Editing Total Football

{{short description|Playing style in association football}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}

{{other uses}}

'''Total Football''' ({{langx|nl|totaalvoetbal}}) is a tactical system in [[association football]] in which any [[Outfield#Association football|outfield]] player can take over the role of any other player in a team. A player who moves out of his position is replaced by another from his team, thus retaining the team's intended organisational structure. In this fluid system, no outfield player is fixed in a predetermined role; anyone can successively play as an [[Forward (association football)|attacker]], a [[midfielder]] and a [[Defender (association football)|defender]]. The only player who must stay in a specified position is the [[Goalkeeper (association football)|goalkeeper]].

Total Football's tactical success depends largely on the adaptability of each footballer within the team, in particular the ability to quickly switch positions depending on the on-field situation. The theory requires players to be comfortable in multiple positions; hence, it requires intelligent and technically diverse players.

Manager [[Rinus Michels]] is generally credited with introducing this system during the 1970s,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Godsell |first=Andrew |title=Planet Football |year=2012 |isbn=978-1471616044 |page=40|publisher=Lulu.com }}</ref> at Dutch club [[AFC Ajax|Ajax]] and the [[Netherlands national football team]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Augustyn |first=Adam |title=Rinus Michels |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Rinus-Michels |access-date=7 August 2023 |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> However, some authors credit teams such as the Austrian [[Wunderteam]] of the 1930s or the [[Golden Team|Golden Team of Hungary]] of the 1950s for having played in a similar style to Total Football.<ref name="HesseSimpson" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=McDougall |first=Alan |title=Contested Fields: A Global History of Modern Football |publisher=University of Toronto Press |year=2020 |isbn=978-1487594565 |pages=113}}</ref> Both sides were influenced by [[Jimmy Hogan]], who was in turn influenced by the [[combination game]].<ref name="Panenka" /><ref name="Guardian2003" /><ref name="Marcotti" />

== History ==
=== Pre-1970s ===
{{See also|Wunderteam|l1=Wunderteam (Austria national football team)|La Máquina|l2=La Máquina (Club Atlético River Plate)|Golden Team|l3=Golden Team (Mighty Magyars)}}

[[File:Golden Team 1953.jpg|thumb|The [[Golden Team]] (Mighty Magyars) in 1953]]
The first foundations for what became known as Total Football were laid by [[Jimmy Hogan]], a [[Burnley]] native, who was influenced by the [[combination game]].<ref name=Panenka>{{cite magazine |date=June 2012 |title=Eurocopa 2012 |trans-title=UEFA Euro 2012 |language=es |magazine=[[:es:Panenka (revista)|Panenka]] |pages=22–23}}</ref><ref name=Guardian2003>{{Cite news|date=22 November 2003|title=How total football inventor was lost to Hungary|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2003/nov/22/sport.comment2|access-date=17 May 2020|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref name=Marcotti>{{Cite web |last=Marcotti |first=Gabriele |author-link=Gabriele Marcotti |date=30 May 2014 |title=Best teams never to win a World Cup: Netherlands 1974 |url=https://www.espn.in/football/story/_/id/37372822/best-teams-never-win-world-cup-netherlands-1974 |access-date=4 August 2023 |publisher=[[ESPN]]}}</ref> Working with Austrian coach and his friend [[Hugo Meisl]] in the early 1930s, Meisl's [[Austria national football team]] (known as the "[[Wunderteam]]") became possibly the first side to play Total Football.<ref name=HesseSimpson>{{Cite book |last1=Hesse |first1=Uli |author-link=Ulrich Hesse |last2=Simpson |first2=Paul |title=Who Invented the Stepover? |publisher=Profile Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-1847658425 |page=44 |quote=Like [[Rinus Michels|Michels]], he had been inspired by the free-flowing style of [[Gusztáv Sebes]]' great Hungarian side illuminated by the talents of [[Ferenc Puskás]], [[Nándor Hidegkuti]], [[Zoltán Czibor]] and [[József Bozsik]]. But even Sebes didn't invent Total Football. In the 1930s, the Austrian "[[Wunderteam]]", under [[Hugo Meisl]], played with such improvisational genius that opponents were stupefied.}}</ref><ref name=NYTimes2010>{{Cite news |last=Hughes |first=Rob |date=13 June 2010 |title=The Dutch Look Great Again. Oh, No. |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/14/sports/soccer/14iht-SOCCER.html |access-date=7 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616172532/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/14/sports/soccer/14iht-SOCCER.html |archive-date=16 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=When Austria were good at football|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/euro2008/2008/06/when_austria_were_good_at_foot.html|last=Gordos|first=Phil|date=16 June 2008|website=BBC Sport|access-date=17 May 2020}}</ref> Hogan's influence reached beyond the Austrian borders, as two decades later the [[Hungary national football team|Hungary national team]] (also known as the "[[Golden Team]]") played a similar style of football under coach [[Gusztáv Sebes]].<ref name=Guardian2003 /><ref>{{Cite news|last=Bevan|first=Chris|date=24 November 2013|title=Jimmy Hogan: The Englishman who inspired the Magical Magyars|work=BBC Sport|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/25055156|access-date=17 May 2020}}</ref> The then president of the [[Hungarian Football Federation|Hungarian Football Association]], [[Sándor Barcs|Sandor Barcs]], said: "Jimmy Hogan taught us everything we know about football".<ref name=Guardian2003 />

