Editing Tram-train

{{Short description|Tramway routes which share track with main-line railways}}
{{Hatnote|This article is about [[tram]]s sharing tracks with main-line railways. "Tram-train" can also refer to a train of two or more coupled trams operating on a regular tramway.}}
{{Distinguish|Train-tram}}
{{multiple image
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 | image1 = Heilbronn Bahnhofsvorplatz Stadtbahn01 2002-09-08.jpg
 | alt1 = A tram-train on street
 | caption1 = ''[[Heilbronn Stadtbahn|Stadtbahn]]'' [[street running]], in [[Heilbronn]]
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 | alt2 = A tram-train on railway
 | caption2 = ''Stadtbahn'' on main-line railway
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 | image1 = RBK 703 and KGV 603 Kassel Königsplatz.jpg
 | alt1 = A tram-train on street
 | caption1 = [[Kassel RegioTram]] dual voltage DC/AC [[Alstom Citadis|Alstom RegioCitadis]] next to a [[Trams in Kassel|KVG]] [[Bombardier Flexity Classic]] tram at Königsplatz
 | image2 = RBK 755 tram-train approaching Wolfhagen.JPG
 | alt2 = A tram-train on railway
 | caption2 = [[Kassel RegioTram]] dual mode diesel/electric [[Alstom Citadis|Alstom RegioCitadis]] approaching [[Wolfhagen]] using diesel power, on main-line railway
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 | image1 = I09 054 Bf Nordhausen xxx, EVT 202.jpg
 | alt1 = A tram-train on street
 | caption1 = A "DUO" [[Combino]] on the [[Trams in Nordhausen|Nordhausen]] urban tramway, where it is electrically powered via overhead wires. 
 | image2 = Harzquerbahn Merkwürdige Zugkreuzung - geo.hlipp.de -1016.jpg
 | alt2 = A tram-train at a railway station
 | caption2 = A "DUO" [[Combino]] at Ilfeld station on the [[Harzer Schmalspurbahn|HSB]] rural railway, where it is powered by an onboard diesel engine.
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 | image1 = Řím, Porta Maggiore, úzkorozchodná elektrická jednotka.jpg
 | alt1 = A tram-train on street
 | caption1 = A [[Rome–Giardinetti railway|tram-train in Rome]], Italy
 | image2 = Sasstram.jpg
 | alt2 = A tram-train on street
 | caption2 = A [[Metrosassari|tram-train in Sassari]], Italy
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 | image1 = MML M5000 (2).jpg
 | alt1 = A tram-train on street
 | caption1 = A pair of [[Manchester Metrolink]] [[Bombardier M5000]]s on the street in [[Manchester City Centre]], United Kingdom 
 | image2 = NT 150102 Navigation Road (2).jpg
 | alt2 = A tram-train on rail, along with a heavy rail train
 | caption2 = A pair of [[Bombardier M5000]]s on the mainline, along with a {{brc|150}} in the United Kingdom
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A '''[[tram]]-train''' is a type of [[light rail]] vehicle that both meets the standards of a light rail system, and also national mainline standards. Tramcars are adapted to be capable of running on streets like an urban tramway but also be permitted operation alongside mainline [[trains]]. This allows services that can utilise both existing urban light rail systems and mainline railway networks and stations. It combines the urban accessibility of a tram or light rail with a mainline train's greater speed in the suburbs.<ref name="connections">{{cite web |title=Tram-train: Making new connections |url=http://www.tautonline.com/tram-train-making-new-connections/ |website=tautonline.com |date=14 January 2020 |publisher=[[Tramways & Urban Transit]]|access-date=28 January 2022}}</ref>

