Editing Tony Pastor

{{Short description|American variety performer and theatre owner (1837–1908)}}
{{for|the saxophonist and bandleader|Tony Pastor (bandleader)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=December 2023}}
{{Original research|date=December 2023}}
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{{Infobox writer
| name = Tony Pastor
| image = Tony-Pastor-01.JPG
| imagesize = 
| caption = 
| birth_name = Antonio Pastor
| birth_date = {{birth date|1837|5|28}}
| birth_place = [[New York City]], [[New York (state)|New York]], U.S.A.
| death_date = {{death date and age|1908|8|26|1837|5|28}}
| death_place = [[Elmhurst, Queens|Elmhurst, Queens County]], [[New York (state)|New York]], U.S.
| occupation = Vaudeville entertainer, showman and theatre manager
| yearsactive = 1846–1905
}}

'''Antonio Pastor''' (May 28, 1837 &ndash; August 26, 1908) was an American [[impresario]], variety performer and theatre owner who became one of the founding forces behind [[United States|American]] [[vaudeville]] in the mid-to-late-nineteenth century. He was sometimes referred to as the "Dean of Vaudeville". The strongest elements of his entertainments were an almost-[[jingoistic]] brand of [[United States]] patriotism and a strong commitment to attracting a "mixed-gender" audience, the latter being something revolutionary in the male-oriented variety halls of the mid-century.<ref>{{cite book |last=Snyder |first=Robert W. |title=The Voice of the City: Vaudeville and Popular Culture in New York |url=https://archive.org/details/voiceofcityvaude00snyd |url-access=registration |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1989 |isbn=0-19-505285-4}}</ref> Although he was a performer and producer, Pastor is best known for "cleaning up" bawdy variety acts and presenting a clean and family-friendly genre called vaudeville.

A collection of his papers is maintained at the [[Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center]] at the [[University of Texas]] in Austin,<ref name=RansomCtr>{{cite web |title=Tony Pastor: An Inventory of His Collection |url=http://research.hrc.utexas.edu:8080/hrcxtf/view?docId=ead/00106.xml |publisher=Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center |access-date=2014-12-23}}</ref> and in the archives of the [[New York Public Library for the Performing Arts]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Tony Pastor collection |url=http://www.nypl.org/archives/4785 |publisher=New York Public Library |work=Archives & Manuscripts |access-date=2014-12-23}}</ref>

==Life and career==

=== Family ===
Antonio Pastor, father of Tony, was a fruit-seller, barber, and violinist from Spain.<ref>Monod, David. "Art with the Effervescence of Ginger Beer: The Creation of Vaudeville". ''The Soul of Pleasure: Sentiment and Sensation in Nineteenth-Century American Mass Entertainment'', [[Cornell University Press]], 2016, pp. 171–205.</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Historical document| website=Historical Vital Records of NYC | url=https://a860-historicalvitalrecords.nyc.gov/view/4171945 | access-date=10 February 2024}}</ref> His family was reputed by contemporaries to be "of gypsy blood".<ref>Ford, James I. ''Forty-odd Years in the Literary Shop'', E.P. Dutton, 1921, p. 107.</ref> He met his future wife, Cornelia Buckley, who was from [[New Haven, Connecticut]], after he came to New York. They then lived in Manhattan. Their third child, and first son, also named Antonio Pastor, was born in [[Manhattan]] in 1837 at his parents' residence at 400 [[Greenwich Street]], in what is now the financial district of lower Manhattan.<ref name="Fields">{{cite book |first=Armond |last=Fields |title=Tony Pastor, Father of Vaudeville |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XlCFnqopzQ4C&pg=PA4 |year=2007 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-0-7864-3054-3 |pages=4–6}}</ref><ref name="Zellers">{{cite book |first=Parker |last=Zellers |title=Tony Pastor: Dean of the Vaudeville Stage |url=https://archive.org/details/er00park |url-access=registration |publisher=Eastern Michigan University Press |year=1971}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=William Ellis |last=Horton |title=About Stage Folks |year=1902 |publisher=Free Press Printing |page=[https://archive.org/details/aboutstagefolks00unkngoog/page/n19 9] |url=https://archive.org/details/aboutstagefolks00unkngoog}}</ref> He had a taste for entertaining when he was young, producing his own plays in the basement of his family's home.<ref name=":1">Kattwinkle, Susan. ''Tony Pastor Presents: Afterpieces from the Vaudeville Stage''. Greenwood P, 1998.</ref>

===Early career===
In 1846, Pastor embarked on a career in show business. He obtained a job singing at [[P.T. Barnum]]'s [[Barnum's American Museum|Scudder's American Museum]] where he brought his riding, tumbling, and mimicry skills to performances.<ref>Lewis, Robert M. ''From Traveling Show to Vaudville: Theatrical Spectacle in America, 1830 - 1910'', Johns Hopkins UP, 2007.</ref> 

