Editing Toledo War

{{Short description|1835–1836 Ohio–Michigan dispute}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2022}}

{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict    = Toledo War
| image       = Disputed Toledo Strip.png
| image_size  = 300px
| caption     = The portion of the Michigan Territory claimed by the State of Ohio known as the Toledo Strip
| date        = 1835–1836
| place       = [[Michigan Territory]], primarily near [[Toledo, Ohio]]
| territory   = Ohio gains control of the Toledo Strip, Michigan gains the entire Upper Peninsula
| result      = Inconclusive
| combatants_header = 
| combatant1  = [[Ohio]] militia
| combatant2  = [[Michigan Territory|Territory of Michigan]] militia
| strength1   = 600
| strength2   = 1,000
| commander1  = [[Robert Lucas (governor)|Robert Lucas]]<br/>[[John Bell (Ohio politician)|John Bell]]
| commander2  = [[Stevens T. Mason]]<br/>[[Joseph W. Brown]]
| casualties1 = None
| casualties2 = 1 wounded
| notes       = In exchange for ceding the Toledo Strip, all of what is now known as the [[Upper Peninsula of Michigan|Upper Peninsula]] was included within Michigan's bounds when it was admitted into the Union in 1837 (only the easternmost portion of the peninsula had been claimed in Michigan's 1835 statehood petition).
}}

The '''Toledo War''' (1835–1836), also known as the '''Michigan–Ohio War''' or '''Ohio–Michigan War''', was a [[Territorial dispute|boundary dispute]] between the U.S. state of [[Ohio]] and the adjoining territory of [[Michigan Territory|Michigan]] over what is now known as the '''Toledo Strip'''. Control of the mouth of the [[Maumee River]] and the inland shipping opportunities it represented, and the good farmland to the west, were seen by both parties as valuable economic assets.

Poor geographical understanding of the [[Great Lakes]] helped produce conflicting state and federal legislation between 1787 and 1805, and varying interpretations of the laws led the governments of Ohio and Michigan to both claim [[jurisdiction]] over a {{convert|468|sqmi|km2|adj=on}} region along their border. The situation came to a head when Michigan petitioned for [[U.S. state|statehood]] in 1835 and sought to include the disputed territory within its boundaries. Both sides passed legislation attempting to force the other side's capitulation, and Ohio's Governor [[Robert Lucas (governor)|Robert Lucas]] and Michigan's 24-year-old "Boy Governor" [[Stevens T. Mason]] helped institute criminal penalties for residents submitting to the other's authority. Both states deployed militias on opposite sides of the Maumee River near [[Toledo, Ohio|Toledo]], but besides mutual taunting, there was little interaction between the two forces. The single military confrontation of the war ended with a report of shots being fired into the air, incurring no casualties. The only blood spilled was the non-fatal stabbing of a law enforcement officer.

During the summer of 1836, the [[United States Congress]] proposed a compromise whereby Michigan gave up its claim to the strip in exchange for its statehood and the remaining three-quarters of the [[Upper Peninsula of Michigan|Upper Peninsula]]. Although the northern region's mineral wealth later became an economic asset to Michigan, at the time the compromise was considered a poor deal for the new state, and voters in a statehood convention in September soundly rejected it. In December, facing a dire financial crisis and pressure from Congress and President [[Andrew Jackson]], the Michigan government called another convention (called the "Frostbitten Convention"), which accepted the compromise, resolving the Toledo War.

== Origins ==
[[File:Northwest territory.png|thumb|right|Map of the [[Northwest Territory]] as established by the [[Congress of the Confederation]] in the [[Northwest Ordinance]], shown with present-day state borders, and correct spatial relationship between Lakes [[Lake Michigan|Michigan]] and [[Lake Erie|Erie]]]]

In 1787, the [[Congress of the Confederation]] enacted the [[Northwest Ordinance]], which created the [[Northwest Territory]] in what is now the upper [[Midwestern United States]]. The Ordinance specified that the territory was eventually to be divided into "not less than three nor more than five" future states. One of the boundaries between them was to be "an east and west line drawn through the southerly bend or extreme of [[Lake Michigan]]".<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/nworder.htm |title = Northwest Ordinance |date = July 13, 1787 |work = The Avalon Project |publisher = Yale Law School |access-date = May 12, 2006 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060523010247/http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/nworder.htm |archive-date = May 23, 2006 }}</ref> When Congress passed the [[Enabling Act of 1802]], which authorized Ohio to begin the process of becoming a U.S. state, the language defining Ohio's northern boundary elaborated on that, but was fundamentally the same: "an east and west line drawn through the southerly extreme of Lake Michigan, running east&nbsp;... until it shall intersect Lake Erie or the territorial line [with [[British North America]], now Canada], and thence with the same through [[Lake Erie]] to the Pennsylvania line aforesaid".<ref>{{cite web |date=April 30, 1802 |title=Enabling Act of 1802 |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Enabling_act_for_Ohio_1802 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150321160718/http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Enabling_act_for_Ohio_1802 |archive-date=March 21, 2015 |publisher=[[United States Congress]] |at=§ 2 |via=[[Wikisource]]}}</ref>

[[File:Mitchell map michigan.jpg|thumb|left|"[[Mitchell Map]]" of the region, from the late 18th century, used to create the Ordinance Line of 1787. The southern tip of [[Lake Michigan]] is depicted as being farther north than [[Lake Erie]].]]The most highly regarded map of the time, the "[[Mitchell Map]]",<ref>{{cite web |first= Matthew H. |last= Edney |url= http://www.oshermaps.org/special-map-exhibits/mitchell-map |publisher= [[University of Southern Maine]] |title= The Mitchell Map, 1755–1782: An Irony of Empire |date= July 26, 2012 |access-date= January 14, 2015 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141225182806/http://www.oshermaps.org/special-map-exhibits/mitchell-map |archive-date= December 25, 2014 }}</ref> showed the southerly extreme of Lake Michigan at a latitude north of the mouth of the [[Detroit River]], suggesting that an east–west line would not intersect with Lake Erie at all, until well across the international border. The framers of the 1802 [[Ohio Constitution]] therefore believed it was the intent of Congress that Ohio's northern boundary should certainly be north of the mouth of the Maumee River, and possibly even of the Detroit River. Ohio would thus be granted access to most or all of the Lake Erie shoreline west of Pennsylvania, and any other new states carved out of the Northwest Territory would have access to only Lakes Michigan, [[Lake Huron|Huron]], or [[Lake Superior|Superior]].<ref name="publications.ohiohistory.org">{{harvp|Mendenhall|Graham|1895|pp=127, 154}}</ref>

