Editing Torch Song Trilogy

{{short description|Collection of three plays by Harvey Fierstein}}
{{about|the play|the film adaptation|Torch Song Trilogy (film)}}
{{Use American English|date=June 2020}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2014}}
{{Infobox play
| name       = Torch Song Trilogy
| image      = TorchSongPoster1.JPG
| caption    = Broadway promotional poster
| writer     = [[Harvey Fierstein]]
| characters = {{ubl|Arnold Beckoff|Ed|Lady Blues|Mrs. Beckoff|Alan|David|Laurel}}
| setting    = 1970s, 1980s New York City
| premiere   = {{Start date|1982|01|15}}
| place      = [[Actors' Playhouse]], [[Greenwich Village]], [[New York City]]
| orig_lang  = English
| subject    =
| genre      = Drama
| web        =
}}
'''''Torch Song Trilogy''''' is a collection of three [[Play (theatre)|plays]] by [[Harvey Fierstein]] rendered in three acts: ''International Stud'', ''Fugue in a Nursery'', and ''Widows and Children First!'' The story centers on Arnold Beckoff, a [[Jews|Jewish]] homosexual, [[drag queen]], and [[torch song|torch]] singer who lives in [[New York City]] in the late 1970s and early 1980s. The four-hour play begins with a [[soliloquy]] in which he explains his cynical disillusionment with love.

== Characters ==
* Lady Blues: a character who appears between scenes in ''International Stud''. According to Fierstein’s stage directions, she is to be “dressed in period, [singing] a torch song in the manner of [[Helen Morgan (singer)|Helen Morgan]] or [[Ruth Etting]]."<ref name=":1" /> 
* Arnold Beckoff: the central character of the play. In the stage directions, Fierstein playfully describes him as a "[[wikt:kvetch|kvetch]] (someone who complains habitually) of great wit and want."<ref name=":1" /> 
* Ed Reiss: Arnold’s [[bisexuality|bisexual]] lover and friend. He is “thirty-five [and] very handsome.” <ref name=":1" /> 
* Young Stud: a young man who Arnold hooks up with in the [[dark room (sexuality)|backroom]] of the International Stud. He has no speaking lines.
* Laurel: Ed’s lover and eventual fiancee.
* Alan: Arnold’s young lover, who is [[gay bashing|beaten to death]] by a group of [[homophobia|homophobic]] boys.  
* David Beckoff: Arnold’s 15-year old adopted son, “a wonderfully bright and handsome boy.” <ref name=":1" />
* Ma: Arnold’s extremely strict, traditional Jewish mother. She is around 60.

==Summary==
Each act focuses on a different phase in Arnold's life. In the first, Arnold meets Ed Reiss, who is uncomfortable with his [[bisexuality]]. This becomes an increasing source of conflict between the two, causing Ed to eventually leave Arnold and settle down with a woman named Laurel. Arnold is heartbroken because he still loves Ed. In the second, one year later, Arnold meets Alan, and the two settle down into a blissful existence that includes plans to [[adoption|adopt]] a child. The couple visits Ed and Laurel in their country home, where the group deals with tensions resulting from Ed and Arnold’s previous relationship. The segment ends with Laurel telling Arnold she and Ed are [[Engagement|engaged]]. In the third, several years later, Arnold is a single father raising gay teenager David. It is revealed that just before receiving David from the state, Alan was the victim of a violent hate crime, resulting in his death and leaving Arnold to raise a child on his own. Ed is separated from Laurel, and stays at Arnold’s to help him. The play revolves around Arnold’s struggle to move on following Alan’s death as he is forced to deal with his mother's ("Ma") intolerance and disrespect when she visits from [[Florida]].