During the next few years he worked in [[minstrel show]]s, where he often performed scenes in [[blackface]]. Pastor became a celebrated singing clown at a time when circus performances typically concluded with a variety revue. He established himself as a popular singer and songwriter during a four-year run at [[Robert Butler (vaudevillian)|Robert Butler]]'s American Music Hall, a variety theater located at 444 Broadway in what is now called Soho, but was then the heart of the lower Manhattan theater district. Pastor published "songsters", books of his lyrics which were sung to popular tunes. The music had no notation, as it was assumed that the audience had a collective knowledge of popular song. The subject matter of his music was intended to be bawdy and humorous.<ref name=NYT1908>{{cite news |title=Tony Pastor and His 60 Years on the Stage |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=August 16, 1908}}</ref>

[[File:Tony-Pastor-02.JPG|left|thumb|225px|Tony Pastor and [[Bonnie Thornton]], {{circa}} 1897]]

Pastor sang for the Union cause throughout the Civil War, then started his own variety show which went on tour for around five months before settling in New York City.<ref name=":1" /> In 1865, Pastor opened his own theatre, [[Tony Pastor's Opera House]]. The theater was located on the Bowery in partnership with [[minstrel show]] performer, Sam Sharpley, whom he later bought out. The same year he organized traveling minstrel troupes who toured the country annually between April and October. Although Pastor was referred to as the "Dean of Vaudeville", as mentioned before, he is best known for cleaning up variety acts. Pastor was popular with the nearly all-male variety theater audiences; however, he knew that his ticket sales would double if he attracted a female audience. Soon he began to produce [[variety shows]], presenting an evening of clean fun that was a distinct alternative to the bawdy shows of the time and more appropriate for middle-class families. With shows that appealed to women and children as well as the traditional male audience, his theater and touring companies quickly became popular with the middle classes and were soon being imitated.{{cn|date=July 2023}}

=== Later career ===
[[File:Tammany Hall LC-USZ62-101734.jpg|thumb|Tammany Hall in 1914]]
In 1874, Pastor moved his company a few blocks to take over [[Michael B. Leavitt|Michael Bennett Leavitt]]'s former theater at 585 Broadway. The theater district was moving uptown to Union Square, however, and in 1881 Pastor took a lease on the former [[Wallack's Theatre|Germania Theatre]] on 14th Street in the same building that housed [[Tammany Hall#Headquarters|Tammany Hall]]. He alternated his theater's presentations between [[operetta]]s and family-oriented variety shows, creating what became known as [[vaudeville]]. Vaudeville was popular with the masses from the 1880s to the 1910s. Pastor wanted to capture a mass audience by bringing family entertainment to the middle class.<ref name=":0">McLean, Albert F. ''American Vaudeville as Ritual''. University of Kentucky Press, 1965</ref> In order to do this, Pastor sought out to make vaudeville "respectable". He did not sell liquor in his theatre and required a level of decency to his performances which encouraged women and families to attend.<ref name=":0" />

His theater featured performers such as [[Ben Harney]] presenting a new style called "[[ragtime]]" as well as other up-and-coming talents such as [[Joe Weber (vaudevillian)|Weber]] and [[Lew Fields|Fields]], [[George M. Cohan]], [[Sophie Tucker]], [[Lillian Russell]], [[Buster Keaton]], [[Gus Edwards (vaudeville)|Gus Edwards]], [[Ella Wesner]], [[Eva Tanguay]], [[Blossom Seeley]], [[Benny Fields]], [[May Irwin]] and [[Eddie Leonard]]. Harry S. Sanderson was his business manager from 1878 until 1908. The business records from this period are available to researchers.<ref name="RansomCtr2">{{cite web|url=http://research.hrc.utexas.edu:8080/hrcxtf/view?docId=ead/00106.xml|title=Tony Pastor: An Inventory of His Collection|publisher=Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center|access-date=2014-12-23}}</ref> 

In the musical ''[[Hello, Dolly! (musical)|Hello, Dolly!]]'', the song "Put On Your Sunday Clothes" includes the line, "We'll join the Astors at Tony Pastor's". It also references seeing "the shows at [[Delmonico's]]", which suggests that the character does not really know about upper-class social life in New York.{{cn|date=July 2023}}

=== Death ===
Tony Pastor died in [[Elmhurst, Queens|Elmhurst, Queens County]], New York, on August 26, 1908, and was interred in the [[Cemetery of the Evergreens]] in [[Brooklyn]].  He was 71, and though greatly mourned at his death as one of the last gentlemen of the early vaudeville halls, the medium had passed him by with the advent of the vaudeville circuit in the 1880s.  Pastor had remained a local showman in an epoch that increasingly came to be dominated by regional and national chains.  Fighting against the monopolies for the rights of individual local showmen was an undertaking that marked the last years of his life, earning him the nickname of "Little Man Tony".

