-date=11 January 2020}}</ref>
*2018 - First mass-produced hydrogen fuel cell car, [[Toyota Mirai]].
*2018 - First electroaerodynamic thrust winged [[Ion-propelled aircraft]] test flight of [[MIT EAD Airframe Version 2]] using [[ionic wind]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.mit.edu/2018/first-ionic-wind-plane-no-moving-parts-1121|title=MIT engineers fly first-ever plane with no moving parts|date=21 November 2018 }}</ref>
*2018 – First commercial [[Hydrail|hydrogen-powered passenger train]], [[Alstom Coradia Lint]], launches in [[Lower Saxony]], [[Germany]].<ref>{{cite web|date=16 September 2018|title=Hydrogen fuel cell train to enter service|url=https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/news/20180917_04/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918014942/https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/news/20180917_04/|archive-date=18 September 2018|access-date=18 September 2018|publisher=NHK World - Japan}}</ref> {{see below|also [[#hydrail|below]]}}
*2019 - The [[Autonomous Rail Rapid Transit]] opens in China.
*~2016-2021 – Various first advanced trials of various types of autonomous delivery vehicles.<ref>{{cite news |title=JD.com, Meituan and Neolix to test autonomous deliveries on Beijing public roads |url=https://techcrunch.com/2021/05/25/meituan-jd-com-and-neolix-begin-autonomous-deliveries-in-beijing/ |access-date=28 April 2022 |work=TechCrunch}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Hawkins |first1=Andrew J. |title=Waymo is designing a self-driving Ram delivery van with FCA |url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/7/22/21334012/waymo-fca-ram-delivery-self-driving-van |access-date=28 April 2022 |work=The Verge |date=22 July 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Arrival's delivery van demos its autonomous chops at a UK parcel depot |url=https://newatlas.com/automotive/arrivals-delivery-van-autonomous-demo-parcel-depot/ |access-date=28 April 2022 |work=New Atlas |date=3 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Buss |first1=Dale |title=Walmart Presses Its Distribution Legacy To Lead In Automated Delivery |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/dalebuss/2021/08/31/walmart-presses-its-distribution-legacy-to-lead-in-automated-delivery/ |access-date=28 April 2022 |work=Forbes |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Cooley |first1=Patrick |last2=Dispatch |first2=The Columbus |title=Grubhub testing delivery robots |url=https://techxplore.com/news/2021-09-grubhub-delivery-robots.html |access-date=28 April 2022 |work=techxplore.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Self-driving delivery van ditches 'human controls' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-51409031 |access-date=28 April 2022 |work=BBC News |date=6 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Krok |first1=Andrew |title=Nuro's self-driving delivery van wants to run errands for you |url=https://www.cnet.com/roadshow/news/nuros-self-driving-delivery-van-wants-to-run-errands-for-you/ |access-date=28 April 2022 |work=CNET |language=en}}</ref>{{More detail needed|date=April 2022}}

=== 2020s ===

==== Transportation technologies in society ====
*2020 – The [[COVID-19 pandemic]], partly due to [[COVID-19 lockdown|lockdowns]], temporarily drastically reduces the use of surface (including [[Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on public transport|public]]) and [[Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on aviation|air]] transport technologies. [[Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the environment#Cycling|Cycling is an exception to this]] and increased during the pandemic, along with bike-sales.<ref>{{cite web |title=Changes in transport behaviour during the Covid-19 crisis – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/articles/changes-in-transport-behaviour-during-the-covid-19-crisis |website=IEA |date=27 May 2020 |access-date=25 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=Zhu |last2=Ciais |first2=Philippe |last3=Deng |last4=Schellnhuber |first4=Hans  | display-authors=et al. |title=Near-real-time monitoring of global CO<sub>2</sub> emissions reveals the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic |journal=Nature Communications |date=14 October 2020 |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=5172 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-18922-7 |pmid=33057164 |pmc=7560733 |arxiv=2004.13614 |bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5172L |url=|language=en |issn=2041-1723}}</ref>
[[File:Illustration of examples of mechanisms by which automobility harms people and the environment.jpg|thumb|2024: A comprehensive global review of [[Societal impacts of cars|harms from personal car transport]] is published.]]