{{Wikisource| The Northwest Ordinance}}{{wikisource| Enabling act for Ohio 1802}}However, the delegates allegedly received reports from a [[fur trapping|fur trapper]] that Lake Michigan extended significantly farther south than had previously been believed (or mapped). Thus, it was possible that an east–west line extending east from Lake Michigan's southern tip might intersect Lake Erie somewhere southeast of [[Maumee Bay]], or worse, might not intersect the lake at all; the farther south that Lake Michigan actually extended, the more land Ohio would lose, conceivably even the entire Lake Erie shoreline west of Pennsylvania.<ref name="publications.ohiohistory.org" />
{{Wikisource|Ohio Constitution of 1802}}

Addressing this contingency, the Ohio delegates included a provision in the draft Ohio constitution that if this report about Lake Michigan's position was correct, the state boundary line would be angled slightly northeast so as to intersect Lake Erie at the "most northerly cape of the Miami [Maumee] Bay". This provision would guarantee that most of the [[Maumee River]] [[Drainage basin|watershed]] and the southern shore of Lake Erie west of Pennsylvania would fall in Ohio.<ref name="publications.ohiohistory.org"/> The draft constitution with this proviso was accepted by the United States Congress, but before Ohio's admission to the Union in February 1803, the proposed constitution was referred to a [[United States Congressional committee|Congressional committee]]. The committee's report stated that the clause defining the northern boundary depended on "a fact not yet ascertained" (the latitude of the southern extreme of Lake Michigan), and the members "thought it unnecessary to take it [the provision], at the time, into consideration."<ref>{{harvp|Mendenhall|Graham|1895|p=153}}.</ref>

When Congress created the [[Michigan Territory]] in 1805, it used the Northwest Ordinance's language to define the territory's southern boundary, disregarding that provision in Ohio's state constitution. This difference, and its potential ramifications, apparently went unnoticed at the time, but it established the legal basis for the conflict that would erupt 30 years later.<ref name="publications.ohiohistory.org" />

== Creation of the Toledo Strip ==
[[File:LewisCass.png|thumb|left|upright|Michigan Territory governor (1813–1831), [[Lewis Cass]]]]
The location of the border was contested throughout the early 19th century. Residents of the [[Toledo, Ohio|Port of Miami]]—which would later become Toledo—urged the Ohio government to resolve the border issue. The Ohio legislature, in turn, passed repeated resolutions and requests asking Congress to take up the matter. In 1812, Congress approved a request for an official survey of the line.<ref>{{harvp|Mendenhall|Graham|1895|p=206}}.</ref> Delayed because of the [[War of 1812]], it was only after [[Indiana]]'s admission to the Union in 1816 that work on the survey commenced. At that time, the border between Michigan and Indiana was altered from the Northwest Ordinance boundary – over the protests of the Michigan Territory – moving it {{convert|10|mi|km}} northward to give the new state substantial frontage on Lake Michigan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hayden |first=Maureen |title=Retracing a Border Incites Tensions Between Indiana, Michigan |url=https://www.newsandtribune.com/news/retracing-a-border-incites-tensions-between-indiana-michigan/article_1108d182-5331-11e4-a86b-3729dc093f46.html |access-date=March 27, 2022 |website=News and Tribune |date=October 14, 2014 |location = Jeffersonville, Indiana |language=en}}</ref>

U.S. Surveyor General [[Edward Tiffin]], who was in charge of the survey, was a former Ohio governor, and employed William Harris to survey not the Ordinance Line, but the line described in the Ohio Constitution of 1802. When completed, the "Harris Line" placed the mouth of the Maumee River completely in Ohio, as intended by the drafters of the state constitution.<ref name="MSU">{{cite web |work= Geography of Michigan and the Great Lakes Region |url= http://www.geo.msu.edu/geo333/toledo_war.html |title= The Toledo War |publisher= [[Michigan State University]] |access-date= May 12, 2006 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060820132210/http://www.geo.msu.edu/geo333/toledo_war.html |archive-date= August 20, 2006}}</ref> When the results of the survey were made public, Michigan territorial governor [[Lewis Cass]] objected, writing in a letter to Tiffin that the survey was biased to favor Ohio and "is only adding strength to the strong, and making the weak still weaker."<ref name="ohiohistory_Graham">{{harvp|Mendenhall|Graham|1895|p=162}}.</ref>
[[File:Tiffin300.jpg|right|thumb|upright|Former Ohio Governor and U.S. Surveyor General [[Edward Tiffin]], who commissioned the Harris Line survey]]
In response, Michigan commissioned a second survey that was carried out by John A. Fulton. The Fulton survey was based upon the original 1787 Ordinance Line, and after measuring the line eastward from Lake Michigan to Lake Erie, it found the Ohio boundary to lie just southeast of the mouth of the Maumee River.<ref name="DMVA">{{cite web |author= Public Affairs Office |date= March 4, 2002 |url= http://www.michigan.gov/dmva/0,1607,7-126-2360_3003_3009-16934--,00.html |title= The Toledo War |publisher= Michigan Department of Military and Veteran Affairs |access-date= May 12, 2006 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060209141612/http://www.michigan.gov/dmva/0,1607,7-126-2360_3003_3009-16934--,00.html |archive-date= February 9, 2006 }}</ref> The region between the Harris and Fulton survey lines formed what is now known as the "Toledo Strip". This ribbon of land between northern Ohio and southern Michigan spanned a region {{convert|5|to|8|mi|km|0|spell=in}} wide, over which both jurisdictions claimed sovereignty. While Ohio refused to cede its claim, Michigan quietly [[Prescription (sovereignty transfer)|occupied it]] for the next several years, setting up local governments, building roads, and collecting taxes throughout the area.<ref name = "ohiohistory_Graham"/>