[[File:La Maquina.jpg|thumb|right|''[[La Máquina]]'', nickname of Argentine team [[Club Atlético River Plate|River Plate]] in the 1940s]]
[[Torino F.C.|Torino]] ("[[Grande Torino]]" as the team was called) in the 1940s played a similar style as the Austrians.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Great Calcio Sides: Il Grande Torino|url=https://forzaitalianfootball.com/2015/05/great-calcio-sides-grande-torino/|last=Whelan|first=Padraig|date=4 May 2015|website=Forza Italian Football|access-date=17 May 2020}}</ref> Between 1941 and 1947, Argentinian club [[Club Atlético River Plate|River Plate]] formed a remarkable team, known as "La Máquina" (The Machine),<ref>{{cite web|title=What if River Plate's La Máquina, Il Grande Torino had played one another?|url=https://www.si.com/planet-futbol/2015/04/28/il-grande-torino-la-maquina-river-plate-argentina-italy|work=si.com|date=27 April 2015 }}</ref> whose attack formed by Carlos Muñoz, [[José Manuel Moreno]], [[Adolfo Pedernera]], [[Ángel Labruna]] and [[Félix Loustau]] perfected the "false nine" style<ref>{{cite web|title=The Question: Why are teams so tentative about false nines? - Jonathan Wilson|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/2009/oct/27/the-question-false-nines-jonathan-wilson|last=Wilson|first=Jonathan|date=27 October 2009|website=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Pedernera, the twinkle-toed engine driver|url=https://www.fifa.com/news/y=2015/m=5/news=pedernera-the-twinkle-toed-engine-driver-2604360.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905075253/http://www.fifa.com/news/y=2015/m=5/news=pedernera-the-twinkle-toed-engine-driver-2604360.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 September 2015|date=12 May 2015|work=FIFA.com}}</ref> and the constant change of attack positions. "La Máquina" won several Argentine and international titles.

Also in the 1940s, English manager [[Jack Reynolds (footballer, born 1881)|Jack Reynolds]] implemented a style that was bearing similarities to Total Football at [[AFC Ajax|Ajax]], leading the Dutch club to rise in importance and win trophies for the first time.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Shetty|first=Sanjeev|title=Total Football - A graphic history of the world's most iconic soccer tactics|publisher=Aurum Press|year=2018|isbn=9781781318225|location=London|pages=64}}</ref> In the late 1950s and early 1960s, [[Burnley F.C.|Burnley]] were playing a renewed system in English football "where every player could play in every position" under manager [[Harry Potts]].<ref name="Potts">{{Cite book|title=Never Had it So Good: Burnley's Incredible 1959/60 League Title Triumph|last=Quelch|first=Tim|publisher=Pitch Publishing|year=2015|isbn=9781909626546|location=Durrington|pages=200–201}}</ref> This Total Football system led the club to the [[1959–60 in English football|1959–60]] [[List of English football champions|First Division title]] and won many plaudits, including admiration from all-time [[List of English football first tier top scorers|English First Division top scorer]] [[Jimmy Greaves]].<ref>Quelch (2015), p. 11</ref> Another pioneer was [[Vic Buckingham]], manager of [[West Bromwich Albion F.C.|West Bromwich Albion]], Ajax and [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] in the 1950s and 1960s, as the footballing education that he established helped the progressive nature of the type of football of [[Rinus Michels]] and later [[Johan Cruyff]], a player who was introduced into the Ajax first team by [[Vic Buckingham]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thesefootballtimes.co/2016/01/28/rinus-michels-and-the-total-football-rebellion/ |author=Townsend, Jon |title=Rinus Michels and the Total Football rebellion |work=These Football Times |date=28 January 2016 |access-date=17 September 2019 }}</ref><ref>Donald McRae ''[https://www.theguardian.com/football/2014/sep/12/johan-cruyff-louis-van-gaal-manchester-united Interview: Johan Cruyff: 'Johan Cruyff: 'Everyone can play football but those values are being lost. We have to bring them back']'' [[The Guardian]], 12 September 2014.</ref>

