Editing Tiple

{{Short description|Fretted string instrument}}
{{Infobox instrument
| name                  = Tiple
| names                 = 
| image                 = Tiple.jpg
| image_capt            = Tiple, classic 12-string musical instrument
| background            = string
| classification        = [[String instrument]] ([[Plucked string instrument|plucked]])
| hornbostel_sachs      = 321.322
| hornbostel_sachs_desc = Composite chordophone
| range                 = C3 - A5
| related               = [[Colombian tiple]], Timple
| articles              = 
}}

A '''tiple''' ({{IPA|es|ˈtiple}}, literally [[wikt:treble|treble]] or [[soprano]]), is a particular type of [[guitar]], typically with 10 or 12 strings but sometimes fewer, and is built in several distinct regional styles. A tiple player is called a ''tiplista''. The first written mention of an instrument called "tiple" comes from musicologist Pablo Minguet e Irol in 1752. The 12-string [[Colombian tiple]] is considered the country's national instrument. The Puerto Rican tiple characteristically has fewer than twelve strings, as do those from Cuba, Mallorca, and North America.

==Tiple family==

===Colombian tiple===
{{Main|Colombian tiple}}

The '''Colombian tiple''' (in Spanish: [[:es:tiple|''tiple'']]) is an instrument of the guitar family, similar in appearance although slightly smaller (about 18%) than a standard [[classical guitar]].  The typical fretboard [[Scale (string instruments)|scale]] is about 530&nbsp;mm (just under 21 inches), and the neck joins the body at the 12th fret.  There are 12 strings, grouped in four tripled [[course (music)|course]]s.  Traditional tuning from lowest to highest course is C F A D, although many modern players tune the instrument like the upper four strings of the modern guitar: D G B E.  The outer two strings of each of the three lowest triple courses are tuned an octave higher than the middle string in the course (giving C4 C3 C4 • E4 E3 E4 • A4 A3 A4 • D4 D4 D4 in traditional tuning, or D4 D3 D4 • G4 G3 G4 • B4 B3 B4 • E4 E4 E4 in modern tuning).  An 18 or 19 fret fingerboard give the tiple Colombiano a range of about 2-2/3 octaves, from C3 - G#5 (or A5). The tiple is used for many traditional Colombian music genres including bambucos and pasillos. It serves both as an accompanying instrument and for soloing.<ref>Zuluanga, David Puerta; ''Los Caminos del Tiple'' [The Evolution of the Tiple]; DamelPublishers; Bogota, Colombia:  1988.  208pp.</ref> One of the main composers of tiple music is Pacho Benavides.

David Pelham says of the Colombian tiple: "The tiple is a Colombian adaptation of the [[Renaissance]] Spanish [[vihuela]] brought to the New World in the 16th century by the Spanish conquistadors. At the end of the 19th century, it evolved to its present shape. Its twelve strings are arranged in four groups of three: the first group consists of three steel strings tuned to E, the second, third and fourth groups have a copper string in the middle of two steel strings. The central ones are tuned one octave lower than the surrounding strings of the group. This arrangement produces the set of harmonics that gives the instrument its unique voice.<ref>Morales, Abadia; ''Instrumentos Musicales del Folklore Colombiano'' [Musical Instruments of Colombian Folklore]; Banco Popular; Bogota, Colombia:  1991.</ref>  Outside of Colombia the "copper" strings are more often standard brass or bronze wound steel guitar strings.

Another variant, the tiple Colombiano requinto, is often simply called tiple requinto.  This instrument is about 10-15% smaller than the tiple Colombiano, and the central octave strings of the smaller instrument are tuned in unison, giving either a C4 C4 C4 • E4 E4 E4 • A4 A4 A4 • D4 D4 D4 tuning (traditional), or a D4 D4 D4 • G4 G4 G4 • B4 B4 B4 • E4 E4 E4 tuning (modern).  The tiple requinto is sometimes made in more of a violin or "hourglass" shape, than a guitar shape.  These differences give it a generally thinner, higher-pitched sound than the tiple Colombiano, even though most of its tuning is in the same range as the larger instrument.<ref>Davison, Harry C.; ''Diccionario Folklorico de Colombia:  Musica, Instrumentos y Danza'' [Dictionary of Folklore in Colombia:  Music, Instruments, and Dance]; Banco de Republica; Bogoto, Colombia:  1970.</ref>

