Editing Timor Sea

{{Short description|Sea between Malay Archipelago and Australia}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox body of water
| name               = Timor Sea
| native_name        = {{native name list
                           |tag1=id  |name1=Laut Timor
                           |tag2=pt  |name2=Mar de Timor
                           |tag3=tet |name3={{nowrap|Tasi Mane / Tasi Timór}}}}
| other_name         = 
<!--    Images     -->
| image              = Tasiibun.jpg
| alt                = The Timor Sea at Vessoru, East Timor
| caption            = The Timor Sea at [[Vessoru, East Timor]]
| image_bathymetry   = Locatie Timorzee.PNG
| alt_bathymetry     = The Timor Sea is located in the eastern Indian Ocean
| caption_bathymetry = Location of the Timor Sea
<!--    Stats      -->
| location           = Eastern [[Indian Ocean]], [[Asia]], [[Oceania]]
| coordinates        = {{coord|10|S|127|E|region:AU_type:waterbody_dim:700km|display=it}}
| type               = [[Sea]]
| etymology          = [[Timor|Timor Island]]
| part_of            = [[Indian Ocean]]
| inflow             = 
| rivers             = 
| outflow            = 
| oceans             = Indian Ocean 
| basin_countries    = {{ubl|[[Indonesia]]|[[East Timor]]|[[Australia]]}}
| length             = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used -->
| width              = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used -->
| area               = {{cvt|610000|km2|sqmi}}
| depth              = {{cvt|406|m|ft}}
| max-depth          = {{cvt|3300|m|ft}}
| volume             = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used -->
| salinity           = 
| shore              = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used -->
| temperature_high   = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used -->
| temperature_low    = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used -->
| islands            = [[Ashmore and Cartier Islands]], [[Browse Island]], [[Tiwi Islands]]
| islands_category   = 
| sections           = 
| trenches           = [[Timor Trough]]
| benches            = 
| cities             = [[Darwin, Northern Territory]]
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}}

The '''Timor Sea''' ({{langx|id|Laut Timor}}, {{langx|pt|Mar de Timor}}, {{langx|tet|Tasi Mane}} or {{lang|tet|Tasi Timór}}) is a relatively shallow sea in the [[Indian Ocean]] bounded to the north by the island of [[Timor]] with [[Timor-Leste]] to the north, [[Indonesia]] to the northwest, [[Arafura Sea]] to the east, and to the south by [[Australia]]. The [[Sunda Trench]] marks the deepest point of the Timor Sea with a depth of more than 3300 metres, separating the continents of [[Oceania]] in the southeast and [[Asia]] to the northwest and north. The Timor sea is prone to earthquakes and tsunamis north of the [[Sunda Trench]], due to its location on the [[Ring of Fire]] as well as volcanic activity and can experience major cyclones, due to the proximity from the [[Equator]].

The sea contains a number of reefs, uninhabited islands and significant [[hydrocarbon]] reserves. International disputes emerged after the reserves were discovered resulting in the signing of the [[Timor Sea Treaty]].

The Timor Sea was hit by the worst [[Montara oil spill|oil spill for 25 years in 2009]].<ref name="mosfsp">{{Cite news |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/montara-oil-spill-firm-seeks-permission-for-more-drills/story-e6frg8zx-1226046540339 |title=Montara oil spill firm seeks permission for more drills |author=Andrew Burrell |access-date=22 May 2011 |date=29 April 2011 |newspaper=The Australian |publisher=News Limited }}</ref>

It is possible that Australia's first inhabitants crossed the Timor Sea from the [[Malay Archipelago]] at a time when sea levels were lower.{{citation needed|date=March 2011}}

== Etymology ==
The Timor Sea is named after [[Timor]], the island on the other side of the sea's northern coastline.<ref name="ormeling 2000">{{cite journal |last1=Ormeling |first1=Ferjan |title=Sea Names Categories and Their Implications |journal=Journal of Geography Education, 44 |date=2000 |volume=44 |pages=54–61 |url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/ungegn/docs/_data_icacourses/_HtmlModules/_Documents/D03/Documents/D03-02_Ormeling.pdf |access-date=15 April 2022}}</ref> The island's name is a variant of {{lang|ms|timur}}, [[Malay language|Malay]] for "east".