=== Totaalvoetbal schools ===
{{See also|History of AFC Ajax#Gloria Ajax: European dominance and treble|l1=Gloria Ajax (AFC Ajax)|History of the Netherlands national football team#Total Football in the 1970s|l2=The Clockwork Orange (Netherlands national football team)}}

{{multiple image
| align = right
| total_width = 400
| image1 = Ajax tegen Independiente 3-0, tweede wedstrijd voor wereldbeker, Piet Keizer (nu, Bestanddeelnr 925-9140.jpg
| caption1 =
| image2 = Finale wereldkampioenschap voetbal 1974 in Munchen, West Duitsland tegen Nederla, Bestanddeelnr 927-3110.jpg
| caption2 =
| footer = Two Dutch exponents of total football in early 1970s, with Johan Cruyff being a keyplayer for both teams: AFC Ajax celebrating the Intercontinental Cup in 1972 (left); the Netherlands national team before playing Germany at the 1974 World Cup (right)
}}
Rinus Michels, who played under Reynolds, later became manager of Ajax in 1965. Michels developed the tactics of Total Football after 1970, most importantly with the introduction of [[Forward (association football)|forward]] Johan Cruyff, perhaps the system's most famous exponent.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/coaches/coach=33960/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080304020009/http://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/coaches/coach=33960/index.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 March 2008|title=Classic Coach: Rinus Michels|work=Classic Football|publisher=Fédération Internationale de Football Association|access-date=13 June 2008}}</ref> Although Cruyff was fielded as centre forward, Michels encouraged Cruyff to roam freely around the pitch, using technical ability and intelligence to exploit the weaknesses in the opposition and create chances. Cruyff's teammates also worked to adapt themselves accordingly, regularly switching positions to ensure tactical roles in the team were consistently filled.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150930160041/http://www.fifa.com/fifa-tournaments/players-coaches/people=1043/profile.html 'FIFA Classic Player: The Netherlands' Grand Master]. FIFA.com. Retrieved 14 July 2014</ref> Austrian coach [[Ernst Happel]] reworked the theory to introduce strength, encouraging his players to play tougher during his spells at [[ADO Den Haag]] and [[Feyenoord]]. Happel also managed the Netherlands national team to a runner-up finish in the [[1978 FIFA World Cup]].

