Editing Timothy Pickering

{{Short description|U.S. statesman and secessionist (1745–1829)}}
{{redirect|Senator Pickering}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image               = PORTRAIT OF TIMOTHY PICKERING, 3RD SECRETARY OF STATE PRESIDENT GEORGE WASHINGTON AND JOHN ADAMS.jpg
| caption             = Portrait by [[Gilbert Stuart]]
| alt                 = Portrait painting of Pickering
| office              = 3rd [[United States Secretary of State]]
| president           = [[George Washington]]<br/>[[John Adams]]
| term_start          = December 10, 1795
| term_end            = May 12, 1800 <br/>{{Small|Ad interim: August 20 – December 10, 1795}}
| predecessor         = [[Edmund Randolph]]
| successor           = [[John Marshall]]
| office1             = 2nd [[United States Secretary of War]]
| president1          = George Washington
| term_start1         = January 2, 1795
| term_end1           = December 10, 1795
| predecessor1        = [[Henry Knox]]
| successor1          = [[James McHenry]]
| office2             = 5th [[United States Postmaster General]]
| president2          = George Washington
| term_start2         = August 12, 1791
| term_end2           = January 1, 1795
| predecessor2        = [[Samuel Osgood]]
| successor2          = [[Joseph Habersham]]
| jr/sr3              = United States Senator
| state3              = [[Massachusetts]]
| term_start3         = March 4, 1803
| term_end3           = March 3, 1811
| predecessor3        = [[Dwight Foster (1757–1823)|Dwight Foster]]
| successor3          = [[Joseph Bradley Varnum]]
| office4             = Member of the<br/>[[United States House of Representatives|U.S. House of Representatives]]<br/>from Massachusetts
| term_start4         = March 4, 1813
| term_end4           = March 3, 1817
| predecessor4        = [[Leonard White (politician)|Leonard White]]
| successor4          = [[Nathaniel Silsbee]]
| constituency4       = {{ushr|MA|3|3rd district}} (1813–15)<br/>{{ushr|MA|2|2nd district}} (1815–17)
| birth_date          = {{birth date|1745|7|17}}
| birth_place         = [[Salem, Massachusetts|Salem]], [[Province of Massachusetts Bay|Massachusetts Bay]], [[British America]]
| death_date          = {{death date and age|1829|1|29|1745|7|17}}
| death_place         = [[Salem, Massachusetts]], U.S.
| party               = [[Federalist Party|Federalist]]
| education           = [[Harvard College]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])
| signature           = Timothy Pickering Signature.svg
| allegiance          = United States
| branch              = [[List of militia units of Massachusetts|Massachusetts militia]]<br/>[[Continental Army]]<br/>[[United States Army]]
| rank                = [[Colonel (United States)|Colonel]]
| serviceyears        = 1766–1785
| battles             = [[American Revolutionary War]]
| children            = * [[John Pickering (linguist)]]
}}
'''Timothy Pickering''' (July 17, 1745{{spaced ndash}}January 29, 1829) was the third [[United States Secretary of State]], serving under Presidents [[George Washington]] and [[John Adams]]. He also represented [[Massachusetts]] in both houses of [[United States Congress|Congress]] as a member of the [[Federalist Party]]. In 1795, he was elected a member of the [[American Philosophical Society]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=APS Member History|url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Tim+Pickering&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced|access-date=2021-03-31|website=search.amphilsoc.org}}</ref>

Born in [[Salem, Massachusetts|Salem]] in the [[Province of Massachusetts Bay]], Pickering began a legal career after graduating from [[Harvard College]]. He won election to the [[Massachusetts General Court]] and served as a county judge. He also became an officer in the colonial militia and served in the [[siege of Boston]] during the early stages of the [[American Revolutionary War]]. Later in the war, he was Adjutant General and [[Quartermaster General of the United States Army|Quartermaster General]] of the [[Continental Army]]. After the war, Pickering moved to the [[Wyoming Valley]] of [[Pennsylvania]] and took part in the then colony's 1787 ratifying convention for the [[United States Constitution]].

President Washington appointed Pickering to the position of [[United States Postmaster General|Postmaster General]] in 1791. After briefly serving as [[United States Secretary of War|Secretary of War]], Pickering became the Secretary of State in 1795, and remained in that office after President Adams was inaugurated. As Secretary of State, Pickering favored close relations with [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Britain]]. President Adams dismissed him in 1800 due to Pickering's opposition to peace with [[France]] during the [[Quasi-War]].