The modern tram-train concept was pioneered by the German city of [[Karlsruhe]] in the late 1980s,<ref name="lessons">{{cite web |title=Uk tram-train: Learning lessons |url=http://www.tautonline.com/uk-tram-train-learning-lessons/ |website=tautonline.com |date=16 February 2019 |publisher=[[Tramways & Urban Transit]]|access-date=28 January 2022}}</ref> resulting in the creation of the [[Karlsruhe Stadtbahn]]. This concept is often referred to as the [[Karlsruhe model]],<ref name="connections"/> and it has since been adopted in other cities such as [[Mulhouse tramway|Mulhouse]] in France<ref name="connections"/> and in [[Kassel RegioTram|Kassel]], [[Trams in Nordhausen|Nordhausen]] and [[Saarbrücken]] in Germany.<ref name="lessons"/>

An inversion of the concept is a '''train-tram''' – a mainline train adapted to run on-street in an urban tramway, also known as the [[Zwickau Model]].

==Technology==
The tram-train often is a type of [[interurban]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.urbanrail.net/eu/de/ks/kassel.htm|title=UrbanRail.Net > Europe > Germany > Hessen > Kassel Tram / Straßenbahn}}</ref>&nbsp;— that is, they link separate towns or cities, according to George W. Hilton and John F. Due's definition.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hilton |first1=George Woodman |last2=Due |first2=John Fitzgerald |title=The Electric Interurban Railways in America |date=2000 |orig-year=1960 |publisher=Stanford University Press |at= Original preface, 1960 page ix}}</ref>

Most tram-trains are [[Standard-gauge railway|standard gauge]], which facilitates sharing track with main-line trains. Exceptions include [[Alicante Tram]] and [[Trams in Nordhausen|Nordhausen]], which are [[Metre-gauge railway|metre gauge]].

Tram-train vehicles are dual-equipped to suit the needs of both tram and train operating modes, with support for multiple electrification voltages if required and safety equipment such as [[train stop]]s and other railway signalling equipment. The Karlsruhe and [[Saarbrücken]] systems use "[[Punktförmige Zugbeeinflussung|PZB]]" or "Indusi" [[automatic train protection]], so that if the driver passes a signal at a stop the emergency brakes are applied.

==History==
The idea is not new; in the early 20th century, [[interurban streetcar]] lines often operated on dedicated rights-of-way between towns, while running on street trackage in town. The difference between modern tram-trains and the older interurban and radial railways is that tram-trains are built to meet mainline railway standards, rather than ignoring them.

In 1924, in [[Trams in Hobart|Hobart]], Australia, sharing of tracks between trams and trains was proposed.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article23715670 |title=TRAMS AND TRAINS. |newspaper=[[The Mercury (Hobart)|The Mercury]] |location=Hobart, Tasmania |date=12 February 1924 |access-date=21 April 2012 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref>

== Existing systems ==
===Asia===
==== Japan ====
*Fukui: [[Fukui Railway Fukubu Line|Fukui Fukubu Line]]

=== Europe ===
==== Austria ====
* [[Gmunden]]: [[Gmunden Tramway|Traunsee Tram]] (2018)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.stern-verkehr.at/portfolio/traunseetram/ |title = TRAUNSEETRAM - Stern & Hafferl Verkehr}}</ref>
* [[Vienna]] - [[Baden bei Wien]]: [[Badner Bahn]]

==== Denmark ====
* [[Aarhus Letbane]]<ref name=rgi20120510>{{cite news |url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/nc/news/single-view/view/aarhus-tram-train-project-gets-the-go-ahead.html |title=Aarhus tram-train project gets the go-ahead |date=10 May 2012 |publisher=[[Railway Gazette International]] |archive-date=1 March 2020 |access-date=11 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301085800/https://www.railwaygazette.com/nc/news/single-view/view/aarhus-tram-train-project-gets-the-go-ahead.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
==== France ====