The major component was the use of space, with the need to consistently create space central to the concept of Total Football. Former Ajax defender [[Barry Hulshoff]] described it as "[the thing] we discussed the whole time. Cruyff always talked about where to run and where to stand, and when not to move".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sportacademy/hi/sa/football/features/newsid_3301000/3301407.stm|title=Johan Cruyff: The Total Footballer|work=Sport Academy|publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation|access-date=13 June 2008 | date=10 December 2003}}</ref> He further elaborated that position switching was only made possible due to apt spatial awareness.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britishcouncil.org/UK/japan-sport-footballculture-teams-ground-ajax.htm|title=Ground Breaking Team: Ajax 1973|work=Football Culture|publisher=The British Council in Japan|access-date=13 June 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071217125531/http://www.britishcouncil.org/UK/japan-sport-footballculture-teams-ground-ajax.htm|archive-date=17 December 2007}}</ref> He also described Total Football being [[Proactivity|proactive]], as well as highlighting the use of pressing, which would be used to win back the ball or put the opposition under considerable pressure.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://sport.scotsman.com/south-africa-world-cup-2010/World-Cup-2010-Dutch-were.6413230.jp|title=World Cup 2010: Dutch were pioneers of Total Football, but after exporting it to Spain must now stop opponents at their own game|last=Wilson|first=Jonathan|author-link=Jonathan Wilson (journalist/author)|date=11 July 2010|access-date=24 July 2010|work=[[The Scotsman]]}}</ref> Michels and Cruyff saw unprecedented success with the system, winning eight [[Eredivisie]] titles, three [[UEFA Champions League|European Cups]], and one [[1972 Intercontinental Cup|Intercontinental Cup]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.fifa.com/clubworldcup/news/y=2005/m=12/news=are-the-champions-101662.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208150054/http://www.fifa.com/clubworldcup/news/y=2005/m=12/news=are-the-champions-101662.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 December 2015 |title=We are the champions |publisher=FIFA.com |date=11 December 2005 |access-date=24 March 2016}}</ref> The stark rise of Total Football and its attacking prowess was also linked with the "death of ''[[Catenaccio]]''", an Italian system reliant heavily on defence promoted by [[Helenio Herrera]]'s [[Inter Milan|Internazionale]] during the 1960s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.europeancuphistory.com/euro72.html|title=Season 1971-72|publisher=European Cup History|access-date=13 June 2008}}</ref>

The Total Football system was prone to defeat, experienced notably in the final of the [[1974 FIFA World Cup]] contested by the Dutch and [[Germany national football team|West Germany]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition=39/overview.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070911111241/http://fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition=39/overview.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 September 2007|title=1974 FIFA World Cup Germany: Dutch take plaudits but Germany take the prize|work=Previous FIFA World Cups|publisher=Fédération Internationale de Football Association|access-date=13 June 2008}}</ref> Michels and Cruyff saw their ability to introduce playmaking stifled in the second half of the match by the effective marking of [[Berti Vogts]]. This allowed [[Franz Beckenbauer]], [[Uli Hoeneß]], and [[Wolfgang Overath]] to gain a stronghold in midfield, thus, enabling West Germany to win 2–1.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,1486199,00.html|title=World Cup Final, 1974: West Germany vs. The Netherlands|work=The Making of a World Cup Legend|publisher=Deutsche Welle|access-date=13 June 2008}}</ref>

=== Modern era ===
{{See also|History of FC Barcelona#Núñez and the stabilization years (1978–2000)|l1=The Dream Team (FC Barcelona)|FC Barcelona#2008–2012: Guardiola era|l2=Guardiola's Barcelona side (2008–2012)|Tiki-taka|l3=Tiki-taka (Tiqui-taca)|Tiki-taka#Criticism|l4=Juego de posición}}

Building further on the foundations of Total Football, a new tactical system developed in [[FC Barcelona]] (particularly under manager [[Pep Guardiola|Pep Guardiola]]) and the [[Spain men's national football team|Spain national team]] during the late 2000s and early 2010s. This came to be known as ''Juego de Posición'' or [[Tiki-taka]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Martínez |first=Roberto |author-link=Roberto Martínez |title=World Cup final: Johan Cruyff sowed seeds for revolution in Spain's fortunes |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/world-cup-2010/teams/spain/7883131/World-Cup-final-Johan-Cruyff-sowed-seeds-for-revolution-in-Spains-fortunes.html |date=11 July 2010 |access-date=13 July 2010 |work=[[Telegraph.co.uk]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100713182250/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/world-cup-2010/teams/spain/7883131/World-Cup-final-Johan-Cruyff-sowed-seeds-for-revolution-in-Spains-fortunes.html |archive-date=13 July 2010 }}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Commons category|Totaalvoetbal|Total Football}}

* [[Anti-football]]
* [[Association football tactics and skills]]
* [[Formation (association football)]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Association football tactics and skills}}
{{Association football terminology}}
{{AFC Ajax}}
{{Netherlands national football team}}

[[Category:Association football tactics]]
[[Category:Association football terminology]]