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{{Short description|Knowledge organization system}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}} [[Image:TopicMapKeyConcepts2.PNG|thumb]] {{InfoMaps}} A '''topic map''' is a standard for the [[knowledge representation|representation]] and [[knowledge transfer|interchange]] of knowledge, with an emphasis on the [[findability]] of information. Topic maps were originally developed in the late 1990s as a way to represent [[back-of-the-book index]] structures so that multiple indexes from different sources could be merged. However, the developers quickly realized that with a little additional generalization, they could create a [[Metamodeling|meta-model]] with potentially far wider application.{{explain|reason=What was that meta-model? Can we add a reference to a source about it?|date=May 2025}} The [[International Organization for Standardization|ISO]]/[[International Electrotechnical Commission|IEC]] standard is formally known as '''ISO/IEC 13250:2003'''. A topic map represents information using * ''topics'', representing any concept, from people, countries, and organizations to software modules, individual files, and events, * ''associations'', representing [[hypergraph]] relationships between ''topics'', and * ''occurrences'', representing information resources relevant to a particular ''topic''. Topic maps are similar to [[concept map]]s and [[mind map]]s in many respects, though only topic maps are ISO standards. Topic maps are a form of [[semantic web]] technology similar to RDF. ==Ontology and merging== Topics, associations, and occurrences can all be typed, where the types must be defined by the one or more creators of the topic map(s). The definitions of allowed types is known as the [[Ontology (computer science)|ontology]] of the topic map. Topic maps explicitly support the concept of merging of identity between multiple topics or topic maps. Furthermore, because ontologies are topic maps themselves, they can also be merged thus allowing for the automated integration of information from diverse sources into a coherent new topic map. Features such as subject identifiers ([[Uniform Resource Identifier|URI]]s given to topics) and PSIs (''published subject indicators'') are used to control merging between differing taxonomies. Scoping on names provides a way to organise the various names given to a particular topic by different sources. ==Current standard== The work standardizing topic maps (ISO/IEC 13250) took place under the umbrella of the [[ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 34]]/WG 3 committee (ISO/IEC Joint Technical Committee 1, Subcommittee 34, Working Group 3 β Document description and processing languages β Information Association).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://isotopicmaps.org |title=Home of SC34/WG3 β Information Association |date=3 June 2008 |access-date=2009-12-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_technical_committee.html?commid=45374 | title=JTC 1/SC 34 β Document description and processing languages |author=<!-- not stated --> | date=5 March 2008 | website=ISO | access-date=2025-03-03}}</ref> However, WG3 was disbanded and maintenance of ISO/IEC 13250 was assigned to WG8. '''The topic maps (ISO/IEC 13250) reference model and data model standards''' are defined independent of any specific serialization or syntax. * [http://www.isotopicmaps.org/tmrm/ TMRM ] Topic Maps β Reference Model * [http://www.isotopicmaps.org/sam/sam-model/ TMDM ] Topic Maps β Data Model ==Data format== The specification is summarized in the abstract as follows: "This specification provides a model and grammar for representing the structure of information resources used to define topics, and the associations (relationships) between topics. Names, resources, and relationships are said to be characteristics of abstract subjects, which are called topics. Topics have their characteristics within scopes: i.e. the limited contexts within which the names and resources are regarded as their name, resource, and relationship characteristics. One or more interrelated documents employing this grammar is called a topic map." ===XML serialization formats=== * In 2000, Topic Maps was defined in an XML syntax XTM. This is now commonly known as "XTM 1.0" and is still in fairly common use. * The ISO standards committee published an updated XML syntax in 2006, XTM 2.0 which is increasingly in use today. ''Note that XTM 1.0 predates and therefore is not compatible with the more recent versions of the (ISO/IEC 13250) standard.'' ===Other formats=== Other proposed or standardized serialization formats include: * [http://www.isotopicmaps.org/cxtm/ CXTM] β '''C'''anonical '''X'''ML '''T'''opic '''M'''aps format (canonicalization of topic maps) * [http://www.isotopicmaps.org/ctm/ CTM] β a '''C'''ompact '''T'''opic '''M'''aps Notation (not based on XML) * [http://www.isotopicmaps.org/gtm/ GTM] β a '''G'''raphical '''T'''opic '''M'''aps Notation The above standards are all recently proposed or defined as part of ISO/IEC 13250. As described below, there are also other, serialization formats such as LTM, AsTMa= that have not been put forward as standards. Linear topic map notation (LTM) serves as a kind of shorthand for writing topic maps in plain text editors. This is useful for writing short personal topic maps or exchanging partial topic maps by email. The format can be converted to XTM. There is another format called AsTMa which serves a similar purpose. When writing topic maps manually it is much more compact, but of course can be converted to XTM. Alternatively, it can be used directly with the [[Perl]] Module TM (which also supports LTM). The data formats of XTM and LTM are similar to the W3C standards for RDF/XML or the older N3 notation.