=== Economic significance ===

The Toledo Strip was (and still is) a commercially important area. Prior to the rise of the [[History of rail transport|railroad]] industry, rivers and [[canal]]s were the major "highways of commerce" in the American Midwest.<ref name = "ohiohistory_Graham_p154">{{harvp|Mendenhall|Graham|1895|p=154}}.</ref> A small but important part of the Strip—the area around present-day Toledo and Maumee Bay—fell within the [[Great Black Swamp]], and this area was nearly impossible to navigate by road, especially after spring and summer rains.<ref name="historicperrysburg.org">{{cite web |url= http://www.historicperrysburg.org/history/swamp.htm |title= The Great Black Swamp |work= Historic Perrysburg |access-date= May 12, 2006 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070218032342/http://www.historicperrysburg.org/history/swamp.htm |archive-date= February 18, 2007}}</ref> Draining into Lake Erie, the Maumee River was not necessarily well-suited for large ships, but it did provide an easy connection to Indiana's [[Forts of Fort Wayne, Indiana|Fort Wayne]].<ref name = "ohiohistory_Graham_p154"/> At the time, there were plans to connect the [[Mississippi River]] and the Great Lakes through a series of canals. One such canal system approved by the Ohio legislature in 1825 was the [[Miami and Erie Canal]] that included a connection to the Ohio River and an outflow into Lake Erie via the Maumee River.<ref name="MSU"/>

During the conflict over the Toledo Strip, the [[Erie Canal]] was built, linking [[New York City]] and the [[East Coast of the United States|Eastern seaboard]] to the Great Lakes at [[Buffalo, New York|Buffalo]]. The canal finished in 1825, and immediately became a major route for trade and migration. Corn and other farm products (from the Midwest) could be shipped to eastern markets for much less expense than the older route along the Mississippi River. In addition, the migration of settlers to the Midwest increased sharply after the canal was finished, turning Buffalo and other port cities into [[boomtown]]s.<ref name="Meinig1">{{harvp|Meinig|1993|pp=357, 363, 436, and 440}}</ref>

The success of the Erie Canal inspired many other canal projects. Because the western end of Lake Erie offered the shortest overland route to the frontiers of Indiana and [[Illinois]], Maumee Harbor was seen as a site of immediate importance and great value. Detroit was {{convert|20|mi|km}} up the Detroit River from Lake Erie, and faced the difficult barrier of the Great Black Swamp to the south. Because of this, Detroit was less suited to new transportation projects such as canals, and later railroads, than was Toledo. From this perspective on the rapidly developing Midwest of the 1820s and 1830s, both states had much to gain by controlling the land in the Toledo Strip.<ref name="Meinig1"/>

In addition, the Strip west of the Toledo area is good for [[agriculture]], because of its well-drained, fertile [[loam]] soil. The area had for many years produced large amounts of [[maize|corn]] and [[wheat]] per acre.<ref name="historicperrysburg.org"/> Michigan and Ohio both wanted what seemed strategically and economically destined to become an important port and prosperous farmland.<ref name = "ohiohistory_Graham_p154"/>

== Prelude to conflict ==
[[File:Robert Lucas circa 1838 sketch.png|thumb|right|upright|Ohio governor Robert Lucas (1832–1836)]]

In 1820–21, the [[Public Land Survey System|federal land surveys]] had reached the disputed area from two directions, progressing southward from a baseline in Michigan and northward from one in Ohio. For unknown reasons, Surveyor General Tiffin ordered the two surveys to close on the Northwest Ordinance (Fulton) line, rather than Harris' line, perhaps lending implicit support to Michigan's claims over Ohio's.<ref>{{cite report |last1= Sherman |first1= C.E. |last2= Schlesinger |first2= A. M. |name-list-style= amp |year=1916 |work= Final Report, Ohio Cooperative Topographic Survey |title= Volume 1, Ohio-Michigan Boundary}}</ref> Thus, townships that were established north of the line assumed they were part of the Michigan Territory. By the early 1820s, the growing Michigan Territory reached the minimum population threshold of 60,000 to qualify for statehood. When it sought to hold a state constitutional convention in 1833, Congress rejected the request because of the still-disputed Toledo Strip.<ref name="DMVA"/>

[[File:Stevens T Mason.png|thumb|left|upright|[[Michigan Territory]] Governor [[Stevens T. Mason]] (1832–1839)]]

Ohio asserted that the boundary was firmly established in its constitution and thus Michigan's citizens were simply intruders; the state government refused to negotiate the issue with them. The Ohio Congressional delegation was active in blocking Michigan from attaining statehood, lobbying other states to vote against it. In January 1835, frustrated by the political stalemate, Michigan's territorial governor [[Stevens T. Mason]] called for a [[Constitutional convention (political meeting)|constitutional convention]] to be held in May of that year, despite Congress' refusal to approve an [[enabling act (United States)|enabling act]] authorizing one.<ref>{{harvp|Mendenhall|Graham|1895|p=167}}.</ref>

In February 1835, Ohio passed legislation that set up county governments in the Strip. The county in which Toledo sat would, later in 1835, be named after [[incumbent]] Governor [[Robert Lucas (governor)|Robert Lucas]], a move that further exacerbated the growing tensions with Michigan. Also, during this period, Ohio attempted to use its power in Congress to revive a previously rejected boundary bill that would formally set the state border to be the Harris Line.<ref>{{harvp|Galloway|1895|p=208}}.</ref>

Michigan, led by the young and hot-headed Mason, responded with the passage of the Pains and Penalties Act just six days after Lucas County was formed; the act made it a criminal offense for Ohioans to carry out governmental actions in the Strip, under penalty of a [[Fine (penalty)|fine]] up to $1,000 ({{Inflation|index=US|value=1000|start_year=1835|r=-3|fmt=eq|cursign=$}}), up to five years [[prison|imprisonment]] at [[hard labor]], or both.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.detroithistorical.org/collections/vewebsite2/exhibit3/e30013a.htm |title= S.013 Monument |publisher= Detroit Historical Society and Detroit Historical Society |access-date= August 10, 2006 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060929010634/http://www.detroithistorical.org/collections/vewebsite2/exhibit3/e30013a.htm |archive-date= September 29, 2006 |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=January 1, 2001 |url=http://www.michigan.gov/formergovernors/0,1607,7-212--79532--,00.html |title=Important Dates in Michigan's Quest for Statehood |publisher=State of Michigan |access-date=May 12, 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060509115915/http://www.michigan.gov/formergovernors/0%2C1607%2C7-212--79532--%2C00.html |archive-date=May 9, 2006 }}</ref> Acting as [[commander-in-chief]] of the territory, Mason appointed [[Brigadier General]] [[Joseph W. Brown]] of the [[Iron Brigade|Third U.S. Brigade]] to head the state militia, with the instructions to be ready to act against Ohio trespassers. Lucas obtained legislative approval for a militia of his own, and he soon sent forces to the Strip area. The Toledo War had begun.<ref name="DMVA"/>