In [[Tetum language|Tetum]], the sea is often referred to by the expression {{lang|tet|tasi mane}} ({{translation|literal=yes|'male sea'}}). The counterpart of that body of water, the '[[Ombai Strait|Ombai]]-[[Wetar Strait|Wetar]] Strait', which has smaller waves, is less [[Turbidity|turbid]], and washes most of Timor island's northern shores, is commonly referred to in Tetum as {{lang|tet|tasi feto}} ({{translation|literal=yes|'female sea'}}).<ref name="hunnam 2021">{{cite journal |last1=Hunnam |first1=Kimberley |last2=Carlos |first2=Imelda |last3=Hammer |first3=Michael P. |last4=Dos Reis Lopes |first4=Joctan |last5=Mills |first5=David J. |last6=Stacey |first6=Natasha |title=Untangling Tales of Tropical Sardines: Local Knowledge From Fisheries in Timor-Leste |journal=Frontiers in Marine Science |date=2021 |volume=8 |doi=10.3389/fmars.2021.673173 |issn=2296-7745|doi-access=free |hdl=1885/277964 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

== Geography ==
[[File:Timor See.jpg|thumb|left|Timor Sea and neighbouring seas]]
The waters to the east are known as the [[Arafura Sea]]. The Timor Sea is adjacent to three substantial inlets on the north Australian coast, the [[Joseph Bonaparte Gulf]], [[Beagle Gulf]] and the [[Van Diemen Gulf]]. The Australian city of [[Darwin, Northern Territory|Darwin]] which is located in part on the shore of the Beagle Gulf, is the nearest large city to the sea.<ref name="Tiwi">{{cite web |title=Survey Plan CP/5090 - localities within the Tiwi sub-region |url=http://www.ntlis.nt.gov.au/hpa-services/surveyplans?planname=CP/5090 |website=Place Names Committee |publisher=Northern Territory Government of Australia |access-date=1 May 2019 |date=5 April 2007}}</ref> The small town of [[Wyndham, Western Australia|Wyndham]] is located on the west arm of [[Cambridge Gulf]], an inlet of Joseph Bonaparte Gulf.

Rivers that enter the Timor Sea from the Northern Territory include [[Fish River (Northern Territory)|Fish River]], [[King River (Northern Territory)|King River]], [[Dry River (Northern Territory)|Dry River]], [[Victoria River (Northern Territory)|Victoria River]] and the [[Alligator Rivers]]. Rivers in the [[Kimberley (Western Australia)|Kimberley]] region that flows into the Timor Sea include the [[Ord River]], [[Forrest River]], [[Pentecost River]] and [[Durack River]].

The sea is about {{cvt|480|km}} wide, covering an area of about {{convert|610|e3km2|mi2|abbr=unit}}. Its deepest point is the [[Timor Trough]] (which some geologists consider to be the south-eastern extension of the [[Java Trench]], but others view it as a foreland trough to the Timor Island "mountain range"), located in the northern part of the sea, which reaches a depth of {{cvt|3,300|m}}. The remainder of the sea is much shallower, much of it averaging less than {{cvt|200|m}} deep, as it overlies the [[Sahul Shelf]], part of the Australian [[continental shelf]].

The Big Bank Shoals is an area on the sloping seabed between the continental shelf and the Timor Trough where a number of submerged banks are located.<ref name="aims">{{cite web |url=http://www.aims.gov.au/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=703cba58-6526-44e4-91eb-7ef84e4ba25d&groupId=30301 |title=Big Bank Shoals of the Timor Sea |access-date=4 June 2010 |date=30 August 2001 |publisher=Australian Institute of Marine Science }}</ref> The ecosystem of the shoals differs significantly from the deeper waters surrounding them. In May 2010, it was announced that a crater about {{cvt|50|km}} wide has been discovered on the seabed of the Timor Sea.<ref name="ag">{{cite web |url=http://www.australiangeographic.com.au/journal/vast-asteroid-crater-found-in-timor-sea.htm |title=Vast asteroid crater found in Timor Sea |author=Jess Teideman |access-date=31 May 2010 |date=21 May 2010 |publisher=[[Australian Geographic]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100524213811/http://www.australiangeographic.com.au/journal/vast-asteroid-crater-found-in-timor-sea.htm |archive-date=24 May 2010 }}</ref>

