Editing To Have and Have Not

{{short description|1937 novel by Ernest Hemingway}}
{{for|the film adaptation|To Have and Have Not (film)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox book | <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject_Novels or Wikipedia:WikiProject_Books -->
| name         = To Have and Have Not
| title_orig   = 
| translator   = 
| image        = To Have and Have Note (Hemmingway novel) 1st edition cover.jpg
| caption      = First edition cover
| author       = [[Ernest Hemingway]]
| cover_artist = 
| country      = United States
| language     = English

| series       = 
| genre        = Fiction
| publisher    = [[Charles Scribner's Sons]] 
| release_date = 1937
| pages        = 
| preceded_by  = 
| followed_by  =
}}

'''''To Have and Have Not''''' is a novel by [[Ernest Hemingway]] published in 1937 by [[Charles Scribner's Sons]]. The book follows Harry Morgan, a fishing boat captain out of [[Key West, Florida]]. ''To Have and Have Not'' was Hemingway's second novel set in the United States, after ''[[The Torrents of Spring]]''.

Written sporadically between 1935 and 1937, and revised as he traveled back and forth from Spain during the [[Spanish Civil War]], the novel portrays Key West and [[Cuba]] in the 1930s, and provides a social commentary on that time and place. Hemingway biographer Jeffrey Meyers described the novel as heavily influenced by the [[Marxist]] ideology Hemingway was exposed to by his support of the [[Republican faction (Spanish Civil War)|Republican faction]] in the Spanish Civil War while he was writing it. The work got a mixed critical reception.<ref name="Meyers pp292–296">{{Harvnb|Meyers|1985|pp=292–296}}</ref>

The novel had its origins in two short stories published earlier in periodicals by Hemingway ("One Trip Across" and "The Tradesman's Return") which make up the opening chapters, and a novella, written later, which makes up about two-thirds of the book. The narrative is told from multiple viewpoints, at different times, by different characters, and the characters' names are frequently supplied under the chapter headings to indicate who is narrating that chapter.

==Summary==
Hemingway depicts Harry as an ordinary working man of the [[Depression Era]], forced by dire economic forces into the [[black market|black-market]] activity of running contraband between [[Cuba]] and Florida. A wealthy fishing charter customer (one of the "Haves") bilks Harry by slipping away without paying after a three-week fishing trip, leaving Harry destitute.  Stuck in Havana and motivated by the need to support his family, Harry then himself turns to crime.  He makes a fateful decision to swindle would-be [[Chinese American history#Exclusion era|Chinese]] immigrants seeking passage into Florida from Cuba. Instead of transporting them as agreed, he murders the Chinese middle-man and puts the men ashore in Cuba. Harry begins to ferry different types of illegal cargo between the two countries, including alcohol and Cuban revolutionaries. These events alternate with chapters that describe the dissolute lives of wealthy yacht owners. The [[Great Depression]] features prominently in the novel, forcing depravity and hunger on the poor residents of [[Key West]] (the "Have Nots") who are referred to locally as "[[Conch (people)|Conch]]s".

==Background and publication history==
''To Have and Have Not'' began as a short story—published as "One Trip Across" in ''[[Cosmopolitan (magazine)|Cosmopolitan]]'' in 1934—introducing the character of Harry Morgan. A second story was written and published in ''[[Esquire (magazine)|Esquire]]'' in 1936, at which point Hemingway decided to write a novel about Harry Morgan. However, the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War delayed his work on it.<ref>{{Harvnb|Baker|1972|pp=203–204}}</ref>

''To Have and Have Not'' was published by [[Scribner's]] on 15 October 1937 to a [[first edition]] print-run of approximately 10,000 copies.<ref name="Oliver, p. 327">Oliver, p. 327</ref> ''Cosmopolitan'' published a section of the novel as "One Trip Across" in 1934; ''Esquire'' published a section as "The Tradesman's Return" in 1936.<ref name="Oliver, p. 327"/>  It was also published as an [[Armed Services Edition]] during WWII.

== Film adaptations ==
{{More citations needed section|date=April 2021}}
The novel was adapted into [[To Have and Have Not (film)|a 1944 film]] starring [[Humphrey Bogart]] and [[Lauren Bacall]].<ref>{{cite web |title=To Have and Have Not (1944)  |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0037382/ |website=IMDB |access-date=19 February 2023}}</ref> The film, directed by [[Howard Hawks]], changed the story's setting from Key West to [[Martinique]] under the [[Vichy regime]], and made significant alterations to the plot, including removing themes involving [[economic inequality]] and [[class conflict]], and turning the story into a romantic thriller centering on the sparks going on between Harry Morgan and Marie Browning.