Former United States President [[John Quincy Adams]], who at the time represented [[Massachusetts]] in Congress, backed Michigan's claim. In 1833, when Congress rejected Michigan's request for a convention, Adams summed up his opinion on the dispute: "Never in the course of my life have I known a controversy of which all the right was so clearly on one side and all the power so overwhelmingly on the other."<ref>{{harvp|Adams|1876|pp=214–5}}.</ref>

== War ==
[[File:Andrew jackson head.jpg|thumb|upright|right|U.S. President [[Andrew Jackson]], who sided with Ohio in the conflict and dismissed Mason as governor]]
Acting as commander-in-chief of Ohio's militia, Governor Lucas—along with General [[John Bell (Ohio politician)|John Bell]] and about 600 other fully armed militiamen—arrived in [[Perrysburg, Ohio]], {{convert|10|mi|km}} southwest of Toledo, on March 31, 1835.<ref>{{harvp|Galloway|1895|p=213}}.</ref> Shortly thereafter, Governor Mason and General Brown arrived to occupy the city of Toledo proper with around 1,000 armed men, intending to prevent Ohio advances into the Toledo area as well as stopping further border marking from taking place.<ref>{{harvp|Way|1869|p=17}}.</ref>

=== Presidential intervention ===
In a desperate attempt to prevent armed battle and to avert the resulting political crisis, U.S. President [[Andrew Jackson]] consulted his [[U.S. Attorney General|Attorney General]], [[Benjamin Franklin Butler (lawyer)|Benjamin Butler]], for his legal opinion on the border dispute. At the time, Ohio was a growing political power in the Union, with 19 [[U.S. representative]]s and two senators. In contrast, Michigan, still a territory, had only a single non-voting delegate. Ohio was a crucial [[swing state]] in presidential elections, and it would have been devastating to the fledgling [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] to lose its electoral votes. Jackson calculated that his party's best interest would be served by keeping the Toledo Strip as part of Ohio.<ref name=Galloway214>{{harvp|Galloway|1895|p=214}}.</ref> However, Butler held that until Congress dictated otherwise, the land rightfully belonged to Michigan. This presented a political dilemma for Jackson that spurred him to take action that would greatly influence the outcome.<ref name="Galloway214" />

[[File:Richard Rush engraving.png|thumb|left|upright|[[Richard Rush]] of [[Pennsylvania]], a representative of President Jackson who helped to present a compromise to both governors]]
On April 3, 1835, Jackson sent two representatives from [[Washington, D.C.]] – [[Richard Rush]] of [[Pennsylvania]] and [[Benjamin Chew Howard]] of [[Maryland]] – to Toledo to arbitrate the conflict and present a compromise to both governments. The proposal, presented on April 7, recommended that a re-survey to mark the Harris Line commence without further interruption by Michigan, and that the residents of the affected region be allowed to choose their own state or territorial governments until Congress could definitively settle the matter.<ref name=Way19>{{harvp|Way|1869|p=19}}.</ref>

Lucas reluctantly agreed to the proposal and began to disband his militia, believing the debate to be settled. Three days later, elections in the region were held under Ohio law. Mason refused the deal and continued to prepare for possible armed conflict.<ref name=Way19/><ref>{{harvp|Galloway|1895|p=216}}.</ref>

During the elections, Ohio officials were harassed by Michigan authorities, and the area residents were threatened with arrest if they submitted to Ohio's authority.<ref>{{harvp|Wittke|1895|pp=299, 303}}.</ref> On April 8, 1835, the [[Monroe County, Michigan]] sheriff arrived at the home of Major Benjamin F. Stickney, an Ohio [[partisan (political)|partisan]]. In the first contact between Michigan partisans and the Stickney family, the sheriff arrested two Ohioans under the Pains and Penalties Act on the basis that the men had voted in the Ohio elections.<ref name="PS">{{harvp|Mitchell|2004|p=7}}.</ref>

=== Battle of Phillips Corners ===
[[File:ToledoMIBox.JPG|thumb|right|A box labeled "Toledo, Mi" that may have been used by the Michigan Militia during the Toledo War]]
After the election, Lucas believed that the commissioners' actions had alleviated the situation and once again sent out surveyors to mark the Harris Line. The project proceeded without serious incident until April 26, 1835, when the surveying group was attacked by 50 to 60 members of General Brown's militia in the Battle of Phillips Corners.<ref name=Galloway214/><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.remarkableohio.org/index.cfm?action=search_markers.marker_details&marker_id=621 |title= The Ohio–Michigan Boundary War: Battle of Phillips Corners Marker #2–26 |work= Remarkable Ohioan |access-date= May 13, 2006 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151122132125/http://www.remarkableohio.org/index.cfm?action=search_markers.marker_details&marker_id=621 |archive-date= November 22, 2015 }}</ref> As the only site of armed conflict, the battle's name is sometimes used as a [[synonym]] for the entire Toledo War.