* [[Lyon]]: [[Rhônexpress]] (2010)
* Lyon: [[Tram-train de l'ouest lyonnais]]
* [[Mulhouse]]: [[Mulhouse tramway]]<ref name=tre184>{{cite news | first = David | last = Haydock | title = France's first real tram train | work = Today's Railways | publisher = Platform 5 Publishing Ltd | pages = 37–40 | date = April 2011}}</ref>
* [[Nantes]]: [[Nantes tram-train]] (2011)
* [[Île-de-France]] (Paris region):
** [[Île-de-France tramway Line 4|Tramway Line 4]] (2006)
** [[Île-de-France tramway Line 11 Express|Tramway Line 11 Express]] (2017)
** [[Île-de-France tramway Line 12 Express|Tramway Line 12 Express]] (2023)
** [[Île-de-France tramway Line 13 Express|Tramway Line 13 Express]] (2022)

==== Germany ====
* [[Chemnitz]]: [[City-Bahn Chemnitz]]
* [[Karlsruhe]]: [[Stadtbahn Karlsruhe]]
* [[Kassel]]: [[Kassel RegioTram]] (2006)
* [[Nordhausen, Thuringia|Nordhausen]]: [[Trams in Nordhausen]]
* [[Saarbrücken]]: [[Saarbahn]]

==== Hungary ====
* [[Szeged-Hódmezővásárhely Tram-train|Szeged-Hódmezővásárhely tram-train]] (2021)

==== Italy ====
* [[Bergamo]]: [[Bergamo–Albino light rail]]
* [[Rome]]: [[Rome–Giardinetti railway]]
* [[Sassari]]: [[Metrosassari]]

==== Netherlands ====
* [[The Hague]]-[[Rotterdam]]: [[RandstadRail]]

==== Portugal ====
* [[Porto]]:
** [[Porto Metro]] Line B/Bx (opening 2005)
** Porto Metro Line C (opening 2005)

==== Spain ====
* [[Alicante]]: [[Alicante Tram]] (2007)
* [[Mallorca]]: [[Mallorca rail network]]
* [[Cádiz]]: [[Cádiz Bay tram-train]] (2022)

==== United Kingdom ====
* [[Manchester Metrolink]]: [[Altrincham line]] and [[Bury line]] (1992)
* [[Sheffield]] - [[Rotherham]]: [[South Yorkshire Supertram]] (2018)
* [[Cardiff]] & [[South Wales Valleys]]: [[South Wales Metro]] (2026)

===North America===
*[[Puebla (city)|Puebla]], [[Mexico]]: [[Puebla–Cholula Tourist Train]] (2017-2021; trains now sold to [[Tren Interoceánico]])
*[[San Diego]], [[California]]: [[San Diego Trolley]]

==Proposed systems==

===Africa===
* The October 6th Tram system (The O6T), [[Cairo]], [[Egypt]]

===Asia===
* [[Haifa–Nazareth railway|Haifa–Nazareth]], [[State of Israel|Israel]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-162298992.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629120537/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-162298992.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2014-06-29|title=Tram-Train for Haifa-Nazareth.(Transit News)}}</ref>
* [[Keelung railway station|Keelung Light Rail Transit]] ([[Nangang station|Nangang]]-[[Keelung railway station|Keelung]]), [[Taiwan]]{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}