=== Extent ===
[[File:TC Floyd 22 mar 2006 0235Z.jpg|thumb|right|[[2005–06 Australian region cyclone season#Severe Tropical Cyclone Floyd|Tropical cyclone Floyd]] over the Timor Sea, 2006]]
The [[International Hydrographic Organization]] (IHO) defines the Timor Sea as being one of the waters of the [[East Indian Archipelago]]. The IHO defines its limits as follows:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://iho.int/uploads/user/pubs/standards/s-23/S-23_Ed3_1953_EN.pdf |title=Limits of Oceans and Seas, 3rd edition |year=1953 |publisher=International Hydrographic Organization |access-date=28 December 2020|page=28 }}</ref>
<blockquote>
''On the North'' The Southeastern limit of the [[Savu Sea]] [By a line from the Southwest point of [[Timor]] to the Northeast point of [[Rote Island|Roti]], through this island to its Southwest point] the Southeastern coast of Timor and the Southern limit of the [[Banda Sea]] [A line from Tanjong Aro Oesoe, through Sermata to Tanjong Njadora the Southeast point of Lakov ({{coord|8|16|S|128|14|E|display=inline}}) along the South coasts of Lakov, Moa and [[Leti Islands]] to Tanjong Toet Pateh, the West point of Leti, thence a line to Tanjong Sewirawa the Eastern extremity of Timor].

''On the East.'' The Western [limit] of the [[Arafura Sea]] [A line from Cape Don to Tanjong Aro Oesoe, the Southern point of Selaroe ([[Tanimbar Islands]])].

''On the South.'' The North coast of [[Australia]] from [[Cape Don Light|Cape Don]] to [[Cape Londonderry]] ({{coord|13|47|S|126|55|E|display=inline}}).

''On the West.'' A line from Cape Londonderry to the Southwest point of [[Rote Island|Roti Island]]
({{coord|10|56|S|122|48|E|display=inline}}).
</blockquote>

=== Meteorology ===
Many tropical storms and [[cyclone]]s originate or pass through the Timor Sea. In February 2005, Tropical Cyclone Vivienne disrupted oil and gas production facilities in the area, and the next month, Severe Tropical Cyclone Willy interrupted production.{{Citation needed|date=January 2008}} Petroleum production facilities are designed to withstand the effects of cyclones, although as a safety precaution production work is often reduced or temporarily halted and workers evacuated by helicopter to the mainland - usually to Darwin or [[Dili]].

=== Reefs and islands ===
[[File:ESC large ISS005 ISS005-E-15298.JPG|thumb|right|August 2005 NASA satellite photograph of the [[Rowley Shoals]]]]
A number of significant islands are located in the sea, notably [[Melville Island (Northern Territory)|Melville Island]], part of the [[Tiwi Islands]], off Australia and the Australian-governed [[Ashmore and Cartier Islands]]. It is thought that early humans reached Australia by "island-hopping" across the Timor Sea.

[[Scott and Seringapatam Reefs]] formed in the area and to the west, on the same underwater platform, are the [[Rowley Shoals]].

== History ==
=== World War II ===
{{Main|Battle of Timor (1942–43)}}
During the 1940s the [[Axis naval activity in Australian waters|Japanese navy]] conducted [[Air raids on Australia, 1942–43|air raids on Australia]] from ships in the Timor Sea. On the 19 February 1942 the [[Japanese aircraft carrier Kaga]] with other vessels, launched [[Bombing of Darwin (February 1942)|air strikes]] against [[Darwin, Australia]], sinking nine ships, including the ''[[USS Peary]]''. This bombing marked the beginning of the [[Battle of Timor (1942–43)|Battle of Timor]] in the [[Pacific War|Pacific theatre]] of [[World War II]].