The first act derives its name (''International Stud'') from an actual [[gay bar]] of the same name at 117 Perry Street in Greenwich Village in the 1960s and 1970s. The bar had a [[Dark room (sexuality)|backroom]] where men engaged in anonymous sex.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.huzbears.com/nychistory/gv.html |title=GREENWICH VILLAGE: A GAY HISTORY |publisher=Huzbears.com |access-date=October 18, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100926104437/http://www.huzbears.com/nychistory/gv.html |archive-date=September 26, 2010 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref>  The backroom plays a central role in the act. The trilogy derives its title from the “[[Torch song|torch]]” musical style which are “popular sentimental song[s] of unrequited love.” <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/torch+song|title=Definition of TORCH SONG|website=www.merriam-webster.com|language=en|access-date=2019-12-11|archive-date=August 19, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819124217/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/torch%2Bsong|url-status=live}}</ref>

The award-winning and popular work broke new ground in the theatre: "At the height of the post-[[Stonewall riots|Stonewall]] clone era, Harvey challenged both [[gay]] and straight audiences to champion an effeminate gay man's longings for love and family."<ref>{{cite news | author=Charles Busch | title=Torch Song Trilogy June 1982 | url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1589/is_2002_Nov_12/ai_94598303 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041213003839/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1589/is_2002_Nov_12/ai_94598303 | url-status=dead | archive-date=December 13, 2004 | work=The Advocate | date=November 12, 2002 | access-date=June 24, 2008}}</ref>

==Production history==
{{more citations needed section|date=October 2021}}
The first staging of ''International Stud'' opened on February 2, 1978, at  [[La MaMa, E.T.C.]], an [[off-off-Broadway]] theater, where it ran for two weeks. The [[off-Broadway]] production opened on May 22, 1978, at the Players Theatre, where it ran for 72 performances.<ref>{{cite web | title=International Stud | url=http://www.lortel.org/LLA_archive/index.cfm?search_by=show&id=2476 | work=Lortel Archives | year=2008 | access-date=June 24, 2008 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070921215922/http://www.lortel.org/LLA_archive/index.cfm?search_by=show&id=2476 | archive-date=September 21, 2007 | df=mdy-all }}</ref>

The first staging of ''Fugue in a Nursery'' opened at LaMama on February 1, 1979.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lamama.org/archives/year_lists/1979page.htm|title=La MaMa ETC|website=www.lamama.org|access-date=June 30, 2008|archive-date=May 21, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080521203845/http://www.lamama.org/archives/year_lists/1979page.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

''Torch Song Trilogy'' first opened at the uptown Richard Allen Center on October 16, 1981, produced by The Glines.<ref>{{cite news | author=Gussow, Mel | title=Theatre Review: Fierstein's 'Torch Song' | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/11/01/theater/theater-fierstein-s-torch-song.html | work=The New York Times | date=November 1, 1981 | access-date=June 24, 2008 | archive-date=May 24, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524075552/http://www.nytimes.com/1981/11/01/theater/theater-fierstein-s-torch-song.html | url-status=live }}</ref>  On January 15, 1982, it transferred to the Actors' Playhouse in [[Greenwich Village]], where it ran for 117 performances, produced by The Glines.<ref name=":1">{{cite web | title=Torch Song Trilogy | url=http://www.lortel.org/LLA_archive/index.cfm?search_by=show&id=2476 | work=Lortel Archives | year=2008 | access-date=June 24, 2008 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070921215922/http://www.lortel.org/LLA_archive/index.cfm?search_by=show&id=2476 | archive-date=September 21, 2007 | df=mdy-all }}</ref> The cast included Fierstein as Arnold, [[Joel Crothers]] as Ed, Paul Joynt as Alan, [[Matthew Broderick]] as David, Diane Tarleton as Laurel/Lady Blues and [[Estelle Getty]] as Mrs. Beckoff.

The [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] production, directed by Peter Pope, opened on June 10, 1982, at the [[Helen Hayes Theatre|Little Theatre]], where it ran for 1,222 performances and 8 previews. Fierstein, Joynt, Tarleton, and Getty were joined by [[Court Miller]] as Ed and [[Fisher Stevens]] as David and Susan Edwards as Lady Blues. Later in the run, [[David Garrison]] and [[Jonathan Hadary]] portrayed Arnold, [[Craig Sheffer]] was cast as Alan, and [[Barbara Barrie]] replaced Getty.