Pickering won election to represent Massachusetts in the [[United States Senate]] in 1803, becoming an ardent opponent of the [[Embargo Act of 1807]]. He continued to support Britain in the [[Napoleonic Wars]], famously describing the country as "The World's last hope – Britain's Fast-anchored Isle."<ref>Clarfield. ''Timothy Pickering and the American Republic'' p.246</ref> He left the Senate in 1811 but served in the [[United States House of Representatives]] from 1813 to 1817. During the [[War of 1812]], he became a leader of the [[New England]] secession movement and helped organize the [[Hartford Convention]]. The fallout from the convention ended Pickering's political career. He lived as a farmer in Salem until his death in 1829.

==Early life==
[[File:Coat of Arms of Timothy Pickering.svg|175px|thumb|left|Coat of Arms of Timothy Pickering]]
Pickering was born in [[Salem, Massachusetts]] to Deacon Timothy and Mary Wingate Pickering.  He was one of nine children and the younger brother of John Pickering (not to be confused with the [[John Pickering (judge)|New Hampshire judge]]) who would eventually serve as Speaker of the [[Massachusetts House of Representatives]].<ref>Mary Pickering, sister of Timothy, was married to Salem Congregational minister [[Dudley Leavitt (minister)|Dudley Leavitt]], for whom Salem's Leavitt Street is named. A Harvard-educated native of [[Stratham, New Hampshire]], Leavitt died an untimely death in 1762 at age 42. Mary Pickering Leavitt remarried Nathaniel Peaselee Sargeant of [[Haverhill, Massachusetts|Haverhill]], Justice of the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts. Mary Pickering's daughter Elizabeth Pickering Leavitt married Salem merchant William Pickman.[https://books.google.com/books?id=x24MAAAAYAAJ&dq=%22dudley+leavitt%22+salem+death&pg=PA105]</ref>  He attended grammar school in Salem and graduated from [[Harvard College]] in 1763. Salem minister [[William Bentley]] noted on Pickering: "From his youth his townsmen proclaim him assuming, turbulent, & headstrong."<ref>''The Diary of William Bentley, D.D., Pastor of the East Church, Salem, Massachusetts'', 4 vols. (Gloucester, Mass.: Smith, 1962), 3:352.</ref>

After graduating from Harvard, Pickering returned to Salem where he began working for John Higginson, the town clerk and [[Essex County, Massachusetts|Essex County]] register of deeds.  Pickering was admitted to the Massachusetts Bar in 1768 and, in 1774, he succeeded Higginson as register of deeds.  Soon after, he was elected to represent Salem in the [[Massachusetts General Court]] and served as a justice in the Essex County Court of Common Pleas.  On April 8, 1766, he married Rebecca White of Salem.<ref>Octavius Pickering and Charles W. Upham, ''The Life of Timothy Pickering'', 4 vols. (Boston: Little Brown, 1867–73), 1:7–15, 31.</ref>

In January 1766, Pickering was commissioned a lieutenant in the Essex County militia.  He was promoted to captain three years later.  In 1769, he published his ideas on drilling soldiers in the ''Essex Gazette''.  These were published in 1775 as "An Easy Plan for a Militia."<ref>Pickering and Upham, ''Life of Timothy Pickering'', 1:85.</ref> The manual was used as the Continental Army drill book until replaced by [[Baron von Steuben]]'s Regulations for the Order and Discipline of the Troops of the United States<ref name=wills2003>{{cite book |author = Garry Wills |author-link = Garry Wills |year = 2003 |title = Negro President: Jefferson and the Slave Power |chapter = Before 1800 |chapter-url = https://archive.org/details/negropresidentje00will/page/20 |pages = [https://archive.org/details/negropresidentje00will/page/20 20–21] |publisher = [[Houghton Mifflin Company]] |isbn = 0-618-34398-9 |chapter-url-access = registration }}</ref>