===Puerto Rican tiples===
{{Main|Tiple (Puerto Rico)}}
The tiple is the smallest of the three string instruments of [[Puerto Rico]] that make up the ''orquesta jibara'' (i.e., the [[Cuatro (Puerto Rico)|Cuatro]], the tiple and the [[Bordonua]]). According to investigations made by Jose Reyes Zamora, the tiple in Puerto Rico dates back to the 18th century. It is believed to have evolved from the Spanish guitarrillo. There was never a standard for the tiple and as a result there are many variations throughout the island of Puerto Rico. Most tiples have four or five strings and most tiple requintos have three strings. Some tiples have as many as 6 strings and as few as a single string, though these types are rare.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cuatro-pr.org/node/71%7c|title=Puerto Rico's Tiples|access-date=30 November 2018}}</ref>

The main types of tiple in Puerto Rico are:

*'''Tiple requinto de la montaña''' - a tiny version of the tiple doliente with only three strings. It is usually smaller than 12&nbsp;inches.
*'''Tiple requinto costanero''' - a smaller version of the tiplón with only three strings. It is usually about 15&nbsp;inches in length.
*'''Tiple doliente''' - this tiple has 5 single strings and is the most common used today. It is usually about 15&nbsp;inches in length.
*'''Tiplón''' or '''tiple con macho''' - a larger version of the tiple with a fifth string peg like an American [[banjo]], located on its neck. It is usually about 21&nbsp;inches in length.
*'''Tiple grande de Ponce''' - the largest version (about 21&nbsp;inches in length) with 5 strings. It is considered a link between tiples and bordonuas. It is sometimes also called "bordonua chiquita" (small [[bordonua]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cuatro-pr.org/node/71%7c|title=A Bouquet of Tiples!|access-date=30 November 2018}}</ref>

[[Image:TipleDoliente.jpg|thumb|left|110px|Puerto Rican Tiple Doliente]]

The tiple that is now most often played in Puerto Rico is the ''tiple doliente''. It has recently acquired a more or less fixed body shape narrowing at the top and having 5 metal strings (see the accompanying photo). It is usually made like the cuatro, so either constructed like a guitar, or from one piece of wood hollowed out. The bottom half of the body is rounded like a guitar, however the top half is square, or triangular. All other features (like neck and bridge) resemble the construction of a normal Spanish guitar. The peghead has tuning machines either from the side or from the back.  The strings of the tiple doliente are tuned: E3 A3 D4 G4 C5.

===Tiple Venezolano===
This tiple from [[Venezuela]], looks like a smaller version of the Colombian Tiple. It has 4 sets of triple strings and is also known as the Guitarro, Guitarro Segundo, and the Segunda Guitarra. There is another tiple played in Venezuela but is a member of the Venezuelan Cuatro family of instruments, also called a tiple and known as the Cinco y Medio or Cinco. It is very much like the Cuatro but it has 5 strings instead of four.<ref name="pacoweb.net">{{cite web|url=http://pacoweb.net/Cuerdas/cuetiple.htm|title=Ficha del Tiple|website=pacoweb.net|access-date=30 November 2018}}</ref>

===Tiple de Menorca===
On the Spanish Balearic island of [[Menorca]], a ''tiple'' is an instrument with five single nylon strings.<ref name="pacoweb.net"/>

===Tiple Cubano===
A tiple Cubano, has five doubled courses of strings, ten in total.<ref name="pacoweb.net"/>

===Tiple de Santo Domingo===
The tiple de Santo Domingo, also known as tiple Dominicano or tiple, also has five doubled courses, for ten in total. The strings are steel. It is tuned C4, F4, A#4, D5, G5. All of the courses are tuned in unison.<ref name="pacoweb.net"/>

===Tiple Peruano===
Peru has a tiple with four single or doubled steel strings. It is tuned A3, E4, B4, F#5.<ref name="pacoweb.net"/>

===Tiples in Uruguay and Argentina===
In Uruguay and Argentina, sometimes the requinto guitar is called a tiple.<ref name="pacoweb.net"/>

==Other versions==

===U.S. ''/'' N. American ''/'' Martin tiple===
The North American tiple was designed in 1919 by the Pennsylvania guitar company [[C.F. Martin & Co.]] for the William J. Smith Co. in New York and was most popular through the 1920s-1940s ukulele craze. This tiple is close in length to a tenor ukulele, but with a deeper body. Unlike a ukulele, it has ten steel strings in four mixed-octave courses of 2, 3, 3, and 2 strings. 
Manufactured for a half century, the Martin tiple was used in jazz, blues and old-time country bands, and as a louder-volume ukulele. 
It was tuned similarly to a D-tuned ukulele:

:A4 A3 • D4 D3 D4 • F#4 F#3 F#4 • B3 B3 (wound octave-lower strings are A3, D3, and F#3).
Ohana, a more recent manufacturer of similar instruments, recommends tuning their copies of the Martin a full tone lower, as mentioned below, similar to contemporary ukuleles.