[[File:Phillips Corners Battlefield.jpg|thumb|right|Site of the Battle of Phillips Corners]]
Surveyors wrote to Lucas afterward that while observing "the blessings of the [[Sabbath in Christianity|Sabbath]]", Michigan militia forces advised them to retreat. In the ensuing chase, "nine of our men, who did not leave the ground in time after being fired upon by the enemy, from thirty to fifty shots, were taken prisoners and carried away into [[Tecumseh, Michigan|Tecumseh]], Michigan."<ref>{{harvp|Galloway|1895|p=217}}.</ref> While the details of the attack are disputed—Michigan claimed it fired no shots, only discharging a few [[musket]] rounds in the air as the Ohio group retreated—the battle further infuriated both Ohioans and Michiganders and [[Conflict escalation|brought the two sides to the brink of all-out war]].<ref name="harvp|Wittke|1895|p=306">{{harvp|Wittke|1895|p=306}}.</ref><ref name=Galloway220>{{harvp|Galloway|1895|p=220}}.</ref>

=== Bloodshed in 1835 ===
[[File:Two Stickney circa 1836 drawing.png|thumb|upright|Ohioan Two Stickney, who caused the sole serious injury in the Toledo War by stabbing a Michigan sheriff's deputy]]
In response to allegations that Michigan's militia fired upon Ohioans, Lucas called a special session of Ohio's legislature on June 8 to pass several more controversial acts, including the establishment of Toledo as the [[county seat]] of Lucas County, the establishment of a Court of Common Pleas in the city, a law to prevent the forcible abduction of Ohio citizens from the area, and a budget of $300,000 (${{formatprice|{{Inflation|US-GDP|300000|1835|r=-5}}}} in {{inflation-year|US-GDP}}{{inflation-fn|US-GDP}}) to implement the legislation.<ref name=Galloway220/> Michigan's territorial legislature responded with a budget appropriation of $315,000 to fund ''its'' militia.<ref name="DMVA"/>

In May and June, Michigan drafted a [[Constitution of Michigan|state constitution]], with provisions for a [[bicameral]] legislature, a [[Supreme Court of Michigan|supreme court]], and other components of a functional state government.<ref name=Galloway220/><ref name="MASON"/> Congress was still not willing to allow Michigan's entry into the Union, and Jackson vowed to reject Michigan's statehood until the border issue and war were resolved.<ref>{{harvp|Galloway|1895|p=227}}.</ref>

Lucas ordered his [[adjutant general]], Samuel C. Andrews, to conduct a count of the militia, and was told that 10,000 volunteers were ready to fight. That news became exaggerated as it traveled north, and soon thereafter the Michigan territorial press dared the Ohio "million" to enter the Strip as they "welcomed them to hospitable graves".<ref>{{harvp|Way|1869|p=28}}.</ref>

In June 1835, Lucas dispatched a delegation consisting of U.S. Attorney [[Noah Haynes Swayne]], former Congressman [[William Allen (governor)|William Allen]], and [[David T. Disney]] to Washington D.C. to confer with Jackson. The delegation presented Ohio's case and urged Jackson to address the situation swiftly.<ref>{{harvp|Way|1869|p=33}}.</ref><ref name="harvp|Galloway|1895|p=221">{{harvp|Galloway|1895|p=221}}.</ref>

Throughout mid-1835, both governments continued their practice of [[one-upmanship|oneupmanship]], and constant skirmishes and arrests occurred. Citizens of Monroe County joined in a posse to make arrests in Toledo. Partisans from Ohio, angered by the harassment, targeted the offenders with criminal prosecutions.<ref name="umich_hti"/> Lawsuits were rampant and served as a basis for retaliatory lawsuits from the opposite side.<ref name = "umich_hti"/> Partisans of both sides organized spying parties to keep track of the sheriffs of [[Wood County, Ohio]], and Monroe County, Michigan, who were entrusted with the security of the border.<ref name = "umich_hti">{{harvp|Way|1869|p=29}}.</ref>

On July 15, Monroe County, Michigan, Deputy Sheriff Joseph Wood went into Toledo to arrest Major Benjamin Stickney, but when Stickney and his family resisted, the whole family was subdued and taken into custody.<ref name = "umich_hti"/> During the scuffle, the major's son Two Stickney stabbed Wood with a penknife and fled into Ohio. Wood's injuries were not life-threatening.<ref name="harvp|Wittke|1895|p=306"/> When Lucas refused Mason's demand to extradite Two Stickney to Michigan for trial, Mason wrote to Jackson for help, suggesting that the matter be referred to the [[United States Supreme Court]]. At the time of the conflict it was not established that the Supreme Court could resolve state boundary disputes, and Jackson declined the request.<ref>{{harvp|Dunbar|May|1995|p=216}}.</ref> Looking for peace, Lucas began making his own efforts to end the conflict, again through federal intervention via Ohio's congressional delegation.<ref name="harvp|Galloway|1895|p=221"/>
{{Wikisource| Michigan Constitution of 1835}}In August 1835, at the strong urging of Ohio's members of Congress, Jackson removed Mason as Michigan's territorial governor and appointed [[John S. Horner|John S. ("Little Jack") Horner]] in his stead. Before his replacement arrived, Mason ordered 1,000 Michigan militiamen to enter Toledo and prevent the symbolically important first session of the Ohio Court of Common Pleas. While the idea was popular with Michigan residents, the effort failed: the judges held a midnight court before quickly retreating south of the Maumee River, where Ohio forces were positioned.<ref>{{harvp|Mendenhall|Graham|1895|p=199}}.</ref>

=== Frostbitten Convention and the end of the Toledo War ===
Horner proved extremely unpopular as governor and his tenure was very short. Residents disliked him so much they burned him in [[effigy]] and pelted him with vegetables upon his entry into the territorial capital. In the October 1835 elections, voters approved the draft constitution and re-elected Mason governor. The same election saw [[Isaac E. Crary]] chosen as Michigan's first [[United States Representative|U.S. Representative]] to Congress. Because of the dispute, Congress refused to accept his credentials and seated him as a non-voting delegate. The two [[United States Senate|U.S. Senators]] chosen by the state legislature in November, [[Lucius Lyon]] and [[John Norvell]], were treated with even less respect, being allowed to sit only as spectators in the Senate gallery.<ref name="DMVA"/>

[[File:Bilde-frost.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Journal of the 1836 Michigan Territorial Convention, often called the Frostbitten Convention]]
On June 15, 1836, Jackson signed a bill that allowed Michigan to become a state, but only after it ceded the Toledo Strip. In exchange for this concession, Michigan would be granted the western three-quarters of what is now known as the Upper Peninsula (the easternmost portion had already been included in the state boundaries).<ref>{{harvp|Galloway|1895|p=228}}.</ref> Because of the perceived worthlessness of the Upper Peninsula's remote wilderness, which was ill-suited for agriculture, a September 1836 special convention in [[Ann Arbor, Michigan|Ann Arbor]] rejected the offer.<ref name="Wittkeopcit">{{harvp|Wittke|1895|p=318}}.</ref>