The play won Fierstein two [[Tony Award]]s, for Best Play (with John Glines' historic Tony speech that acknowledged his lover and co-producer Larry Lane) and Best Actor in Play; two [[Drama Desk Award]]s, for Outstanding New Play and Outstanding Actor in a Play; and the [[Theatre World Award]].

The [[West End theatre|West End]] production starring [[Antony Sher]], with [[Barbara Rosenblat]], [[Rupert Frazer]] (Ed), [[Belinda Sinclair]] (Laurel), [[Rupert Graves]] (Alan), Ian Sears (David) and [[Miriam Karlin]] (Mrs Beckoff)<ref>Theatre programme for Albery Theatre production of Torch Song Trilogy, 1985, cast list.</ref> opened on October 1, 1985, at [[Albery Theatre]] on St. Martin's Lane, where it ran for slightly more than seven months.

In 2006, the 25th anniversary production of ''Torch Song Trilogy'' was produced by the Gallery Players in Brooklyn; [[Harvey Fierstein]] was one of the founding members of the Players. [[Seth Rudetsky]] played Arnold in the production, directed by Stephen Nachamie.

In late January 2009, it was revived at the American Theatre of Actors Sargent Theatre in New York City, by Black Henna Productions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.blackhennaproductions.com/ |title=Black Henna Productions |publisher=Blackhennaproductions.com |access-date=October 18, 2010 |archive-date=July 26, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100726090612/http://www.blackhennaproductions.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref>  Directed by Malini Singh McDonald, the production ran as a limited engagement until February 1, 2009, with each act being performed separately on weeknights and the entire series running on Saturdays and Sundays. The cast featured Cas Marino as Arnold, Ian M. McDonald as Ed, Susan Erenberg as Lady Blues, Christian Thomas as Alan, Amie Backner as Laurel, Chris Kelly as David, and Mary Lynch as Mrs. Beckoff.

The play was also revived at the [[Menier Chocolate Factory]] in London in 2012, with [[David Bedella]] playing Arnold.

''Torch Song Trilogy'' was produced by [[The Studio Theatre]] in Washington, D.C., as part of its subscription series in September and October 2013. It was directed by [[Michael Kahn (theatre director)|Michael Kahn]], artistic director of The Shakespeare Theatre, also in Washington, D.C.

In the fall of 2017, a significantly revised version of the play, cut down by Fierstein from its original four-plus hours to two hours and forty-five minutes and retitled simply ''Torch Song'', was produced [[Off Broadway]] by [[Second Stage Theatre]], with [[Michael Urie]] as Arnold and [[Mercedes Ruehl]] as Mrs. Beckoff, and directed by [[Moises Kaufman]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Gerard |first=Jeremy |url=https://deadline.com/2017/10/review-harvey-fiersteins-torch-song-with-michael-urie-mercedes-ruehl-1202191537/ |title=Torch Song Is Revived With Michael Urie & Mercedes Ruehl: Review |publisher=Deadline |date=2017-10-19 |access-date=2018-04-01}}</ref> In October 2018, the Urie-led production transferred to the [[Hayes Theater]] on Broadway.<ref>{{cite web|last=Vine |first=Hannah |url=http://www.playbill.com/article/see-harvey-fierstein-march-torch-song-to-its-new-home-on-broadway |title=See Harvey Fierstein March Torch Song to Its New Home on Broadway |publisher=Playbill |date=2018-02-21 |access-date=2018-04-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=McPhee|first=Ryan|url=http://www.playbill.com/article/full-off-broadway-company-to-join-michael-urie-and-mercedes-ruehl-in-broadways-torch-song|title=Full Off-Broadway Company to Join Michael Urie and Mercedes Ruehl in Broadway's Torch Song|publisher=Playbill|date=2018-04-11|access-date=September 19, 2018|archive-date=June 7, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240607182208/https://www.playbill.com/article/full-off-broadway-company-to-join-michael-urie-and-mercedes-ruehl-in-broadways-torch-song|url-status=live}}</ref> The revival-transfer had its first preview on October 9, 2018, and had its opening performance on November 1, 2018.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.playbill.com/production/torch-song-helen-hayes-theatre-2018-2019|title=Torch Song Broadway @ Helen Hayes Theater - Tickets and Discounts|website=Playbill|language=en|access-date=2019-01-08}}</ref> The production had its final performance on January 6, 2019, playing 26 previews and 77 regular performances.<ref name=":0" />

