Editing Torcello

{{Short description|Island of the Venetian Lagoon, Italy}}
{{Infobox islands
| name             = Torcello
| image_name       = Venezia - Torcello 01.JPG
| image_size       = 
| image_caption    = View of Torcello
| image_alt        = 
| map = Venetian Lagoon
| location         = 
| coordinates      =  {{coord|45.496565|N|12.417313|E|format=dms|display=inline, title}}
| archipelago      = 
| waterbody        = [[Venetian Lagoon]]
| area_m2         = 
| area_footnotes   = 
| length_m        = 
| width_m         = 
| coastline_km     = <!-- or coastline m  -->
| elevation_m      = 
| country          = [[Italy]]
| country_admin_divisions_title_1   = [[Regions of Italy|Region]]
| country_admin_divisions_1         = [[Veneto]]
| country_admin_divisions_title_2   = [[Provinces of Italy|Province]]
| country_admin_divisions_2         = [[Province of Venice]]
}}
'''Torcello''' ({{langx|la|Torcellum}}; {{langx|vec|Torceło, Torseo}}) is a sparsely populated<ref name=dieci>{{cite news|title=Torcello, l'isola che sta sparendo Restano dieci abitanti. E un prete|url=http://corrieredelveneto.corriere.it/veneto/notizie/cronaca/2014/28-giugno-2014/torcello-l-isola-che-sta-sparendo-restano-dieci-abitanti-prete-223481613061.shtml|access-date=24 December 2014|publisher=Corriere del Veneto|date=28 June 2014}}</ref> [[island]] at the northern end of the [[Venetian Lagoon]], in north-eastern [[Italy]]. It was first settled in 452&nbsp;AD<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TNs3BQAAQBAJ&q=torcello+was+settled+in&pg=PT4010 |title = Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia|isbn = 9781135948795|last1 = Kleinhenz|first1 = Christopher|date = 2004-08-02}}</ref> and has been referred to as the parent island from which Venice was populated. It was a town with a cathedral and bishops before [[St Mark's Basilica]] was built.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=itIxAQAAMAAJ&q=torcello&pg=PA304 |page=347 |year=1853|title=A Handbook for Travellers in Northern Italy: Being a Guide to the States of Sardinia, Lombardy and Venice, Parma and Piacenza, Modena, Lucca, and Tuscany as Far as the Val d'Arno |last1=(Firm) |first1=John Murray }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-3saAAAAYAAJ&dq=torcello+larger+population+than+venice&pg=PA5870 |title=The Home Encyclopædia: Compiled and Revised to Date from the Leading Encyclopædias |date=1895 |publisher=Educational publishing Company |pages=5870 |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
After the downfall of the [[Western Roman Empire]], Torcello was one of the first lagoon islands to be successively populated by those [[Adriatic Veneti|Veneti]] who fled the ''terra ferma'' (mainland) to take shelter from the recurring barbarian invasions, especially after [[Attila the Hun]] had destroyed the city of [[Altinum]] and all of the surrounding settlements in 452.<ref name=lane>{{Citation
    |publisher = Johns Hopkins University Press
    |isbn = 0801814456
    |location = Baltimore
    |title = Venice, a maritime republic
    |author = Frederic Chapin Lane
    |date = 1973
    }}</ref> Although the hard-fought [[Veneto]] region formally belonged to the Byzantine [[Exarchate of Ravenna]] since the end of the [[Gothic War (6th century)|Gothic War]], it remained unsafe on account of frequent Gothic (Sarmatian) invasions and wars: during the following 200 years the [[Lombards]] and the [[Franks]] fuelled a permanent influx of sophisticated urban refugees to the island’s relative safety, including the Bishop of Altino himself. In 638, Torcello became the bishop’s official seat for more than a thousand years and the people of Altinum brought with them the [[relic]]s of [[Heliodorus of Altino|Saint Heliodorus]], now the [[patron saint]] of the island.

Torcello benefited from and maintained close cultural and trading ties with [[Constantinople]]: however, being a rather distant outpost of the [[Eastern Roman Empire]], it could establish ''de facto'' autonomy from the eastern capital.