As the year wore on, Michigan found itself deep in financial crisis, nearly bankrupt because of the high militia expenses. The government was spurred to action by the realization that a $400,000 surplus (${{formatprice|{{Inflation|US-GDP|400000|1836|r=-6}}}} in {{inflation-year|US-GDP}}{{inflation-fn|US-GDP}}) in the [[United States Treasury]] was about to be distributed to the [[List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union#Admissions of new states beyond the thirteen original colonies|25 states]] but not to territorial governments; Michigan would have been ineligible to receive a share.<ref name="MASON">{{cite web|last=Baker |first=Patricia J. |date=January 1, 2001 |url=http://www.michigan.gov/formergovernors/0,1607,7-212--52864--,00.html |title=Stevens Thompson Mason |publisher=State of Michigan |access-date=May 13, 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060509115902/http://www.michigan.gov/formergovernors/0%2C1607%2C7-212--52864--%2C00.html |archive-date=May 9, 2006 }}</ref>

[[File:Upper peninsula Toledo War.png|thumb|right|The [[Upper Peninsula of Michigan]]. Congress offered the region in red to the state of [[Michigan]] in exchange for the Toledo Strip, as a compromise.]]The war unofficially ended on December 14, 1836, at a second convention in Ann Arbor. Delegates passed a resolution to accept Congress's terms. The calling of the convention was itself controversial. It came about only because of an upswelling of private summonses, petitions, and public meetings. Since the legislature did not approve a call to convention, some said the convention was illegal. [[Whig Party (United States)|Whigs]] boycotted the convention. As a consequence, the resolution was ridiculed by many Michigan residents.<ref name="Wittkeopcit" /> Congress questioned the convention's legality, but accepted its results. Because of these factors, as well as a notable cold spell, the event became known as the Frostbitten Convention.<ref name="Wittkeopcit"/>

On January 26, 1837, Michigan was admitted to the Union as the 26th state,<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.usmint.gov/mint_programs/50sq_program/states/index.cfm?flash=yes&state=MI |title= Michigan Quarter |publisher= U.S. Mint |access-date= May 13, 2006 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060614181851/http://usmint.gov/mint_programs/50sq_program/states/index.cfm?flash=yes&state=MI |archive-date= June 14, 2006 }}</ref> without the Toledo Strip but with the entire Upper Peninsula.<ref name="Wittkeopcit" />

== Subsequent history ==
{{See also|Copper mining in Michigan}}

The Toledo strip became a permanent part of Ohio. The Upper Peninsula was considered a worthless wilderness by almost all familiar with the area, valuable only for timber and fur trapping.<ref>{{harvp|Wittke|1895|p=319}}.</ref> However, the discovery of copper in the [[Keweenaw Peninsula]] and [[iron]] in the Central Upper Peninsula in the 1840s led to a [[mining]] boom that lasted long into the 20th century.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://faculty.nmu.edu/upced/UPinfo/UPHIST.HTM |title= History of the Upper Peninsula |publisher= [[Northern Michigan University]] |access-date= May 13, 2006 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060516035531/http://faculty.nmu.edu/upced/UPinfo/UPHIST.HTM |archive-date= May 16, 2006}}</ref> Michigan's loss of {{convert|1,100|sqmi|km2}} of agricultural land and the port of Toledo was offset by the gain of {{convert|9,000|sqmi|km2|-3}} of timber and ore-rich land.<ref name="PS"/>

Differences of opinion about the exact boundary location continued until a definitive re-survey was performed in 1915. Re-survey protocol ordinarily required the surveyors to follow the Harris line exactly, but in this case, the surveyors deviated from it in places. This was done to prevent certain residents near the border from being subject to changes in state residence and land owners from having parcels in both states. The 1915 survey was delineated by 71 [[granite]] markers, {{convert|12|in|cm}} wide by {{convert|18|in|cm}} high. Upon completion, the two states' governors, [[Woodbridge N. Ferris]] of Michigan and [[Frank B. Willis]] of Ohio, shook hands at the border.<ref name="MSU"/>

Traces of the original Ordinance Line can still be seen in northwestern Ohio and northern Indiana. The northernmost boundaries of [[Ottawa County, Ohio|Ottawa]] and [[Wood County, Ohio|Wood]] counties follow it, as well as many township boundaries in [[Fulton County, Ohio|Fulton]] and [[Williams County, Ohio|Williams]] counties. Many old north–south roads are offset as they cross the line, forcing traffic to jog east while traveling north. The line is identified on [[United States Geological Survey]] [[topographical map]]s as the "South [Boundary] Michigan Survey", and on Lucas County and Fulton County road maps as "Old State Line Road".<ref>{{cite map |url= http://msrmaps.com/image.aspx?T=2&S=14&Z=17&X=82&Y=1440&W=1&qs=%7cToledo%7cOhio%7c |title= 2&nbsp;km NE of Wilkins, Ohio, United States |date= July 1, 1983 |author= United States Geological Survey |author-link= United States Geological Survey |publisher= [[Microsoft Research Maps]] |access-date= May 13, 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite map |author= Ohio Department of Transportation |author-link= Ohio Department of Transportation |url= http://www.dot.state.oh.us/Divisions/TransSysDev/ProgramMgt/functionalclass/2004%20Rural%20County%20Maps/Lucas.pdf |title= Lucas County, Ohio |format= PDF |location= Columbus |publisher= Ohio Department of Transportation |scale= Scale not given |access-date= October 5, 2008 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101229063315/http://www.dot.state.oh.us/Divisions/TransSysDev/ProgramMgt/functionalclass/2004%20Rural%20County%20Maps/Lucas.pdf |archive-date=December 29, 2010 }}</ref>