In December 2018 (shortly before closing), the producers of the Broadway revival led by Richie Jackson announced a national tour starting in late 2019 at the [[Center Theatre Group|Center Theater Group]] in Los Angeles, starring Michael Urie as Arnold Beckoff.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Peikert|first=Mark|date=January 6, 2019|title=Torch Song Revival, Starring Michael Urie, Plays Final Performance January 6|url=http://www.playbill.com/article/torch-song-revival-starring-michael-urie-announces-broadway-closing|access-date=2021-07-27|website=Playbill|language=en}}</ref> In London in 2019, the full three-act play was the first production in the [[Turbine Theatre]]’s inaugural season, opening on August 22. It was presented by Bill Kenwright and ran until October 13.

On January 25th, 2022, a new production in Spanish opened at Teatro Milan, in Mexico City. This currently running production is led by award winning actors Rogelio Suarez as Arnold and Anahi Allue as Ma. It is directed by Alejandro Vilallobos in his directorial debut and produced by Gabriel Guevara; the cast included Jose Peralta as David.

Hoboken Library produced a staged reading of '''Torch Song Trilogy: Widows And Children First’'' on August 28th, 2021. It featured NYC cabaret luminary Sidney Myer as Arnold, Florence Pape as Mrs. Beckoff, Michael Stever as Ed, Logann Grayce as David and was directed by Ethan Galvin.<ref>{{cite web|title=Music and Theater not to be missed|url=https://www.theaterpizzazz.com/music-theater-not-to-be-missed/|website=Theaterpizzazz|date=August 27, 2021|language=en|access-date=2022-02-07|archive-date=June 7, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240607182208/https://www.theaterpizzazz.com/music-theater-not-to-be-missed/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Casts ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:80;"
!Character
!Off-Broadway (1981)
!Broadway (1982)
!West End (1985)
!25th Anniversary (2006)
!Washington, D.C. (2013)
!Off-Broadway (2017)
!Broadway (2018)
|-
!Arnold Beckoff
| colspan="2" align="center" |[[Harvey Fierstein]]
| align="center" |[[Antony Sher]]
| align="center" |[[Seth Rudetsky]]
| align="center" |[[Brandon Uranowitz]]
| colspan="2" align="center" |[[Michael Urie]]
|-
!Ed
| align="center" |[[Joel Crothers]]
| align="center" |[[Court Miller]]
| align="center" |[[Rupert Frazer]]
| align="center" |Brad Thomason
| align="center" |Todd Lawson
| colspan="2" align="center" |[[Ward Horton]]
|-
!Alan
| colspan="2" align="center" |Paul Joynt
| align="center" |[[Rupert Graves]]
| align="center" |Andy Phelan
| align="center" |Alex Mills
| colspan="2" align="center" |[[Michael Hsu Rosen]]
|-
!David
| align="center" |[[Matthew Broderick]]
| align="center" |[[Fisher Stevens]]
| align="center" |Ian Sears
| align="center" |Marc Tumminelli 
| align="center" |Michael Lee Brown
| colspan="2" align="center" |Jack DiFalco
|-
!Laurel
| rowspan="2" align="center" |Diane Tarleton
| align="center" |Diane Tarleton
| align="center" |[[Belinda Sinclair]]
| align="center" |Andrea Wollenberg
| align="center" |Sarah Grace Wilson
| colspan="2" align="center" |Roxanna Hope Radja
|-
!Lady Blues
| align="center" |Sue Edwards
| align="center" |[[Barbara Rosenblat]]
| align="center" |Yolanda Batts
| align="center" |Ashleigh King
| colspan="2" align="center" {{N/A}}
|-
!Ma Beckoff
| colspan="2" align="center" |[[Estelle Getty]]
| align="center" |[[Miriam Karlin]]
| align="center" |Laura Raines
| align="center" |Gordana Rashovich
| colspan="2" align="center" |[[Mercedes Ruehl]]
|}