*2022 – A study for the first time attempts to assess and quantify [[Effects of the car on societies#Public or external costs|complete societal]] [[Economics of car use|costs]] of [[car]]s (i.e. car-use, etc.) by quantifying [[externality|externalities]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gössling |first1=Stefan |last2=Kees |first2=Jessica |last3=Litman |first3=Todd |title=The lifetime cost of driving a car |journal=Ecological Economics |date=1 April 2022 |volume=194 |pages=107335 |doi=10.1016/j.ecolecon.2021.107335 |s2cid=246059536 |language=en |issn=0921-8009|doi-access=free |url=https://lnu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1659791/FULLTEXT01 }}</ref>
*2022 – A study estimates the [[air pollution]] impacts on climate change and the ozone layer from rocket launches and re-entry of reusable components and [[space debris|debris]] in 2019 and from a theoretical future [[space industry]] extrapolated from the "[[billionaire space race]]". It concludes that substantial effects from routine [[space tourism]] should "motivate [[space law|regulation]]".<ref>{{cite news |title=Space tourism from companies like SpaceX, Virgin Galactic and Blue Origin could undo work to repair ozone layer, study finds |url=https://news.sky.com/story/space-tourism-from-companies-like-spacex-virgin-galactic-and-blue-origin-could-undo-work-to-repair-ozone-layer-study-finds-12640296 |access-date=19 July 2022 |work=Sky News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ryan |first1=Robert G. |last2=Marais |first2=Eloise A. |author2-link=Eloise Marais|last3=Balhatchet |first3=Chloe J. |last4=Eastham |first4=Sebastian D. |title=Impact of Rocket Launch and Space Debris Air Pollutant Emissions on Stratospheric Ozone and Global Climate |journal=Earth's Future |date=June 2022 |volume=10 |issue=6 |pages=e2021EF002612 |doi=10.1029/2021EF002612 |pmid=35865359 |pmc=9287058 |bibcode=2022EaFut..1002612R |language=en |issn=2328-4277}}</ref>
*2023 – A study outlines challenges of [[Environmental effects of aviation#Mitigation|aviation decarbonization]] by 2050 whose identified factors mainly are [[Air travel demand reduction|future demand]], continuous [[fuel economy in aircraft|efficiency]] improvements, new short-haul engines, higher [[sustainable aviation fuel|SAF (biofuel)]] production (including measures that affect their competitiveness and deployment), [[CO2 removal|{{CO2}} removal]] to compensate for non-{{CO2}} forcing, and related policy-options. With constant air transport demand and aircraft efficiency, decarbonizing aviation would require nearly five times the 2019 worldwide [[biofuel]] production, competing with other hard-to-decarbonize sectors and land-use (or [[food security]]).<ref name="10.1038/s41893-022-01046-9">{{cite journal |last1=Bergero |first1=Candelaria |display-authors= etal |title=Pathways to net-zero emissions from aviation |journal= [[Nature Sustainability]] |date=30 January 2023 |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=404–414 |doi=10.1038/s41893-022-01046-9 |s2cid=256449498 |doi-access=free |url=https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-1871023/latest.pdf }}</ref>
* 2024 – An analysis of Outer London's [[Mini-Hollands]] [[Active mobility|active transport]] infrastructures indicates [[Low Traffic Neighbourhood]]s are highly effective and cost-efficient measures in terms of [[Health economics|health economic]] benefits.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Walker |first1=Peter |title=Health gains of low-traffic schemes up to 100 times greater than costs, study finds |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2024/mar/08/health-gains-of-low-traffic-schemes-up-to-100-times-greater-than-costs-study-finds |access-date=11 May 2024 |work=The Guardian |date=8 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Aldred |first1=Rachel |last2=Goodman |first2=Anna |last3=Woodcock |first3=James |title=Impacts of active travel interventions on travel behaviour and health: Results from a five-year longitudinal travel survey in Outer London |journal=Journal of Transport & Health |date=March 2024 |volume=35 |pages=101771 |doi=10.1016/j.jth.2024.101771 |issn=2214-1405|doi-access=free|bibcode=2024JTHea..3501771A |url=https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/bitstreams/5ed445f8-fc2e-4853-805a-5e2a1eea7503/download }}</ref>