== Hydrology ==
=== Timor Current ===
The Timor Current is an oceanic current that runs south-west in the Timor Sea between the Malay Archipelago and Australia. It is a major contributor to the [[Indonesian Throughflow]] that transports water from the [[Pacific Ocean]] to the [[Indian Ocean]].

== Hydrocarbon reserves ==
[[File:Oil Slick in the Timor Sea September-2009.jpg|thumb|Oil slick from the [[Montara oil spill]] in the Timor Sea September 2009.]]
[[File:Big John.tif|thumb|upright|Big John]]

Beneath the Timor Sea lie considerable reserves of [[Petroleum|oil]] and [[Natural gas|gas]]. Confirmation of the prospectivity of the Timor Sea came when Woodside-Burmah's Big John rig drilled Troubadour No. 1 well in June 1974 on the Troubadour Shoals about {{convert|200|km}} southeast of Timor, and intersected {{convert|83|m}} of hydrocarbons. A number of offshore petroleum projects are in operation and there is considerable exploration activity either underway and numerous proposed projects. A gas pipeline crosses the Timor Sea from the Joint Petroleum Development Area to [[Wickham, Northern Territory|Wickham Point]] near Darwin.<ref name="san">{{cite web |url=http://www.santos.com/exploration-acreage/timor-sea.aspx |title=Santos - Our Activities - Timor Sea |access-date=23 October 2010 |publisher=[[Santos Limited|Santos]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101013200302/http://www.santos.com/exploration-acreage/timor-sea.aspx |archive-date=13 October 2010 }}</ref>

The Timor Sea was the location for Australia's largest [[oil spill]] when the [[Montara oil spill|Montara oil field]] leaked oil, natural gas and [[natural gas condensate|condensate]] from 21 August to 3 November 2009.<ref name="aus">{{cite web |url=http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,26300862-26103,00.html |title=Huge oil spill plugged at last - rig owner |access-date=2009-11-03 |date=3 November 2009 |work=[[The Australian]] |publisher=[[News Limited]] }}{{dead link|date=March 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> During the spill {{convert|400|oilbbl}} of oil leaked each day. The Montara Commission of Inquiry placed blame on the Thai company PTTEP, owner of the wells.<ref name="mosfsp"/>  In response to the disaster, Indonesian seaweed farmers engaged in a class action lawsuit to claim for damages.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Commons Librarian |date=2023-12-22 |title=Campaigns that Changed the Northern Territory |url=https://commonslibrary.org/campaigns-that-changed-the-northern-territory/ |access-date=2024-04-05 |website=The Commons Social Change Library |language=en-AU}}</ref>

=== Bayu-Undan project ===
The largest petroleum project in operation in the Timor Sea is the [[Bayu-Undan project]] operated by [[Santos Limited|Santos]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Santos Completes Acquisition of ConocoPhillips' Australia Assets |date=28 May 2020 |url=https://www.oedigital.com/news/478868-santos-completes-acquisition-of-conocophillips-australia-assets |publisher=OE Digital |access-date=2020-05-28}}</ref> The Bayu-Undan field is located approximately {{cvt|500|km}} north-west of [[Darwin, Northern Territory|Darwin]] in the [[Bonaparte Basin]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.santos.com/what-we-do/activities/northern-territory/bonaparte-basin/bayu-undan-darwin-lng/ |title=Bayu Undan / Darwin LNG |publisher=[[Santos Limited]] |access-date=21 December 2018}}</ref> Production commenced in 2004 as a gas recycle project - with liquids (condensate, propane and butane) being stripped from the raw production stream and exported. Gas was pumped back down into the reservoir. At around the same time, construction commenced on a {{cvt|500|km}} subsea [[Pipeline transport|natural gas pipeline]] connecting the Bayu-Undan processing facility to a [[LNG|liquefied natural gas]] plant situated at Wickham Point in [[Darwin, Northern Territory|Darwin]] harbour. Since the completion of the pipeline and the Darwin LNG plant in 2005, gas produced offshore at Bayu-Undan is now transported to the Darwin plant where it is converted into a liquid and transported to [[Japan]] under long-term sales contracts.<ref>[http://www.darwinlng.com/about/index.htm Darwin LNG]</ref> Timor-Leste has made, as of 2017, over $18 billion from Bayu-Undan since production began; however, it is predicted its reserves will be exhausted by 2023.<ref>{{cite news|title=Timor-Leste's big-spending leaders are squandering its savings|url=https://www.economist.com/news/asia/21721685-costly-projects-pile-up-petrodollars-dwindle-timor-lestes-big-spending-leaders-are-squandering|access-date=5 May 2017|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|date=4 May 2017}}</ref>