Torcello rapidly grew in importance as a political and trading centre: in the 10th century it had a population often estimated at 10,000–35,000 people, with 20,000 the most commonly cited estimate.<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TNs3BQAAQBAJ&q=peak+population++&pg=PT4010 | title=Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia| isbn=9781135948795| last1=Kleinhenz| first1=Christopher| date=2004-08-02}}</ref> However, some recent estimates by archeologists place it at closer to a maximum of 3,000.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Calaon|first1=Diego|title=Quando Torcello era abitata|date=2013|publisher=Regione del Veneto|oclc=883623826|page=73|url=https://www.academia.edu/7886889}}</ref> In pre-Medieval times, Torcello was a much more powerful trading center than [[Venice]].<ref name=norwich>{{cite book|last1=Norwich|first1=John Julius|title=A History of Venice|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofvenice00norw|url-access=limited|date=1982|publisher=Vintage Books|location=New York|isbn=0679721975|pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyofvenice00norw/page/672 672]}}</ref> Thanks to the lagoon’s salt marshes, the salines became Torcello’s economic backbone and its harbour developed quickly into an important re-export market in the profitable east-west-trade, which was largely controlled by Byzantium during that period.<ref name=lane />

The [[Black Death]] devastated the [[Venetian Republic]] in 1348 and again between 1575 and 1577.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bernstein |first=William J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ePiReZWp0NwC |title=A Splendid Exchange: How Trade Shaped the World |date=2009-05-14 |publisher=Grove/Atlantic, Inc. |isbn=978-1-55584-843-9 |pages=143 |language=en}}</ref> In three years, the [[plague (disease)|plague]] killed some 50,000 people.<ref>{{cite web |author=State of Texas, Texas Department of State Health Services |url=http://www.dshs.state.tx.us/preparedness/bt_public_history_plague.shtm |title=History of Plague |publisher=Dshs.state.tx.us |access-date=28 March 2009 |archive-date=11 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160411041422/http://www.dshs.state.tx.us/preparedness/bt_public_history_plague.shtm |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 1630, the [[Italian plague of 1629–31]] killed a third of Venice's 150,000 citizens.<ref>"''[https://books.google.com/books?id=fQxAkrbksTEC&pg=PA41 Medicine and society in early modern Europe]''". Mary Lindemann (1999). [[Cambridge University Press]]. p.41. {{ISBN|0-521-42354-6}}</ref> A further serious issue for Torcello specifically was that the swamp area of the lagoon around the island increased by the 14th century, partly because of the lowering of the land level.<ref name="books.google.ca">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zeongbkpoCwC&q=torcello++abandoned&pg=PA16 |page=16|title=Venetian Vernacular Architecture: Traditional Housing in the Venetian Lagoon |isbn=9780521154901 |last1=Goy |first1=Richard J. |date=14 April 2011 }}</ref> Navigation in the ''laguna morta'' (dead lagoon) was impossible before long and traders ceased calling at the island.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vcRWAAAAYAAJ&q=torcello+dead+lagoon |page=103|title=Venice; a Guide to the City of the Lagoon |last1=Alfieri |first1=Bruno |year=1950 }}</ref> The growing swamps also seriously aggravated [[malaria]].

As a result, by the late 14th century, a substantial number of people left for the islands of [[Murano]], [[Burano]], or [[Rialto]]  (modern-day Venice).<ref name=lane /><ref name="books.google.ca"/> In 1689, the bishopric transferred to Murano, and by 1797, the population had dropped to about 300.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E2CTAgAAQBAJ&dq=torcello+++gradually+abandoned&pg=PT1116 |page=1086|title=Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia |isbn=9781135948801 |last1=Kleinhenz |first1=Christopher |date=2 August 2004 }}</ref> It now has a full-time population of just 10 people, including the parish priest, according to some sources,<ref name=dieci /> and only 12 in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rogers|first=Patrick|date=2018-03-12|title=Exploring Venice's Exclusive Private Islands|url=https://www.townandcountrymag.com/leisure/travel-guide/a19179204/venice-italy-private-islands-lagoon/|access-date=2020-10-15|website=Town & Country|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Sights==
Torcello's numerous [[palazzo|palazzi]], its twelve [[parish]]es and its sixteen [[cloister]]s have almost disappeared since the Venetians recycled the useful building material. One small palazzo is the only remaining medieval structure, consisting of a cathedral, a church, the town's former council chamber and archives (which house the museum), and the nearby basilica and campanile; the latter two were rebuilt in the year 1008.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://decodedpast.com/torcello-venices-forgotten-rival/2901 |title=Torcello: The Rise and Fall of Venice's Forgotten Rival |website=decodedpast.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150113015922/http://decodedpast.com/torcello-venices-forgotten-rival/2901 |archive-date=2015-01-13}} </ref>