==American Revolutionary War==

===Salem incident===
On February 26, 1775, men under Pickering's command were involved in one of the earliest military engagements in the American Revolution, a confrontation locally referred to as "Leslie's Retreat." A detachment of British regulars under British Army Lt. Colonel Alexander Leslie was dispatched from [[Boston]] to search North Salem for contraband artillery. Leslie's men were thwarted from crossing the North River bridge and searching the outlying farms by Pickering's militia and citizens of Salem. Many of these "citizens" were members of Salem's North Church, which was just a short distance from the North Bridge. Col. Leslie chose a Sunday morning to raid Salem knowing that the citizens would be attending church. They were, of course, but the Rev. Thomas Barnard Jr. of the [https://web.archive.org/web/20111003175440/http://www.firstchurchinsalem.org/long-history-22.html North Church] famously left his pulpit that morning to meet the British troops at the bridge. A fast rider from Marblehead had ridden ahead of the British to warn Mr. Barnard. Barnard is credited with convincing Col. Leslie to retreat in peace. If he had not, Pickering's troops would have fired the "shot heard 'round the world" and started the war. Two months later, Pickering's troops marched to take part in the [[Battles of Lexington and Concord]] but arrived too late to play a major role. They then became part of the New England army assembling outside Boston to lay [[Siege of Boston|siege to the city]].

===Adjutant general===
In December 1776, he led a well-drilled regiment of the Essex County militia to New York, where General [[George Washington]] took notice and offered Pickering the position of [[adjutant general]] of the [[Continental Army]] in 1777 with the rank of colonel. In this capacity he oversaw the building of the [[Great chain]] which was forged at the [[Stirling Iron Works]]. The chain blocked the Royal Navy from proceeding up the Hudson River past West Point and protected that important fort from attack for the duration of the conflict.

He was widely praised for his work in supplying the troops during the remainder of the conflict.  In August 1780, the [[Continental Congress]] elected Pickering [[Quartermaster general (USA)|Quartermaster General]].<ref>Pickering and Upham, ''Life of Timothy Pickering'', 1:34–139, 251–522; 2:69–508; Gerard H. Clarfield, ''Timothy Pickering and the American Republic'' (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1980), 47–144; Edward Hake Phillips, "Salem, Timothy Pickering, and the American Revolution," ''Essex Institute Historical Collections'' 111, 1 (1975): 65–78; David McLean, ''Timothy Pickering and the Age of the American Revolution'' (New York: Arno Press, 1982).</ref>

==Rise to power==
After the end of the American Revolution, Pickering made several failed attempts at financial success.  In 1783, he embarked on a mercantile partnership with Samuel Hodgdon that failed two years later.  In 1786, he moved to the [[Wyoming Valley]] in Pennsylvania where he assumed a series of offices at the head of [[Luzerne County]].  When he attempted to settle a controversy generated by [[John Armstrong, Jr.|John Armstrong]] who was antagonizing [[Connecticut]] settlers living in the area, Pickering was captured and held hostage for nineteen days.  In 1787, he was part of the Pennsylvania convention held to consider ratification of the [[United States Constitution]].<ref>Pickering and Upham, ''Life of Timothy Pickering'', 1:532–35; 2:140–73, 182–325, 369–445; Clarfield, ''Pickering and the Republic'', 85–115; Jeffrey Paul Brown, "Timothy Pickering and the Northwest Territory," ''Northwest Ohio Quarterly'' 53, 4 (1982): 117–32.</ref>

After the first of Pickering's two successful attempts to make money speculating in [[Pennsylvania]] frontier land, President Washington appointed him commissioner to the [[Iroquois]]; and Pickering represented the United States in the negotiation of the [[Treaty of Canandaigua]] with the Iroquois in 1794.

==Cabinet member==
Washington brought Pickering into the government as [[United States Postmaster General|Postmaster General]] in 1791. He remained in Washington's cabinet and then that of John Adams for nine years, serving as postmaster general until 1795, [[United States Secretary of War|Secretary of War]] for a brief time in 1795, then [[United States Secretary of State|Secretary of State]] from 1795 to 1800.  As Secretary of State he is most remembered for his strong [[Federalist Party]] attachments to British causes, even willingness to wage war with France in service of these causes during the Adams administration. In 1799 Pickering hired [[Joseph Dennie]] as his private secretary.<ref>{{cite book |last=Clapp |first=William Warland |title=Joseph Dennie: Editor of "The Port Folio," and author of "The Lay Preacher."  |url=https://archive.org/details/josephdennieedi00clapgoog |publisher=John Wilson and Son |year=1880 |page=[https://archive.org/details/josephdennieedi00clapgoog/page/n40 32]}}</ref>