===Ichthys gas field===
The [[Ichthys gas field]] is a [[natural gas field]] located in the Timor Sea, off the northwestern coast of [[Australia]]. The field is located 220&nbsp;km offshore Western Australia and 820&nbsp;km southwest of Darwin, with an average water depth of approximately 250 metres.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.inpex.com.au/our-projects/ichthys-lng-project/ichthys-in-detail/project-map/|title=Project map|website=INPEX|language=en|access-date=2018-10-01}}</ref> It was discovered in 2000. First Gas from the Ichthys field was achieved on 30 July 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/inpex-c-lng-ichthys/update-1-inpexs-ichthys-lng-produces-first-gas-off-australia-idUSL4N1UQ073|title=UPDATE 1-Inpex's Ichthys LNG produces first gas off Australia|date=2018-06-30|work=U.S.|agency=Reuters|access-date=2018-10-01|language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Other projects ===
[[AED Oil Limited|AED Oil]] owns the large oil project at Puffin oilfield and [[Woodside Petroleum]] previously produced oil at the [[Laminaria oil field]]. The Greater Sunrise [[gas field]], discovered in 1974, is one of the largest in the area and is expected to earn East Timor several billion dollars in royalty revenues. Woodside Petroleum plans to process gas from Greater Sunrise via a [[Floating Production Storage and Offloading|floating platform]], however [[Xanana Gusmão]], East Timor's Prime Minister opposes this plan and instead wants the gas to go to [https://www.timorgap.com/databases/website.nsf/vwAll/Bea%C3%A7o%20LNG%20%E2%80%93%20Plant Beaço] via a [[Pipeline transport|pipeline]] for processing.<ref name="news">{{cite news |url=http://www.news.com.au/business/business-smarts/east-timors-prime-minister-xanana-gusmao-accuses-woodside-of-lying/story-e6frfm9r-1225871817113 |title=East Timor's Prime Minister Xanana Gusmão accuses Woodside of lying |access-date=31 May 2010 |date=27 May 2010 |work=[[news.com.au]] |publisher=[[News Limited]] }}</ref>

Since 2018, [[Santos Limited|Santos]] has sought to establish the Barossa offshore gas project to exploit a gas field in order to supply the Darwin [[Liquefied natural gas|liquefield natural gas]] (LNG) onshore terminal when gas from [[Bayu-Undan to Darwin Pipeline|Bayu-Undan]] runs out in the 2020s. This has been opposed by Dangalaba and [[Larrakia people|Larrakia]] people as well as climate justice organisations.<ref name=":0" />

== Territorial dispute ==
[[File:Oil demo Timor 2013.JPG|thumb|Demonstration against Australia in December 2013]]
Since the discovery of petroleum in the Timor Sea in the 1970s, there have been disputes surrounding the rights to ownership and exploitation of the resources situated in a part of the Timor Sea known as the [[Timor Gap]], which is the area of the Timor Sea which lies outside the territorial boundaries of the nations to the north and south of the Timor Sea.<ref name="ta">{{cite web |url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/investigations/new-timor-treaty-a-failure/2007/04/20/1176697092049.html |title=New Timor treaty 'a failure' |author=Richard Baker |access-date=3 January 2010 |date=21 April 2007 |work=[[Theage.com.au]] |publisher=The Age Company Ltd }}</ref> These disagreements initially involved Australia and Indonesia, although a resolution was eventually reached in the form of the [[Timor Gap Treaty]]. After declaration of East Timor's nationhood in 1999, the terms of the Timor Gap Treaty were abandoned and negotiations commenced between Australia and East Timor, culminating in the [[Timor Sea Treaty]].