The second film version, titled ''[[The Breaking Point (1950 film)|The Breaking Point]]'' (1950), was directed by [[Michael Curtiz]] and stars [[John Garfield]] and [[Patricia Neal]] with [[Juano Hernandez]] as Morgan's partner.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Breaking Point (1950) |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0042281/?ref_=nv_sr_srsg_0 |website=IMDB |access-date=19 February 2023}}</ref> The movie shifted the action to southern California and made Garfield a former [[PT Boat]] captain but is otherwise the most faithful to the original book.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Breaking Point (1950) |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0042281/?ref_=nv_sr_srsg_0 |website=IMDB |access-date=19 February 2023}}</ref>

The third film version, titled ''[[The Gun Runners]]'' (1958), was directed by [[Don Siegel]] and stars [[Audie Murphy]] in the Bogart/Garfield role and [[Everett Sloane]] in Walter Brennan's part as the alcoholic sidekick,<ref>{{cite web |title=The Gun Runners (1958) |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0051687/ |website=IMDB |access-date=19 February 2023}}</ref> although Sloane's interpretation was less overtly comedic than Brennan's. The movie features a bravura performance by [[Eddie Albert]] as a charismatic villain. [[Pauline Kael]] and [[Bosley Crowther]] have claimed that the ending was used for [[John Huston]]'s film ''[[Key Largo (film)|Key Largo]]'' (1948); Kael also said that "One Trip Across" was made into ''[[The Gun Runners]]'' (1958).<ref>{{cite book |last=Kael |first=Pauline |chapter=To Have and Have Not |title=5001 Nights at the Movies |publisher=Henry Holt |location=New York |year=1991 |page=776 |isbn=0-8050-1366-0 }}</ref>

In 1987 the [[Iran]]ian director [[Nasser Taghvai]] adapted the novel into a nationalized version called ''[[Captain Khorshid]]'' which took the events from Cuba to the shores of the [[Persian Gulf]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Captain Khorshid (1987) |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0122186/?ref_=nv_sr_srsg_0 |website=IMDB |access-date=19 February 2023}}</ref>

Season 1 episode 12 ("Fury at Rio Hondo") of the television show ''[[Cheyenne (TV series)|Cheyenne]]'' is a shorter version of the same story set in Mexico in the Old West, with a screenplay by William Faulkner and James Gunn.<ref>{{cite web |title=Fury at Rio Hondo |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0540111/?ref_=ttep_ep12 |website=IMDB |access-date=19 February 2023}}</ref>

== Citations ==
{{reflist}}

== General references ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book|last=Baker|first=Carlos|author-link=Carlos Baker|title=Hemingway: The Writer as Artist|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|year=1972|edition=4th|url=https://archive.org/details/hemingwaywritera00bake|url-access=registration|isbn=0-691-01305-5}}
* {{cite book |title= Hemingway: A Life Without Consequences|last=Mellow |first=James R. |year=1992 |publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin]]|location=New York|isbn=0-395-37777-3 }}
* {{cite book |title= Hemingway: A Biography|last=Meyers |first=Jeffrey |year=1985 |publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan]]|location=London|isbn=0-333-42126-4 }}
* {{cite book |title=Ernest Hemingway A to Z: The Essential Reference to the Life and Work |last=Oliver |first=Charles M. |year=1999 |publisher=Checkmark |location=New York |isbn=0-8160-3467-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/ernesthemingwayt0000oliv |ref=CITEREFOliver |url-access=registration }}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* [http://www.jfklibrary.org/Research/The-Ernest-Hemingway-Collection.aspx Hemingway Archives], [[John F. Kennedy Library]]

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{{DEFAULTSORT:To Have And Have Not}}
[[Category:1937 American novels]]
[[Category:American crime novels]]
[[Category:American novels adapted into films]]
[[Category:American novels adapted into television shows]]
[[Category:Books by Ernest Hemingway]]
[[Category:Charles Scribner's Sons books]]
[[Category:Novels by Ernest Hemingway]]
[[Category:Novels about smugglers]]
[[Category:Novels set in Havana]]
[[Category:Novels set in Florida]]