Martin produced mahogany and rosewood bodied tiples, following a model-identification system similar to its guitars: T-15 and T-17, mahogany top, back and sides; T-18, spruce top, mahogany back and sides; T-28, spruce top, rosewood back and sides; T-45, spruce top, rosewood back and sides, fancy abalone inlay. Martin's tiple production continued off-and-on into the 1970s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://martintiple.blogspot.co.uk/2011/11/martin-tiple-t-17-t-15-models.html |title=Martin tiple T-17 & T-15 models |date=November 2011 |website=martintiple.blogspot.co.uk}}</ref>
[[Image:Martin tiple.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Martin tiple]]
Similar instruments were made by Regal, Harmony, Lyon & Healy, Oscar Schmidt, D'Angelico and other companies during the early decades of Martin production.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://jakewildwood.blogspot.com/search?q=tiple |title=tiple |website=jakewildwood.blogspot.com}}</ref>

In the 21st&nbsp;century, the Ohana ukulele company began manufacturing an all-mahogany tiple similar to the Martin, but calling it "a vintage ukulele inspired by the Columbian (sic) Tiple." The company recommended tuning with the lowest note a C.
(G3 G4 – C4 C3 C4 – E4 E3 E4 – A4 A4)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ohana-music.com/product-tag/tiple/ |title=tiple |website=ohana-music.com}}</ref>

In addition to its original ukulele-style tuning (above), the American tiple sometimes has been tuned like the upper four courses of the guitar, presumably with special sets of strings.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://martintiple.blogspot.com/p/tunings-strings.html |title=tunings-strings |website=martintiple.blogspot.com}}</ref>

;Martin tiple dimensions:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://umgf.com/is-one-of-the-martin-ukulele-bodies-the-same-size--t181709.html |title=Is one of the Martin ukulele bodies the same size? |id=t181709 |website=umgf.com|date=3 October 2016 }}</ref>
 
:Overall '''length''': &nbsp; {{frac|27&nbsp;|1|4}}″

:Body '''length''': &nbsp; {{frac|12&nbsp;|1|16}}″

:Bout '''width''', upper: &nbsp; {{frac|6&nbsp;|5|8}}″
:Bout '''width''', lower: &nbsp; {{frac|8&nbsp;|15|16}}″

:Body '''depth''', upper: &nbsp; {{frac|3&nbsp;|1|16}}″

:Body '''depth''', lower: &nbsp; {{frac|3&nbsp;|9|16}}″

:Neck '''width''' at nut: &nbsp; {{frac|1&nbsp;|1|2}}″
:Fingerboard '''width''': &nbsp; {{frac|1&nbsp;|3|4}}″ at 12th fret

:Sound hole '''diameter''': &nbsp; {{frac|2&nbsp;|5|8}}″
:Scale '''length''': &nbsp; 17″

'''North American tiple performers''':
*Four Virginians<ref>{{cite web |url=http://boblog.blogspot.com/2017/05/four-virginians-with-tiple.html |title=Four Virginians with tiple |website=boblog.blogspot.com|date=9 May 2017 }}</ref>
*[[Cats and the Fiddle]]
*[[Spirits of Rhythm]]
*[[Timmie Rogers]]
*[[Ed Askew]]
*Golden Melody Boys, aka Georgia Melody Boys<ref>http://oldtimeblues.net/tag/golden-melody-boys/#:~:text=The%20Golden%20Melody%20Boys%E2%80%94Dempsy,November%204%2C%201892%20in%20Illinois.</ref>

===Electric tiples===

Electric tiples usually follow either the Colombian (12-string) or "Martin" (10-string) tuning and string arrangement.