In 1799 Pickering sailed to England on the merchantman [[Sulivan (1782 EIC ship)|''Washington'']]. On October 24 the French privateer ''Bellona'' attacked ''Washington'', even though she was flying American colours. Despite the French vessel being better armed and much more heavily manned, ''Washington'' succeeded in repelling the attack.<ref>Massachusetts Historical Society (1896), pp.463 & 562.</ref>

==Middle years==
[[File:Portrait of Rebecca White Pickering (Mrs. Timothy Pickering).jpg|thumb|Rebecca White Pickering, portrait by [[Gilbert Stuart]]]]
After a quarrel with President [[John Adams]] over Adams's plan to make peace with [[France]], Pickering was dismissed from office in May 1800. After an unsuccessful run for Congress in 1802,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bioguide Search |url=https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/P000324 |access-date=2024-12-30 |website=bioguide.congress.gov}}</ref> he was named to the [[United States Senate]] as a senator from [[Massachusetts]] in 1803 as a member of the [[Federalist Party]]. In 1804, Pickering and a band of Federalists, agitated at the lack of support for Federalists, attempted to gain support for the secession of New England and New York from the Jeffersonian United States. The plan was abandoned following [[Aaron Burr|Aaron Burr's]] defeat in the [[1804 New York gubernatorial election]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Adams |first1=Henry |title=History of the United States of America during the administrations of Thomas Jefferson |date=1986 |publisher=Literary Classics of the United States |location=New York |isbn=0940450348 |pages=409, 428 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofuniteds00henr}}</ref> The irony of a Federalist moving against the national government was not lost among his dissenters. Pickering opposed the American seizure and annexation of Spanish [[West Florida]] in 1810, which he believed was both [[unconstitutional]] and an act of aggression against a friendly power.<ref>Clarfield. ''Timothy Pickering and the American Republic'' p.246-247</ref>

===Attacking Embargo policy===
Near the end of his only term as a senator, Pickering challenged Jefferson's [[Embargo Act]], reviving his plan for a convention of the New England states to oppose the act and potentially secede from the union.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Adams |first=Henry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RX81AQAAMAAJ&dq=timothy+pickering+new+england+confederation&pg=PA402 |title=History of the United States of America: The second administration of Thomas Jefferson, 1805-1809 |date=1893 |publisher=C. Scribner's |pages=402–404 |language=en}}</ref> He held several conferences with the special British envoy [[George Henry Rose|George Rose]] and proposed the creation of a pro-British party in New England and urged Rose to persuade British Foreign Secretary [[George Canning]] to maintain his hard line against America with the hopes that Jefferson would resort to even more extreme measures, which would ultimately effect a political suicide for the Republicans. Pickering also published his open letter to the Massachusetts Republican governor, which he refused even to read; it contained harsh criticism of the Embargo Act, claimed that Jefferson had presented no real arguments for its enactment, and called for its nullification by the state legislators.<ref>[[#McDonald76|McDonald,1976]], pp. 147–148</ref> Pickering was charged with reading confidential documents in an open Senate session before an [[closed sessions of the United States Senate|injunction of secrecy]] had been removed.{{specify|date=August 2018}} In response to that charge, the Senate [[censure in the United States|censured]] Pickering by a vote of 20–7 on January 2, 1811.<ref>{{Cite web|title = U.S. Senate: Expulsion and Censure|url = https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/briefing/Expulsion_Censure.htm|website = www.senate.gov|access-date = October 11, 2015}}</ref>

===Member of Congress===
Pickering was later elected to the [[United States House of Representatives]] in the [[U.S. House election, 1812|1812 election]], where he remained until 1817. His congressional career is best remembered for his leadership of the [[New England]] secession movement (see [[Essex Junto]] and the [[Hartford Convention]]). He was elected a Fellow of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] in 1815.<ref name=AAAS>{{cite web|title=Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter P|url=http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterP.pdf|publisher=American Academy of Arts and Sciences|access-date=July 28, 2014}}</ref>

==Later years==
After Pickering was denied re-election in 1816, he retired to [[Salem, Massachusetts|Salem]], where he lived as a farmer until his death in 1829, aged 83.

==Legacy==
{{Wikisource author|Timothy Pickering}}
In 1799 [[Fort Pickering]] in Salem, Massachusetts was named for him.<ref>{{cite book | last = Roberts | first = Robert B. | title = Encyclopedia of Historic Forts: The Military, Pioneer, and Trading Posts of the United States | publisher = Macmillan | year = 1988 | location = New York | pages = 407–408 | isbn = 0-02-926880-X }}</ref>

In 1942, a [[United States]] [[Liberty ship]] named the [[SS Timothy Pickering|SS ''Timothy Pickering'']] was launched.  She was lost off [[Sicily]] in 1943.