While the land border was firmly set in the early 20th century, the two states still disagreed on the path of the border to the east, in Lake Erie.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.freep.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=2009903290308 |last= Kienzle |first= Javan |title= How Ohio's Grab for the Maumee River Blocked Michigan's Road to Statehood |date= March 29, 2009 |work= [[Detroit Free Press]] }}</ref> In 1973, they finally obtained a hearing before the U.S. Supreme Court on their competing claims to the Lake Erie waters. In ''[[Michigan v. Ohio]]'', the court upheld a [[special master]]'s report and ruled that the boundary between the two states in Lake Erie was angled to the northeast, as described in Ohio's state constitution, and not a straight east–west line.<ref>{{cite court |url= http://laws.findlaw.com/us/410/420.html |litigants= Michigan v. Ohio |vol= 410 |reporter= U.S. |opinion= 420 |year= 1973 |access-date= May 13, 2006}}</ref> One consequence of the decision was that [[Turtle Island (Lake Erie)|Turtle Island]], just outside Maumee Bay and originally treated as wholly in Michigan, was split between the two states.<ref>{{cite news |first = Jenson |last = Strock |date = February 22, 2022 |url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=69RM7k3y7LU |format = Video |title = 1973: The U.S. Supreme Court decides the boundary line between Ohio and Michigan |work = Today in Toledo History |location = Toledo, Ohio |publisher = [[WTOL-TV]] |at = 0:53 |access-date = April 5, 2022 |via = YouTube }}</ref>

This decision was the last border adjustment, putting an end to years of debate. In modern times, although a general rivalry between Michiganders and Ohioans persists, overt conflict between the states is restricted primarily to the [[Michigan–Ohio State football rivalry|Michigan–Ohio State rivalry]] in collegiate [[American football]] and to a lesser degree to the rivalry between the [[Detroit Tigers]] and [[Cleveland Guardians]] in [[American League]] baseball;<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/100yardwarinside0000emma|title=The 100-Yard War: Inside the 100-Year-Old Michigan–Ohio State Football Rivalry|last=Emmanuel|first=Greg|publisher=J. Wiley & Sons|year=2004|isbn=0-471-67552-0|location=Hoboken, NJ|pages=[https://archive.org/details/100yardwarinside0000emma/page/8 8–10]|url-access=registration}}<!--Emmanuel's first chapter, "Hate: The Early Years," cites the origins of the 100-year competition between the two football teams as being borne out of the unfulfilled bloodlust of the militia troops.--></ref> the Toledo War is sometimes cited as the origin of the animosity represented in today's rivalry.<ref>{{cite episode |first=  Brian |last= Unger |author-link=  Brian Unger |title= How the States Got Their Shapes |series= [[How the States Got Their Shapes]] |network= [[History (U.S. TV channel)|The History Channel]] |date= April 6, 2010 |season= 1 |number= 1 }}</ref> <!--The [[Toledo, Ohio|Toledo]] area is about evenly split, having large contingents of fans for both universities, being geographically closer to [[Ann Arbor, Michigan|Ann Arbor]] while being located in the same state as [[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]].-->

<gallery widths="250px" heights="170px">
File:USGS Toledo Strip Topo.jpg|[[United States Geological Survey|USGS]] topographic map that shows the Ordinance Line as "South Bdy Michigan Survey". There are jogs in many north–south roads at this line.
File:Mi-ohiowar.jpeg|Michigan Governor [[Woodbridge N. Ferris]] and Ohio Governor [[Frank B. Willis]] shake on a truce over state line markers erected in 1915.
File:Map of Williams County Ohio With Municipal and Township Labels.PNG|The northern tier of townships in [[Williams County, Ohio|Williams County]] are within the Toledo Strip. The southern boundary of each lies along the Ordinance Line.<ref>{{cite news |last = Maynard |first = Kevin |title = Williams County was created 200 years ago |date = June 9, 2020 |newspaper = [[The Bryan Times]] |location = Bryan, Ohio |url = https://www.bryantimes.com/williams-county-was-created-200-years-ago/article_f12a6532-85ea-56b2-8518-68929dced244.html |access-date = March 28, 2021 }}</ref>
File:1858 Platt Map, Dover Township, Fulton County, Ohio.jpg|The northern half of [[Dover Township, Fulton County, Ohio|Dover Township]] in [[Fulton County, Ohio|Fulton County]] Ohio, formerly claimed by Michigan, is shifted, or "jogs", at "Old State Line Road", now County Road K.
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States]]
* [[List of Michigan county name etymologies]]
* [[Ohio Lands]]
* [[Timeline of the Toledo Strip]]

== References ==
=== Footnotes ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Works cited ===
{{Refbegin}}
*{{cite book |title= Memoirs of John Quincy Adams: Comprising Portions of His Diary from 1795 to 1848 |last= Adams |first= John Quincy |author-link= John Quincy Adams |editor-first= Charles Francis |editor-last= Adams |year= 1876 |publisher= J. B. Lippincott & Co. |location= Philadelphia |url= https://archive.org/details/memoirsjohnquin45adamgoog |page= [https://archive.org/details/memoirsjohnquin45adamgoog/page/n226 214] |quote= Never in the course of my life have I known a controversy of which all the right. |access-date=April 6, 2012}}
* {{cite journal |last= Allen |first= R.C. |journal= Michigan Geological and Biological Survey |id= Publication&nbsp;22, Geological Series&nbsp;18 |date= July 30, 1916 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=iHbhAAAAMAAJ |title= Biennial Report of the Directory and Report on Retracement and Report on Retracement Permanent Monumenting of the Michigan–Ohio Boundary |location= Lansing, MI |publisher= Wynkoop Hallenbeck Crawford Co., State Printers |oclc= 11743219}}
* {{cite book |last1= Dunbar |first1= Willis F. |last2= May |first2= George S. |name-list-style= amp |year=1995 |title= Michigan: A History of the Wolverine State |edition= 3rd Revised |location= Grand Rapids, MI |publisher=[[Eerdmans]] |isbn= 978-0-8028-7055-1}}
* {{cite book |last= Emmanuel |first= Greg |title= The 100-Yard War: Inside the 100-Year-Old Michigan–Ohio State Football Rivalry |year= 1960 |publisher= John Wiley & Sons |location= New York |pages= [https://archive.org/details/100yardwarinside0000emma/page/9 9–10] |chapter= Hate: The Early Years |isbn= 0-471-67552-0 |chapter-url-access= registration |chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/100yardwarinside0000emma/page/9 }}
* {{cite journal |last= Galloway |first= Tod B. |year= 1895 |title= The Ohio-Michigan Boundary Line Dispute. |journal= Ohio Archaeological and Historical Quarterly |volume= 4 |page= 213 |oclc= 44843819}}
* {{cite book |last= Meinig |first= D.W. |year= 1993 |title= The Shaping of America: A Geographical Perspective on 500 Years of History. Volume 2, Continental America, 1800–1867 |publisher= Yale University Press |location= New Haven, CT |isbn= 0-300-05658-3}}
* {{cite journal |last1= Mendenhall |first1= T.C. |last2= Graham |first2= A.A. |name-list-style= amp |year= 1895 |title= Boundary Line Between Ohio and Indiana, and Between Ohio and Michigan |volume= 4 |journal= Ohio Archaeological and Historical Quarterly |page= 127 |oclc= 44843819}}
* {{cite journal |last= Mitchell |first= Gordon |date=July 2004 |url= http://newpsm.profsurv.com/newpsm/archive.php?issue=90&article=1265 |title= History Corner: Ohio–Michigan Boundary War, Part 2 |volume= 24 |issue= 7 |journal= Professional Surveyor Magazine |page= 7 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070823005643/http://www.profsurv.com/archive.php?issue=90&article=1265 |archive-date= August 23, 2007}}
* {{cite book |last= Way |first= Willard V. |year= 1869 |title= Facts and Historical Events of the Toledo War of 1835 |url= https://archive.org/details/factsandhistori01waygoog |location= Toledo |publisher= Daily Commercial Steam Book and Job Printing House |oclc= 490964723}}
* {{cite journal |last= Wittke |first= Karl |year= 1895 |title= The Ohio-Michigan Boundary Dispute Re-examined |volume= 45 |journal= Ohio Archaeological and Historical Quarterly |page= 299 |oclc= 44843819}}
{{Refend}}