==Related instruments==

===Spanish tiples===

In [[Spain]] there are similar instruments. This tiny guitar has four strings and is found in [[Menorca]]. Other types of small guitars in Spain are the [[Gittern|guitarra]], [[Guitarro (instrument)|guitarro]] and [[guitarrico]].<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://www.tamborileros.com/tradiberia/cordfon1.htm|title=Instrumentos Tradicionales Ibéricos|first=Juanma|last=Sánchez|website=www.tamborileros.com|access-date=30 November 2018}}</ref>

===Portuguese tiples===

Related Portuguese instruments are the [[cavaquinho]] or [[Cavaquinho|braguinha]] and the [[rajâo]]. The braguinha and the rajâo taken to Hawai'i by Portuguese immigrants from Madeira are the forerunners of the [[ukulele]].

===Canary Island timple===
{{Main|Timple}}
[[Image:Timple Front.png|thumb|left|100px|Timple seen from front]]
[[Image:Timple Side.png|thumb|right|100px|Timple seen from side]]
Migrating from North Africa in the 16th century to the [[Canary Islands]]{{Citation needed|date=February 2009}} and then on to [[Murcia]], the [[timple]] has become the traditional instrument of the Canaries. In [[La Palma]] and in the north of the island of [[Tenerife]] some players omit the fifth string, tuning the timple like a [[ukulele]], though nowadays this is often seen as non-standard by players in other regions where five strings are preferred.  The popular tiple tuning is GCEAD.<ref name="auto"/>

==Other instruments==

The word "tiple" basically means "treble" or "high pitched", and has been used occasionally for the names of other instruments not directly members of the tiple-family proper.  One such is the ''Marxochime Hawaiian tiple'', which bears no resemblance to the traditional tiples, but looks like (and is) a variety of [[zither]].  It is played with a combination of plucking, strumming, and playing with a slide similar to a [[lap steel guitar]].  The instrument is one of many [[zither]] variants marketed within the United States during the early 20th century, of which only the [[autoharp]] ever achieved lasting popularity.  The instrument, also known as the "Tremola", carries the "Hawaiian tiple" name solely for marketing purposes, as interest in Hawaiian music and culture was high in mainland America during the period when the instrument was marketed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.planetgaa.com/HawTiple/index.html|title=Marxochime Hawaiian Tiple|website=www.planetgaa.com|access-date=30 November 2018}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|25em}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Guitar family instruments]]
[[Category:Necked box lutes]]

==Resources and sources==

Colombian tiple:
*[http://www.eye.net/eye/issue/issue_07.18.02/thebeat/sample.php Puerta's tremendous tiple touch]
*[http://www.albertoparedesr.com Colombian luthier Alberto Paredes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080321063333/http://www.albertoparedesr.com/ |date=2008-03-21 }}
*Paredes, A., Mottola, R.M. “Construction of the Colombian Tiple”, [http://www.luth.org/backissues/al89-92/al90.htm American Lutherie #90], 2007, p.&nbsp;40.

Puerto Rican tiple:
*[http://www.santiagoramos.com/tiple The Puerto Rican Tiple]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070111101202/http://www.cuatro-pr.org/Home/Eng/Instrmus/Instrmnts/Tiples/tiples.htm The Tiples of Puerto Rico]
*[http://www.atlasofpluckedinstruments.com/central_america.htm ATLAS of Plucked Instruments]
*[http://www.cuatros.com/eltiple.htm El Tiple Puertorriqueño (In Spanish)]

Spanish tiple:
*[http://www.tamborileros.com/tradiberia/index.htm (In Spanish)]
*[http://www.tamborileros.com/tradiberia/nombres.htm (In Spanish)]

Timple Canario:
*[http://www.gofiones.com/especiales/timple/ El Timple (In Spanish)]
*[http://www.guitarraline.com/escuela%20de%20timple/timpleparatodos.htm] Learn TIMPLE (Spanish)
Tiple Cubano:
*[http://www.nacion.cult.cu/en/mtt.htm Miguel Teurbe Tolón y de la Guardia. (Matanzas, 1820-1857)]

Tiple Dominicano, Tiple Argentino, Banjo Tiple, Tiple Uruguayo, and the Tiple Venezolano:
*[http://www.lablaa.org/blaavirtual/musica/tiple/anexo2.htm TIPLES EN OTROS PAISES (In Spanish)]
*[http://pacoweb.net/Cuerdas/cuetiple.htm Ficha del Tiple (In Spanish)]

Marxochime Hawaiian Tiple:
*[http://www.planetgaa.com/HawTiple/index.html Marxochime Hawaiian Tiple]