== Afterpieces ==
Throughout the 1880s, Pastor's performances often had an [[afterpiece]] following it. They played a major role in his shows, often written in the final act of the program. The afterpieces were written by a group of regular writers, and sometimes Pastor himself. They lasted anywhere from fifteen minutes to an hour.<ref name=":1" /> There were three categories; pantomime, melodrama, and parodies. Pastor's afterpieces became popular from 1865 to 1875, and because of its popularity, the afterpieces became a staple in Pastor's shows.<ref name=":1" /> Although the afterpieces were all different, they all dealt with what is meant to be a working-class citizen in New York. Not only did the afterpieces discuss issues such as crime and poverty, but they also discussed leisure activities the working class couldn't afford. This made Pastor's audiences respond well to the afterpieces, since the working class was his target audience.<ref name=":1" /> 
{| class="wikitable"
|+List of Known Afterpeices<ref name=":1" />
!Title
!Type of Pantomime
!Where
!Date
!Author
|-
|''Masaniello; or, Fish Catcher of Naples''
|Parody
|Tony Pastor's Opera House
|March 11, 1867
|Unknown 
|-
|''The White Crook''
|Parody
|Tony Pastor's Opera House
|June 3, 1867
|John F. Poole 
|-
|''Romeo and Juliet; or, the Beautiful Blonde who Dyed for Love''
|Parody
|Unknown
|March 15, 1869
|John F. Poole
|-
|''Macbeth''
|Parody
|Tony Pastor's Opera House
|April 18, 1870
|Unknown
|-
|''Yeast Lynne; or, The Humors of Lady Isabel''
|Parody
|Tony Pastor's Opera House
(and other theaters around town)
|March 26, 1877
|T.R. Hann
|-
|''Go West!; or, the Emigrant Palace Car in an Uproar''
|Parody
|Tony Pastor's Opera House
|Around 1879
|William Carleton or William A. Mestayer
|-
|''The Pie-Rats of Penn Yann''
|Parody
|Tony Pastor's Opera House
|February 14, 1881
|John F. Poole
|-
|''Mysteries of Gotham''
|Melodrama
|Tony Pastor's Opera House
|September 10, 1866
|John F. Poole
|-
|''New York Mechanics''
|Melodrama
|Unknown
|June 15, 1868
|Unknown (Possibly John F. Poole)
|-
|''Joe Kidd in Fistiana''
|Melodrama
|Tony Pastor's Opera House
|January, 1868
|Unknown 
|-
|''High Life and Low Life; or, Scenes in New York''
|Melodrama
|Tony Pastor's Opera House
|March 8, 1869
|Unknown (Possibly Charles F. Seabert)
|-
|''The Tenth Ward by Day and Night''
|Melodrama
|Tony Pastor's Opera House
|February 24, 1873
|Charles F. Seabert
|}
<br />{{clear left}}

==Music==
According to the humor of the time, Pastor wrote several songs that negatively portrayed ethnic stereotypes, such as "The Contraband's Adventures", the story of a freed slave. After the slave is set free by [[Union Army|Union]] soldiers, he attends an anti-slavery meeting where the [[Abolitionism in the United States|abolitionists]] try to scrub off his dark pigment. The slave concludes by singing...

<blockquote> ...De nigger will be nigger till de day of jubilee<br>
For he never was intended for a white man.<br>
Den just skedaddle home-leave de colored man alone;<BR>
For you're only making trouble for de nation;<BR>
You may fight and you may fuss<BR>
But you never will make tings right<BR>
Until you all agree for to let de nigger be<BR>
For you'll neber, neber, neber wash him white! </blockquote>

Though he separated some ethnic groups in his music, he also intended to unite the lower and middle classes. In songs like "The Upper and Lower Ten Thousand", he defended the common man of the Bowery:

<blockquote> If an [[Upper-Ten]] fellow a swindler should be<BR>
And with thousands of dollars of others make free<BR>
Should he get into court, why, without any doubt,<BR>
The matter's hushed up and they'll let him step out.<BR>
If a Lower-Ten Thousand chap happens to steal,<BR>
For to keep him from starving, the price of a meal,<BR>
Why the law will declare it's a different thing-<BR>
For they call him a thief, and he's sent to [[Sing-Sing]]! </blockquote><br />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*{{find a Grave|19966}}
*[http://ibdb.com/venue.php?id=1576 Olympic Theatre]
*[http://archives.nypl.org/the/21700#overview Tony Pastor Collection at NYPL]

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[[Category:American vaudeville performers]]
[[Category:American theatre managers and producers]]
[[Category:Blackface minstrel performers]]
[[Category:Vaudeville producers]]
[[Category:American impresarios]]
[[Category:American people of Spanish descent]]
[[Category:1837 births]]
[[Category:1908 deaths]]
[[Category:Burials at the Cemetery of the Evergreens]]
[[Category:19th-century American singers]]
[[Category:19th-century American businesspeople]]
[[Category:Members of The Lambs Club]]