==Reception and impact==
''International Stud'' first premiered in 1978 at La MaMa, where Fierstein made his professional acting debut in [[Andy Warhol]]'s play ''Pork'' in 1971. Fierstein has spoken about the difficulty he faced as an openly gay playwright. In an archived 1982 interview with ''[[Playbill]]'' republished to commemorate the show’s anniversary, he reminisced on the attitude producers and critics took towards his work: “Fabulous writer. Fabulous play. But gay. Goodbye.” <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.playbill.com/article/how-harvey-fiersteins-torch-song-became-the-trilogy|title=How Harvey Fierstein's Torch Song Became the Trilogy|last=Reif|first=Robin|date=June 10, 2017|website=Playbill|language=en|access-date=2019-12-11|archive-date=June 7, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240607182210/https://www.playbill.com/article/how-harvey-fiersteins-torch-song-became-the-trilogy|url-status=live}}</ref> Mel Gussow of The New York Times panned the play as a "sincere but sentimentalized view of a transvestite extremes." Despite the criticism, Ellen Stewart, founder of La MaMa, chose to produce ''A Fugue in the Nursery'' and ''Widows and Children First''! in 1979, though she personally found the work "too talky."<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=treeol9deZ8C&q=review+a+fugue+in+the+nursery+fierstein&pg=PA89 |title=Nostalgia in Jewish-American Theatre and Film, 1979-2004 |author=Ben Furnish |year=2005 |publisher=Peter Lang |isbn=9780820461977 |access-date=2018-04-01 |archive-date=June 7, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240607182159/https://books.google.com/books?id=treeol9deZ8C&q=review+a+fugue+in+the+nursery+fierstein&pg=PA89#v=snippet&q=review%20a%20fugue%20in%20the%20nursery%20fierstein&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> The Glines, a nonprofit organization dedicated to forwarding gay-themed cultural endeavors, financially supported Fierstein in reworking the three one-act plays as a singular theatrical event, which became ''Torch Song Trilogy'' and earned excited praise from Mel Gussow. "Arnold's story becomes richer as it unfolds," he wrote, saying that Fierstein's performance "[was] an act of compelling virtuosity."<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gdmJAwAAQBAJ&q=reviews+torch+song+trilogy+la+mama&pg=PA122 |title=The Queer Encyclopedia of Film & Television |author=Claude J. Summers |year=2005 |publisher=Cleis Press |isbn=9781573442091 |access-date=2018-04-01 |archive-date=June 7, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240607182145/https://books.google.com/books?id=gdmJAwAAQBAJ&q=reviews+torch+song+trilogy+la+mama&pg=PA122#v=snippet&q=reviews%20torch%20song%20trilogy%20la%20mama&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>

Writing in [[The Phoenix (newspaper) | The Boston Phoenix]], Don Shewey declared that "the trilogy proves to be a masterpiece — it’s gay theater's gift to American drama."  He observed that the trilogy presents "gay life not as an isolated phenomenon but in constant relation to the society at large, a society whose sexual values have undergone a general upheaval, leaving everyone — gays and straights alike — struggling to learn the new rules."  Shewey concluded by stating that while ''Torch Song Trilogy'' raises many questions, "it doesn’t provide answers — only a model of how to come to terms with our common struggle for self-acceptance and (above all) love."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shewey |first1=Don |title=Theater: Back-room bars to Broadway |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_boston-phoenix_1982-04-06_11_14/page/n60/mode/1up |access-date=2024-08-13 |work=The Boston Phoenix |date=1982-04-06}}</ref>