Today's main attraction is the [[Torcello Cathedral|Cathedral of Santa Maria Assunta]], founded in 639. It is of basilica-form with side aisles but no crossing, and has much 11th and 12th century [[Byzantine architecture|Byzantine]] work, including [[mosaic]]s (e.g. a vivid version of the [[Last Judgement]]).  Other attractions include the 11th and 12th century church of Santa Fosca, in the form of a Greek cross, which is surrounded by a semi-octagonal porticus, and the [[Museo Provinciale di Torcello]] housed in two fourteenth century [[palace]]s, the ''Palazzo dell'Archivio'' and the ''Palazzo del Consiglio'', which was once the seat of the communal government.

Another noteworthy sight for tourists is an ancient stone chair, known as ''[[Attila's Throne]]''. It has, however, nothing to do with the king of the Huns, but may have been the [[podestà]]'s or the bishop's chair, or the seat where chief magistrates were inaugurated.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=itIxAQAAMAAJ&q=torcello&pg=PA304 |page=349 |year=1853|title=A Handbook for Travellers in Northern Italy: Being a Guide to the States of Sardinia, Lombardy and Venice, Parma and Piacenza, Modena, Lucca, and Tuscany as Far as the Val d'Arno |last1=(Firm) |first1=John Murray }}</ref>
Torcello is also home to a [[Devil's Bridge]], known as the ''Ponte del Diavolo'' or alternatively the ''Ponticello del Diavolo'' (devil's little bridge).

==Famous residents==
[[Ernest Hemingway]] spent some time there in 1948, writing parts of ''[[Across the River and Into the Trees]]''. The novel contains representations of Torcello and its environs.<ref name=nyt>{{cite news|last1=Crevar|first1=Alex|title=Torcello Offers a Refuge From the Tourist Crush|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/19/travel/19dayout.html?pagewanted=all|access-date=24 December 2014|work=New York Times|date=19 February 2006}}</ref> In addition, numerous famous artists, musicians, and movie stars have spent time on the island, a quiet refuge.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hotel Cipriani: Our Memories|url=http://www.locandacipriani.com/eng/inostriricordi.html|website=Locanda Cipriani|access-date=24 December 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007014514/http://www.locandacipriani.com/eng/inostriricordi.html|archive-date=7 October 2013}}</ref>  Torcello is the background for [[Daphne du Maurier]]'s short story ''[[Not After Midnight|Don't Look Now]]''.

==Gallery==
<gallery widths="160" heights="100">
1534 - Isolario di Benedetto Bordone - Torcello.jpg|View of Torcello in a book published in Venice in 1534
Torcello 2.jpg|Central Torcello, with the Cathedral of Santa Maria Assunta and the Church of Santa Fosca
File:0 Torcello, Cathédrale Santa Maria Assunta (1).JPG|Facade of the cathedral.
File:0 Torcello, Cathédrale Santa Maria Assunta (2).JPG|Narthex of the cathedral.
File:0 Tête d'ange - OA 6460 - Louvre.JPG|Mosaic from the cathedral in the Louvre in Paris.
File:0 Torcello, bas-relief - Museo dell'Estuario (1).JPG|Sculpture of the Museo provinciale di Torcello.
File:Torcello - Ponte del diavolo.jpg|[[Devil's Bridge|Ponte del Diavolo]]
File:0 Torcello, pêcheurs naviguant au large de l'île.JPG|Torcello as seen from the Venetian lagoon
File:Venetian lagoon as seen from Torcello island, Torcello, Italy.jpg|Venetian lagoon as seen from Torcello
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[List of islands of Italy]]

==Notes and references==
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{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons|position=left|Torcello}}
{{Spoken Wikipedia|Torcello.ogg|date=2010-11-25}}

{{Portalbar|Geography|Islands|Italy}}
{{Islands of the Venetian Lagoon}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Frazioni of the Metropolitan City of Venice]]
[[Category:Geography of Venice]]
[[Category:Islands of the Venetian Lagoon]]