===Europe===
* [[Braunschweig]], Germany
* [[Bratislava]], [[Slovakia]]
* [[Cardiff]], United Kingdom. Wales & Borders franchise: South Wales Valley Lines (2022 - 2023) - rolling stock currently under construction.
* [[Debrecen]], Hungary <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tram-trains may also run between Debrecen and Oradea in the future |url=https://www.debrecen.hu/en/local/news/tram-trains-may-also-run-between-debrecen-and-oradea-in-the-future |access-date=2024-03-03 |website=www.debrecen.hu |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Erlangen]], Germany – an extension of [[Straßenbahn Nürnberg]] not initially planned to use mainline rail tracks but proposed to do so in the future. The planned line to [[Herzogenaurach]] replicates a former mainline rail line
* [[Trams in Gorzów Wielkopolski|Gorzów Wielkopolski]], Poland
* [[Greater Manchester]], United Kingdom. Proposed extensions to the [[Manchester Metrolink]] network.<ref name="connections"/><ref name="stalybridge">{{cite web|url=https://www.placenorthwest.co.uk/news/metrolink-heads-to-stalybridge-and-middleton-in-2040-expansion/ |title=Metrolink heads to Stalybridge and Middleton in 2040 expansion|date=7 January 2019|author=Place North West|access-date=30 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301044640/https://www.placenorthwest.co.uk/news/metrolink-heads-to-stalybridge-and-middleton-in-2040-expansion/|archive-date=1 March 2021|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Grenoble]], France
* [[Groningen (city)|Groningen]], Netherlands
* [[Kiel]], Germany
* [[Kyiv]], Ukraine
* [[Košice]], [[Slovakia]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Planovane-modernizacie-elektrickovych-trati-MET-a-Integrovany-dopravny-system-IDS|url=https://imhd.sk/ke/media/mn/00001130/Planovane-modernizacie-elektrickovych-trati-MET-a-Integrovany-dopravny-system-IDS-20150119.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208230004/http://imhd.sk/ke/media/mn/00001130/Planovane-modernizacie-elektrickovych-trati-MET-a-Integrovany-dopravny-system-IDS-20150119.pdf|archive-date=2015-12-08}}</ref> (in planning phase)
* [[León, Spain]]
* [[Liberec]] — [[Jablonec nad Nisou]], [[Czech Republic]]
* [[Linköping]], Sweden
* [[Linz]], Austria (in planning phase)
* [[Manresa]], Spain
* [[Metro Mondego]], [[Coimbra]], Portugal
* [[RijnGouweLijn]], Netherlands
* [[Metro de Sevilla]]. Seville has one metro line and one tram line that are not connected, but the long-term intention is to link the metro and tram systems.
* [[Oradea]], Romania - The first romanian tram-train will be in Oradea, featuring several lines, and connecting the city to the villages near, like Borș, Băile Felix or Sântandrei. The tram-train in Oradea is in planning phase, some parts of the project already accepted by the local government.
* [[Sevastopol]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Agency Strategic Initiative|url=https://idea.asi.ru/attachments/6/99/943a5f-804a-4e4f-9271-f0422b44dbd6/%D0%A1%D0%95%D0%92%D0%90%D0%A1%D0%A2%D0%9E%D0%9F%D0%9E%D0%9B%D0%AC_-_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%96%D0%94_-_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_-_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%92.%D0%92__%D0%90%D0%A1%D0%98_.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826225208/https://idea.asi.ru/attachments/6/99/943a5f-804a-4e4f-9271-f0422b44dbd6/%D0%A1%D0%95%D0%92%D0%90%D0%A1%D0%A2%D0%9E%D0%9F%D0%9E%D0%9B%D0%AC_-_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%96%D0%94_-_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_-_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%92.%D0%92__%D0%90%D0%A1%D0%98_.pdf|archive-date=2021-08-26}}</ref> 
* [[Strasbourg]], France
* [[Szeged]], Hungary. Two other destinations are being considered as of January 2022 besides the [[Szeged-Hódmezővásárhely Tram-train|Szeged - Hódmezővásárhely line]], which entered operation in November 2021. The Szeged - [[Subotica]] (Serbia) line is in early planning phase.<ref>{{cite web | title=Jöhet a Szeged-Szabadka tram-train, megjelent a tender – Szegedi hírek | website=Szeged365 | date=2021-12-02 | url=https://szeged365.hu/2021/12/02/johet-a-szeged-szabadka-tram-train-megjelent-a-tender/ | language=hu | access-date=2022-01-04}}</ref> A preparatory study was also completed for the Szeged - [[Makó]] line,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.szegedvaros.hu/letoltesek/doc_download/2897-szeged-mako-elvarosi-koezoessegi-koezlekedes-vizsgalata.html |title=Szeged-Makó elővárosi közösségi közlekedés vizsgálata - Döntéselőkészítő Tanulmány (Közlekedés - Pro-Urbe - V-Plan - Uvaterv - Unitef) |accessdate=2012-12-22 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305155241/http://www.szegedvaros.hu/letoltesek/doc_download/2897-szeged-mako-elvarosi-koezoessegi-koezlekedes-vizsgalata.html |archivedate=2016-03-05 }}</ref> but the estimated costs were high, and it is also dependent on a new [[List of road-rail bridges|road-rail bridge]] over the river [[Tisa]] only in planning phase as of now.
* TramCamp, [[Camp de Tarragona]], [[Catalonia]], Spain
* [[Tramways in Wrocław|Wrocław]], Poland (2005) — [[600VDC|600 V DC]]/[[3kVDC|3 kV DC]]
* [[Riga]], [[Latvia]]
* [[Turku]], Finland
* [[West Midlands conurbation]], United Kingdom. Proposed extensions to the [[West Midlands Metro]] to [[Stourbridge]] and [[Walsall]].