* 2024 – A global review of [[Societal impacts of cars|harms from personal car automobility]] finds cars have killed 60–80 million people since [[History of the automobile#Eras of invention|their invention]], with [[Technology and society|automobility]] causing roughly [[List of causes of death by rate|every 34th death]], and summarises interventions that are ready for implementation to reduce the, largely crash-linked or pollution-mediated, deaths from automobility-centrism and [[Car dependency|dependency]].<ref>{{cite news |title=As some countries spurn cars, the U.S. continues to embrace highways |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/science/environment/countries-spurn-cars-us-continues-embrace-highways-rcna145681 |work=NBC News |date=30 March 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Miner |first1=Patrick |last2=Smith |first2=Barbara M. |last3=Jani |first3=Anant |last4=McNeill |first4=Geraldine |last5=Gathorne-Hardy |first5=Alfred |title=Car harm: A global review of automobility's harm to people and the environment |journal=Journal of Transport Geography |date=February 2024 |volume=115 |pages=103817 |doi=10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2024.103817 |issn=0966-6923|doi-access=free|bibcode=2024JTGeo.11503817M |hdl=20.500.11820/a251f0b3-69e4-4b46-b424-4b3abea30b64 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

==== Sustainable transport ====
{{See also|Sustainable transport#Possible measures for urban transport|High-speed rail|Mobility as a service|Electric vehicle conversion|Personal carbon trading}}
*2020 – First commercial flight of a [[Hydrogen-powered aircraft|hydrogen fuel cell plane]].<ref>{{cite news |title=First hydrogen-powered plane takes flight |website=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=24 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206052811/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2020/09/24/first-hydrogen-powered-plane-takes-flight/ |archive-date=2022-12-06 |url-status=live |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2020/09/24/first-hydrogen-powered-plane-takes-flight/ |last1=Tovey |first1=Alan }}</ref>
*2020 – [[Google Maps]] begins including [[Bicycle-sharing system|bike shares]] in its widely used [[Journey planner|route planning]] functionality.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Porter|first=Jon|date=2020-07-20|title=Google Maps now shows cycling routes using docked bike-sharing schemes|url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/7/20/21330939/google-maps-bike-routes-docked-cycleshare-hire-cities|access-date=2020-07-24|website=The Verge|language=en}}</ref>
*Early 2020s – Researchers investigate safe ways of [[Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on public transport|public transport during the COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ku |first1=Donggyun |last2=Yeon |first2=Chihyung |last3=Lee |first3=Seungjae |last4=Lee |first4=Kyuhong |last5=Hwang |first5=Kiyeon |last6=Li |first6=Yuen Chong |last7=Wong |first7=Sze Chun |title=Safe traveling in public transport amid COVID-19 |journal=Science Advances |year=2021 |volume=7 |issue=43 |pages=eabg3691 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.abg3691|pmid=34678065 |pmc=8535823 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Transportation Institute releases promising findings of COVID-19 public transit study |url=https://www.fresnostatenews.com/2020/10/28/transportation-institute-releases-promising-findings-of-covid-19-public-transit-study/ |website=Fresno State News |access-date=28 April 2022 |date=28 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Watson |first1=Rowan |last2=Oldfield |first2=Morwenna |last3=Bryant |first3=Jack A. |last4=Riordan |first4=Lily |last5=Hill |first5=Harriet J. |last6=Watts |first6=Julie A. |last7=Alexander |first7=Morgan R. |last8=Cox |first8=Michael J. |last9=Stamataki |first9=Zania |last10=Scurr |first10=David J. |last11=de Cogan |first11=Felicity |title=Efficacy of antimicrobial and anti-viral coated air filters to prevent the spread of airborne pathogens |journal=Scientific Reports |date=9 March 2022 |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=2803 |doi=10.1038/s41598-022-06579-9 |pmid=35264599 |pmc=8907282 |bibcode=2022NatSR..12.2803W |language=en |issn=2045-2322}}</ref>