Theatre scholar Jordan Schildcrout notes that some critics viewed ''Torch Song Trilogy'' as "the most truly conservative play to come along in years" because of its focus on "fidelity and family" (Jack Kroll), while others declared the play a radical breakthrough because of its forthright depiction of gay sexuality, gay youth, and gay families during an era of political backlash against the [[LGBT rights in the United States|gay rights movement]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=In the Long Run: A Cultural History of Broadway's Hit Plays|last=Schildcrout|first=Jordan|publisher=Routledge|year=2019|isbn=978-0367210908|location=New York and London|pages=184–85}}</ref> Today, the play is primarily remembered as a groundbreaking moment for [[LGBT|LGBTQ]] theatre. It is lauded for touching on issues such as [[Same-sex marriage|gay marriage]] and [[LGBT adoption|adoption]] before they were acceptable. In a 2018 review revisiting the play, ''[[PopMatters]]'' writer Elizabeth Woronzoff remarked that ''Torch Song Trilogy'' laid the groundwork for many modern queer television shows such as ''[[Queer as Folk (American TV series)|Queer as Folk]]'', ''[[Modern Family]]'', and ''[[Will & Grace|Will and Grace]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.popmatters.com/harvey-fierstein-torch-song-trilogy-2610505054.html|title=Harvey Fierstein's 'Torch Song Trilogy' Resonates Throughout the Decades|date=9 October 2018|website=PopMatters|access-date=11 December 2019|df=mdy-all|archive-date=December 11, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211205727/https://www.popmatters.com/harvey-fierstein-torch-song-trilogy-2610505054.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Additionally, the play addressed intersectionality in a newfound way. The inclusion of both the Jewish and queer identities allowed for the representation and (arguably) rejection of the stereotypes associated with each group. According to critic [[John Simon (critic)|John Simon]] in a critique published in [[New York (magazine)|New York Magazine]], the play highlights both the Jewish, melancholic humor and homosexual, flamboyant humor. Still, Simon argues that Fierstein rejects the common stereotypes of both identities and incites the audience to practice "warm empathy" towards every character.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb__uUCAAAAMBAJ|title=New York Magazine|date=1981-12-14|publisher=New York Media, LLC|language=en}}</ref>

==Film adaptation==
{{main|Torch Song Trilogy (film)}}

Fierstein adapted his play for a [[Torch Song Trilogy (film)|feature film]], released in 1988. It was directed by [[Paul Bogart]] and starred Fierstein (Arnold), [[Anne Bancroft]] (Ma Beckoff), [[Matthew Broderick]] (Alan), [[Brian Kerwin]] (Ed), and [[Eddie Castrodad]] (David).

==Awards and nominations==
===Awards===
*1983 Drama Desk Award for Outstanding New Play
*1983 Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Actor in a Play (Harvey Fierstein)
*1983 Tony Award for Best Play (Harvey Fierstein)
*1983 Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Play (Harvey Fierstein)

===Nominations===
*1982 Drama Critics' Circle Award Runner-Up Best American Play

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IBDB show}}
*{{IOBDB title}}
*{{IMDb title|qid=Q687627|id=tt0096289|title=Torch Song Trilogy|description=(film)}}

{{DramaDesk Play 1975–2000}}
{{TonyAwardBestPlay 1976-2000}}

[[Category:1981 plays]]
[[Category:Broadway plays]]
[[Category:Drama Desk Award–winning plays]]
[[Category:LGBTQ-related plays]]
[[Category:Off-Broadway plays]]
[[Category:Jewish theatre]]
[[Category:Tony Award–winning plays]]
[[Category:American plays adapted into films]]
[[Category:Plays set in New York City]]
[[Category:Plays based on actual events]]
[[Category:Plays about Jews and Judaism]]
[[Category:Plays by Harvey Fierstein]]