From 1965 to 2018, Australia's territorial claim extended to the bathymetric axis (the line of greatest sea-bed depth) at the Timor Trough. It overlapped East Timor's own territorial claim, which followed the former colonial power [[Portugal]] and the [[United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea]] in claiming that the dividing line should be midway between the two countries. In 2018, Australia agreed to a median line boundary.

It was revealed in 2013 that the [[Australian Secret Intelligence Service]] (ASIS) planted listening devices to listen to East Timor during negotiations over the Greater Sunrise oil and gasfields. This is known as the [[Australia–East Timor spying scandal]].

=== Timor Sea Treaty ===
The [[Timor Sea Treaty]], which was signed on the 20 May 2002, led to the establishment of the Timor Sea Designated Authority (TSDA). This organisation is responsible for the administration of all petroleum-related activities in a part of the Timor Sea known as the Joint Petroleum Development Area (JPDA). The treaty was ratified in February 2007.<ref name="ta"/>

Under the terms of the treaty, royalties on petroleum production in the JPDA are split in a 90:10 ratio between [[East Timor]] and [[Australia]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.timorseada.org/pdf_files/080116%20Fact%20Sheet_final.pdf |title=Joint Petroleum Development Area Fact sheet |access-date=2008-01-29 }}</ref> It has been criticised because the treaty did not finalise the [[maritime boundary]] between East Timor and Australia.<ref name="ta"/>

=== 2018 Maritime Boundaries Treaty ===
The ''Australia–Timor Leste Treaty Establishing Their Maritime Boundaries in the Timor Sea'' was signed on 6 March 2018 at United Nations headquarters in New York in the presence of United Nations Secretary-General Antonio Guterres.<ref>[https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Senate/Economics/TimorSeaMaritime/Report Australian Senate Economics Legislation Committee, ''Report: Timor Sea Maritime Boundaries Treaty Consequential Amendments Bill 2018 [Provisions<nowiki>]</nowiki> and the Passenger Movement Charge Amendment (Timor Sea Maritime Boundaries Treaty) Bill 2018'' [Provisions<nowiki>]</nowiki>, 8 February 2019]; Hao Duy Phan, Tara Davenport and Robert Beckman (eds.), ''Timor-Leste/Australia Conciliation: A Victory for UNCLOS and Peaceful Settlement,'' Centre for International Law, National University of Singapore, 2019.</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Australia|Asia|Indonesia}}
* [[Banda Sea]]
* [[Jukung#The great Jukung race|The great Jukung race]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* Khamsi, Kathryn (2005). [https://web.archive.org/web/20060504232257/http://www.asiaquarterly.com/content/view/33/43/ "A Settlement to the Timor Sea Dispute?"]. ''Harvard Asia Quarterly'' '''9''' (1) 6–23.
* [http://www.etan.org/et2006/august/05/02etprot.htm East Timor is protective of oil, gas industry]
* [https://www.aph.gov.au/sitecore/content/Home/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Senate/Economics/TimorSeaMaritime/Submissions Robert J. King, Submission to the Senate Economics Legislation Committee on the provisions of the Timor Sea Maritime Boundaries Treaty, January 2019]

{{List of Australian seas}}
{{List of Indonesian seas}}
{{Indian Ocean}}
{{List of seas}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Timor Sea| ]]
[[Category:Australia–Timor-Leste border]]
[[Category:Australia–Indonesia border]]
[[Category:Bodies of water of Australia]]
[[Category:Bodies of water of Timor-Leste]]
[[Category:Coastline of the Northern Territory]]
[[Category:Indonesia–Timor-Leste border]]
[[Category:Seas of Asia]]
[[Category:Seas of Indonesia]]
[[Category:Seas of the Indian Ocean]]
[[Category:Seas of Oceania]]