*{{vanchor|hydrail|text=2022}} – The first rail line entirely run by [[Hydrail|hydrogen-powered trains]] debuts in Germany.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Buckley |first1=Julia |title=The world's first hydrogen-powered passenger trains are here |url=https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/coradia-ilint-hydrogen-trains/index.html |access-date=15 September 2022 |work=CNN |language=en}}</ref> The state company owning the railway later switches to [[Railway electrification|electric]] models since they are "cheaper to operate".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Papadopoulos |first1=Loukia |title=First adopter of hydrogen trains switches to electric models |url=https://interestingengineering.com/transportation/first-adopter-of-hydrogen-trains-switches-to-electric-models |access-date=7 October 2023 |work=interestingengineering.com |date=10 August 2023}}</ref> Two other hydrogen trains have been reported as of 2023: [[Siemens Mireo#Mireo Plus H|Mireo Plus H]] by [[Siemens]] in Germany (under development) and an urban train by the Railway Rolling Stock Corporation in China.<ref>{{cite news |title=China hat elektrischen Zug mit Wasserstoffantrieb entwickelt |url=https://www.forschung-und-wissen.de/nachrichten/technik/china-hat-elektrischen-zug-mit-wasserstoffantrieb-entwickelt-13377092 |access-date=24 February 2023 |work=www.forschung-und-wissen.de |language=de}}</ref>
*2023 – The first test-runs of a superconducting [[maglev]] test line, called a [[hyperloop]], are carried out in [[Datong]], China (50&nbsp;km/h of ~1,000&nbsp;km/h). [[Hyperloop One]] conducted the world's first test carrying passengers in pods, reaching a speed of 172&nbsp;km/h in Los Angeles in 2020, but reportedly abandoned the goal of transporting humans as of 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=Breakthrough in China hyperloop project aiming to transport people at 1,000km/h |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3207355/chinas-hyperloop-completes-first-test-runs-pushing-ahead-race-ultra-fast-land-transport |access-date=24 February 2023 |work=South China Morning Post |date=19 January 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
*2023 – A comeback of [[Sleeping car#Night trains today|sleeping trains]] in Europe is reported as demand for more comfortable travel modes than overnight buses and [[sustainable transport]] rises. A new generation of such trains is released.<ref>{{cite news |title=Why sleeper trains are being revived across Europe |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-64950747 |access-date=17 November 2023 |work=BBC News |date=16 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Georgiadis |first1=Philip |title='We are full': the rebirth of Europe's sleeper trains |url=https://www.ft.com/content/c9d92684-8c0a-480c-9b95-d568551fc42d |access-date=12 November 2023 |work=Financial Times |date=10 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Dream travel: How Europe's sleeper train network is set to expand  |url=https://www.euronews.com/travel/2023/03/09/dream-travel-how-europes-sleeper-train-network-is-set-to-expand |access-date=17 November 2023 |work=euronews |date=9 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Austria rail operator OeBB unveils new night trains |url=https://techxplore.com/news/2023-09-austria-rail-oebb-unveils-night.html |access-date=12 November 2023 |work=techxplore.com |language=en|quote=Austrian rail operator OeBB on Saturday unveiled its new generation of sleeper trains—a response to demands from travelers for less pollutant alternatives to planes and petrol or diesel cars. Night trains are starting to make a comeback in Europe thanks to their low-carbon footprint…}}</ref>

==== Autonomous vehicles ====
Milestones in autonomous sustainable / public transport vehicles are also listed in this section.