== Further reading ==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Bulkley |first=John McClelland |title=History of Monroe County, Michigan: A Narrative Account of Its Historical Progress, Its People, and Its Principal Interests |url=http://name.umdl.umich.edu/BAD0978.0001.001 |access-date= May 8, 2006 |year=1913 |publisher=Lewis Publishing |location=Chicago |pages=137–161 |chapter=Toledo War |chapter-url=http://www.hti.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=micounty;cc=micounty;q1=Port%20Lawrence;rgn=full%20text;idno=BAD0978.0001.001;didno=BAD0978.0001.001;view=image;seq=00000171 }}
* {{cite book |last=Faber |first=Don |year=2008 |title=The Toledo War: The First Michigan–Ohio Rivalry |publisher=[[University of Michigan Press]] |location=Ann Arbor |isbn=978-0-472-07054-1 }}
* {{google maps |url= https://www.google.com/maps/@41.6152092,-84.3177508,15z |title= Map Showing Jog from West to East for Northerly Traffic and Indicating the Approximate Location of the Original Boundary Line |access-date= June 9, 2015}}
* {{cite book |last= Greene |first= Merritt |year= 1960 |title= Curse of the White Panther: A Story of the Days of the Toledo War |location= Hillsdale, MI |publisher= Hillsdale School Supply }}
* {{cite book |last= Hemans |first= Lawton T. |year= 1920 |title= Life and Times of Stevens Thomson Mason: The Boy Governor of Michigan |url= https://archive.org/details/afk0662.0001.001.umich.edu |location= Lansing |publisher= Michigan Historical Commission }}
* {{cite book |last= Karl-George |first= Mary |year=1971 |title=The Rise and Fall of Toledo, Michigan: The Toledo War! |location= Lansing |publisher= Michigan Historical Commission }}
* {{cite sign |author= Michigan Department of Natural Resources |author-link= Michigan Department of Natural Resources |url= http://www.michmarkers.com/startup.asp?startpage=S0261.htm |medium= Michigan Historical Marker |title= Michigan Becomes a State |location= Ann Arbor |publisher= Michigan Department of Natural Resources |url-status= usurped |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060325015233/http://www.michmarkers.com/startup.asp?startpage=S0261.htm |archive-date= March 25, 2006 }}
* {{cite web|first=Alan |last=Naldrett |year=2007 |url=http://www.macombcountymi.gov/historicalcommission/pdfs/Holy_Toledo_2007.pdf |title=Holy Toledo! Or the Continuing War Between Ohio and Michigan&nbsp;... |publisher=Macomb County, Michigan |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080910112500/http://www.macombcountymi.gov/historicalcommission/pdfs/Holy_Toledo_2007.pdf |archive-date=September 10, 2008 }}
* {{Ohio History Central|562}}
* {{cite web |url= http://www.toledowar.com/ |title= ToledoWar.com |publisher= ToledoWar.com |date= April 14, 2005 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080306040211/http://www.toledowar.com/ |archive-date= March 6, 2008 }}
* {{cite book |last= Tuttle |first= Charles R. |title= General History of the State of Michigan: With Biographical Sketches, Portrait Engravings, and Numerous Illustrations. |url= http://name.umdl.umich.edu/bac8789.0001.001 |access-date= May 8, 2006 |year=1873 |publisher=R.D.S. Tyler |location=Detroit |pages=448–479 |chapter=Chapter XXXI |chapter-url=http://www.hti.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=micounty&cc=micounty&idno=bac8789.0001.001&q1=Vistula&frm=frameset&view=image&seq=454 |isbn=0-665-42277-6 }}
* {{cite book |last =United States Congress |title=Abridgment of the Debates of Congress, from 1789 to 1856 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PG0FAAAAQAAJ&q=An+act+to+enable+the+people+of+the+eastern+division+of+the+territory+north- |access-date= May 8, 2006 |year=1860 |publisher=D. Appleton |location=New York |pages=367–370 |chapter=Thursday, June 5, 1843, 'Northern Boundary of Ohio' |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PG0FAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA1-PA783 |isbn=1-4255-6619-7 }}
<!-- It should also be mentioned that Indiana carved off their own strip of land at Michigan's expense two decades earlier, upon Indiana's statehood in 1816, though by agreed-upon sale rather than force. There is a state historical marker commemorating the event at the location of the former boundary, just south of South Bend, Indiana. Therefore, had things been different, South Bend and Notre Dame would both be located in Michigan. -->
{{Refend}}
{{Toledo}}
{{Ohio-Lands}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Conflicts in 1835]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1836]]
[[Category:History of Michigan]]
[[Category:History of Ohio]]
[[Category:Internal territorial disputes of the United States]]
[[Category:History of Toledo, Ohio]]
[[Category:Battles and conflicts without fatalities]]
[[Category:1830s in Michigan Territory]]
[[Category:1830s in Ohio]]
[[Category:Borders of Michigan]]
[[Category:Borders of Ohio]]