<ref name=Garshol/> ==Related standards== ===Topic Maps API=== A de facto [[Application programming interface|API]] standard called Common Topic Maps Application Programming Interface (TMAPI) was published in April 2004 and is supported by many Topic Maps implementations or vendors: * [http://www.tmapi.org/ TMAPI] β Common Topic Maps Application Programming Interface * [http://www.tmapi.org/2.0/ TMAPI 2.0] β Topic Maps Application Programming Interface (v2.0) ===Query standard=== In normal use it is often desirable to have a way to arbitrarily query the data within a particular Topic Maps store. Many implementations provide a syntax by which this can be achieved (somewhat like 'SQL for Topic Maps') but the syntax tends to vary a lot between different implementations. With this in mind, work has gone into defining a standardized syntax for querying topic maps: * [http://www.isotopicmaps.org/tmql/ ISO 18048: TMQL] β Topic Maps Query Language ===Constraint standards=== It can also be desirable to define a set of constraints that can be used to guarantee or check the semantic validity of topic maps data for a particular domain. (Somewhat like [[database constraints]] for topic maps). Constraints can be used to define things like 'every document needs an author' or 'all managers must be human'. There are often implementation specific ways of achieving these goals, but work has gone into defining a standardized constraint language as follows: * [http://www.isotopicmaps.org/tmcl/ ISO 19756: TMCL] β Topic Maps Constraint Language TMCL is functionally similar to [[RDF Schema]] with [[Web Ontology Language]] (OWL).<ref name=Garshol> {{cite web |url=http://ontopia.net/topicmaps/materials/tmrdf.html#N121 |title=Living With Topic Maps and RDF |author=Lars Marius Garshol |date=2003 |access-date=2014-02-21}}</ref> ===Earlier standards=== The "Topic Maps" concept has existed for a long time. The HyTime standard was proposed as far back as 1992 (or earlier?). Earlier versions of ISO 13250 (than the current revision) also exist. More information about such standards can be found at the ISO Topic Maps site.{{CN|date=March 2023}} ==RDF relationship== Some work has been undertaken to provide interoperability between the W3C's [[Resource Description Framework|RDF]]/[[Web Ontology Language|OWL]]/[[SPARQL]] family of [[semantic web]] standards and the [[International Organization for Standardization|ISO]]'s family of ''Topic Maps'' standards though the two have slightly different goals.{{Citation needed|reason=What work? BY Whom? When? What is the current status? How is this work being done? Typically when discussing a standard there are citations to the web site, the discussion, refereed publications, AND THE STANDARD |date=March 2023}} The semantic [[expressive power (computer science)|expressive power]] of Topic Maps is, in many ways, equivalent to that of [[Resource Description Framework|RDF]],{{CN|date=March 2023}} but the major differences are that Topic Maps (i) provide a higher level of [[Semantic data model|semantic abstraction]] (providing a template of topics, associations and occurrences, while RDF only provides a template of two arguments linked by one relationship) and (hence) (ii) allow [[arity|''n''-ary]] relationships ([[hypergraph]]s) between any number of nodes, while RDF is limited to [[tuple|triplet]]s.{{CN|date=March 2023}} ==See also== * [[Knowledge graph]] * [[Semantic interoperability]] * [[Topincs]]{{snd}} a commercial proprietary topic maps editor * [[Unified Modeling Language]] (UML) ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Further reading== * Lutz Maicher and Jack Park: <cite>Charting the Topic Maps Research and Applications Landscape</cite>, Springer, {{ISBN|3-540-32527-1}} * Jack Park and Sam Hunting: <cite>XML Topic Maps: Creating and Using Topic Maps for the Web</cite>, Addison-Wesley, {{ISBN|0-201-74960-2}} (in [https://web.archive.org/web/20060630004121/http://www.topic-maps.org/cgi-bin/tmv_graph.pl?id=b1&path=bibmap.xtm bibMap]) * {{cite book |title=Explorer's Guide to the Semantic Web |last=Passin |first=Thomas B. |publisher=Manning Publications |year=2004|isbn=1-932394-20-6 }} ==External links== {{Commons category|Topic Maps}} * [https://www.topicmaps.org/ Information portal about Topic Maps] * [https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/aa480048(v=msdn.10)?redirectedfrom=MSDN An Introduction to Topic Maps] at [[Microsoft Docs]] * [https://www.topicmapslab.de/ Topic Maps Lab] {{List of International Electrotechnical Commission standards}} {{ISO standards}} {{Semantic Web}} [[Category:Knowledge representation languages]] [[Category:Technical communication]] [[Category:ISO standards]] [[Category:IEC standards]] [[Category:Diagrams]] [[Category:Semantic relations]]
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