*2020 - CR400BF-C '[[Fuxing Hao]]', a variant of CR400 Fuxing series, running on [[Beijing–Zhangjiakou intercity railway]] is the world first high-speed rail service capable of driverless automation in commercial operations. The specific Grade of Automation (GoA) was not announced.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/driverless-bullet-train-china/index.html |title= China's Fuxing series, can run up to 350 kilometers per hour (217 mph) without a driver |website= CNN | date=8 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2020/jan/09/worlds-fastest-driverless-automated-bullet-train-launches-beijing-china-olympics |title= World's fastest driverless bullet train launches in China |website=The Guardian|date= 9 Jan 2020}}</ref>
*Early 2020s - Multiple electric, [[autonomous bus]]es open for public transport – albeit with a local professional driving-assistant – are being launched around the world<ref>{{cite news |last1=Benson |first1=Thor |title=Self-driving buses to appear on public roads for the first time |url=https://www.inverse.com/innovation/americas-first-self-driving-buses-are-coming-to-a-town-in-florida |access-date=26 August 2021 |work=Inverse |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Europe's first full-sized self-driving urban electric bus has arrived |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2021/03/europe-first-autonomous-electric-buses-spain/ |access-date=26 August 2021 |work=World Economic Forum |language=en}}</ref><!--https://www.dw.com/en/germany-berlin-tests-driverless-buses/a-50055426--> after the first such bus started operating for the general public in a Swiss town in 2018.<ref>{{cite news |title=Self-driving bus propels Swiss town into the future |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2018/06/27/sport/trapeze-self-driving-autonomous-electric-bus-switzerland-spt-intl/index.html |access-date=26 August 2021 |work=CNN}}</ref>{{Contradictory inline|reason=Navya SAS operated in Israel from 2015.|date=November 2021}}
*2021 – The pilot project of the "world's first [[self-driving train|automated, driverless train]]" is launched in the city of [[Hamburg]], Germany. The conventional, standard-track<!--not a separate rail and non-monorail-->, non-metro train technology could, according to reports, theoretically be implemented for rail transport worldwide and is reported to also be substantially more [[Energy conservation|energy efficient]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Germany unveils first self-driving train |url=https://techxplore.com/news/2021-10-germany-unveils-self-driving.html |access-date=15 November 2021 |work=techxplore.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Germany: Hamburg gets first fully automated tram {{!}} DW {{!}} 11.10.2021 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/germany-hamburg-gets-first-fully-automated-tram/a-59470896 |access-date=15 November 2021 |work=Deutsche Welle (www.dw.com)}}</ref>{{Contradictory inline|article=Automatic train operation|section=Mainline operation|reason=Sources there have earlier examples e.g. [[Thameslink]] in 2018|date=November 2021}}
*2021 – The world's first urban [[Unmanned surface vehicle|autonomous vessels]], [[Roboat]]s, are deployed in the [[canals of Amsterdam]], Netherlands. The ships developed by three institutions could carry up to five people, [[waste management|collect waste]], [[Autonomous logistics|deliver goods]], and provide <!--ad hoc infrastructure-->"on-demand infrastructure".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gordon |first1=Rachel |title=Self-driving Roboats set sail in Amsterdam canals |url=https://techxplore.com/news/2021-10-self-driving-roboats-amsterdam-canals.html |access-date=15 November 2021 |work=[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=MIT deploys first full-scale autonomous Roboat on canals of Amsterdam |url=https://newatlas.com/marine/mit-first-full-scale-autonomous-roboat-amsterdam/ |access-date=15 November 2021 |work=New Atlas |date=28 October 2021}}</ref>
*2021 – The first [[Unmanned surface vehicle#Cargo|autonomous cargo ship]], [[MV Yara Birkeland|MV ''Yara Birkeland'']] is launched in Norway. The fully [[Electric boat|electric ship]] is expected to substantially reduce the need for truck journeys.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Deshayes |first1=Pierre-Henry |title=First electric autonomous cargo ship launched in Norway |url=https://techxplore.com/news/2021-11-electric-autonomous-cargo-ship-norway.html |access-date=11 December 2021 |work=techxplore.com |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|Transport}}
* [[{{CURRENTYEAR}} in science and technology]]
* [[{{CURRENTYEAR}} in aviation]]
* [[{{CURRENTYEAR}} in rail transport]]
* [[Maritime timeline]]
* [[Timeline of automobiles]]
*[[Timeline of aviation]]
*[[Timeline of historic inventions]]
*[[History of the bicycle]]
*[[History of the electric vehicle]]
*[[Timeline of motorized bicycle history]]
*[[Timeline of railway history]]
*[[History of rapid transit]]
*[[Timeline of spaceflight]]
*[[Timeline of three longest spans]]
*[[Ufology]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |last1=Deboffles |first1=Xavier |title=Chronologie des transports |date=2011 |publisher=Éd. Tableaux synoptiques de l'histoire, TSH |location=Le Cannet |isbn=978-2-35972-031-0}}
*{{cite book |last1=Wilson |first1=Anthony |title=On the Move: A Visual Timeline of Transportation |date=1995 |publisher=Dorling Kindersley |isbn=978-1-56458-880-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B4QUAQAAIAAJ |language=en}}
*{{cite book |last1=Bruno |first1=Leonard C. |title=On the Move: A Chronology of Advances in Transportation |date=1993 |publisher=Gale Research |isbn=978-0-8103-8396-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=br0eAQAAMAAJ |language=en}}
* Berger, Michael L. ''The automobile in American history and culture: a reference guide'' (Greenwood, 2001).