Until the 1990s, Pickering's ancestral home, the circa 1651 [[Pickering House (Salem, Massachusetts)|Pickering House]], was the oldest house in the United States to be owned by the same family continually.

==See also==
* [[France–United States relations]]
* [[Federalist Party]]
* [[List of United States senators expelled or censured]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{CongBio|P000324}}
*Almog, Asaf. “Looking Backward in a New Republic: Conservative New Englanders and American Nationalism, 1793-1833.” Ph.D. diss, University of Virginia, 2020.
*Clarfield, Gerard H. "Postscript to the Jay Treaty: Timothy Pickering and Anglo-American Relations, 1795–1797," ''William and Mary Quarterly'' 3d ser., 23, 1 (1966): 106–20.
*Clarfield, Gerard H. ''Timothy Pickering and American Diplomacy, 1795–1800.'' Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1969.
*Clarfield, Gerard. ''Timothy Pickering and the American Republic.'' Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1980.
*Clarfield, Gerard H. "Timothy Pickering and French Diplomacy, 1795–1796." ''Essex Institute Historical Collections'' 104, 1 (1965): 58–74.
*Clarfield, Gerard H. "Victory in the West: A Study of the Role of Timothy Pickering in the Successful Consummation of Pinckney's Treaty," ''Essex Institute Historical Collections'' 101, 4 (1965): 333–53.
*Garraty, John A. and Mark C. Carnes. ''American National Biography'', vol. 17, "Pickering, Timothy". New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.
*Guidorizzi, Richard Peter. "Timothy Pickering: Opposition Politics in the Early Years of the Republic" Ph.D. diss, St. John's University, 1968.
*Hickey, Donald R. [https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/99-01-02-3296 "Timothy Pickering and the Haitian Slave Revolt: A Letter to Thomas Jefferson in 1806,"] ''Essex Institute Historical Collections'' 120, 3 (1984): 149–63. Note: hyperlink is going to an early access non-authoritative version available on [[Founding Fathers of the United States#Noted collections|Founders Online]]. The letter is also available on Internet Archive as archived on December 31, 2019. [https://web.archive.org/web/20191231035512/https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/99-01-02-3296 To Thomas Jefferson from Timothy Pickering, 24 February 1806].
*Massachusetts Historical Society (1896) ''Historical Index to the Pickering Papers''. (The Society).
*McCurdy, John Gilbert. "'Your Affectionate Brother': Complementary Manhoods in the Letters of John and Timothy Pickering." ''Early American Studies'' 4, 2 (Fall 2006): 512–545.
*McLean, David. ''Timothy Pickering and the Age of the American Revolution.'' New York: Arno Press, 1982.
*Pickering, Octavius, and Charles W. Upham. ''The Life of Timothy Pickering.'' 4 vols.  Boston: Little Brown, 1867–73.
*Phillips, Edward Hake.  "The Public Career of Timothy Pickering, Federalist, 1745–1802."  Ph.D. diss, Harvard University, 1952.
*Phillips, Edward Hake. "Salem, Timothy Pickering, and the American Revolution." ''Essex Institute Historical Collections'' 111, 1 (1975): 65–78.
*Phillips, Edward Hake. "Timothy Pickering at His Best: Indian Commissioner, 1790–1794." ''Essex Institute Historical Collections'' 102, 3 (1966): 163–202.
*Prentiss, Harvey Pittman. ''Timothy Pickering as the Leader of New England Federalism, 1800–1815.'' New York: DaCapo Press, 1972.
*Wilbur, William Allan. "Crisis in Leadership: Alexander Hamilton, Timothy Pickering and the Politics of Federalism, 1795–1804." Ph.D. diss, Syracuse University, 1969.
*Wilbur, W. Allan. "Timothy Pickering: Federalist, Politician, An Historical Perspective," ''Historian'' 34, 2 (1972): 278–92.
*Wilentz, Sean "The Rise of American Democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln" W.W. Norton. New York. 2005.

==External links==
{{CongBio|P000324}}
{{commons category|Timothy Pickering}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/19991002085421/http://www.qmfound.com/COL_Timothy_Pickering.htm Biography and portrait] at Quartermaster-Generals
*{{Find a Grave|20978}}

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