* Condit, Carl W. ''The railroad and the city: a technological and urbanistic history of Cincinnati'' (The Ohio State University Press, 1977) [https://kb.osu.edu/bitstream/handle/1811/24811/1/THE_RAILROAD_AND_THE_CITY.pdf online].
* Eckermann, Erik. ''World history of the automobile'' (SAE International, 2001).
* Gkoumas, Konstantinos, and Anastasios Tsakalidis. "A framework for the taxonomy and assessment of new and emerging transport technologies and trends." ''Transport'' 34.4 (2019): 455–466. [https://scholar.google.com/scholar?as_ylo=2019&q=+transportation+technology&hl=en&as_sdt=0,27#d=gs_cit&t=1674752022395&u=%2Fscholar%3Fq%3Dinfo%3AHr8RefN5FAQJ%3Ascholar.google.com%2F%26output%3Dcite%26scirp%3D0%26hl%3Den  online]
* Gourvish, Terry. "What kind of railway history did we get? Forty years of research." '' Journal of Transport History'' 14.2 (1993): 111–125.
*   Horner, Craig. ''The Emergence of Bicycling and Automobility in Britain'' (Bloomsbury Academic, 2021) [http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=57968 online review]
* Kellermann, Robin, Tobias Biehle, and Liliann Fischer. "Drones for parcel and passenger transportation: A literature review." ''Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives'' 4 (2020): 100088. [https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C27&as_ylo=2019&q=+transportation+technology+history&btnG=#d=gs_cit&t=1674752127809&u=%2Fscholar%3Fq%3Dinfo%3ApOiH6hM1Q54J%3Ascholar.google.com%2F%26output%3Dcite%26scirp%3D0%26hl%3Den online]
* Knowles, Richard D., Fiona Ferbrache, and Alexandros Nikitas. "Transport's historical, contemporary and future role in shaping urban development: Re-evaluating transit oriented development." ''Cities'' 99 (2020): 102607. [https://scholar.google.com/scholar?start=10&q=+transportation+technology+history&hl=en&as_sdt=0,27&as_ylo=2019#d=gs_cit&t=1674752280489&u=%2Fscholar%3Fq%3Dinfo%3AzsyMN4_ijc4J%3Ascholar.google.com%2F%26output%3Dcite%26scirp%3D12%26hl%3Den online]
* Matthews, Jodie. "Canals in nineteenth-century literary history." in ''Transport and Its Place in History'' (Routledge, 2020) pp.&nbsp;136–150.
* Parissien, Steven. ''The life of the automobile: the complete history of the motor car'' (Macmillan, 2014).
* Schivelbusch, Wolfgang. ''The railway journey: The industrialization of time and space in the nineteenth century'' (Univ of California Press, 2014).
* Takatsu, Toshiji. "The history and future of high-speed railways in Japan." ''Japan Railway & Transport Review'' 48 (2007): 6-21. [https://scholar.google.com/scholar?start=50&q=railway++history&hl=en&as_sdt=0,27#d=gs_cit&t=1674752912584&u=%2Fscholar%3Fq%3Dinfo%3AG17AdPuhGSQJ%3Ascholar.google.com%2F%26output%3Dcite%26scirp%3D59%26hl%3Den online]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Timeline of Transportation Technology}}
[[Category:Transport timelines|Transportation technology]]