===Oceania===
* [[Adelaide]], [[South Australia]] – On June 5, 2008, the [[Government of South Australia]] announced plans for train-tram operation on the [[Adelaide Metro]]'s [[Outer Harbor and Port Dock lines|Outer Harbor]]/[[Grange line|Grange]] train lines and [[Glenelg tram line|City West-Glenelg]] tramline extension as part of a 10-year A$2 billion public transport upgrade.<ref>[http://www.adelaidemetro.com.au/general/pdfs/OMPbudget.pdf Adelaidemetro.com.au<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080721062628/http://www.adelaidemetro.com.au/general/pdfs/OMPbudget.pdf |date=July 21, 2008 }}</ref>
*[[Hobart]] [[Tasmania]]

===South America===
* [[RegioTram|Bogotá Commuter Rail (RegioTram)]], [[Colombia]]
* [[Cali]], [[Colombia]]<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.eltiempo.com/colombia/cali/el-tren-tranvia-ya-tiene-la-firma-para-arrancar-209212| title = El tren tranvía ya tiene la firma para arrancar - Cali - Colombia - ELTIEMPO.COM| date = 25 April 2018}}</ref>

==Vehicles==
Models of tram designed for tram-train operation include:
* [[Alstom]]'s RegioCitadis and Citadis Dualis, derived from the [[Alstom Citadis|Citadis]]
* [[Bombardier Flexity Link]] and [[Bombardier Flexity Swift]]
* [[Siemens S70]]
* [[Stadler Citylink]]

== Train-tram ==
[[File:Zwickau TrainTram.jpg|thumb|The ''[[Zwickau Model]]'' has main-line lightweight diesel tram-trains running through urban streets.]]
[[File:Keishin-Line-Series800.jpg|thumb|A train running on the street section of Keishin line.]]
=== Europe ===

* [[Zwickau]]: [[Trams in Zwickau]] [[Trams in Nordhausen|–]] on-board [[diesel generator]] (light-weight [[RegioSprinter]] diesel [[railbuses]] that also operate on street tramway)

=== Japan ===

* [[Kyoto]]: [[Keihan Electric Railway]] - [[Keihan Keishin Line|Keishin Line]] that having sections which trains runs on street level.

=== North America ===
*[[Austin, Texas]]: [[Capital MetroRail]] – [[commuter rail]] that shares more commonality with train-tram operation, with downtown [[street running]] and usage of mainline track. Uses [[diesel multiple unit]]s.

== See also ==
* [[Grooved rail]]
* [[Interurban]]
* [[Light rail]]
* [[Stadtbahn]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.lightrail.nl/TramTrain TramTrain - the 2nd generation: Searching for the 'ideal' TramTrain-city]
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20110207170146/http://www.draemmli.info/report-mulhouse_e.html New TramTrain for Mulhouse -  Reportage and images]}} ''(English/German)''
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20090316133445/http://www.draemmli.info/report-tramtrain_e.html Construction of the TramTrain system in Mulhouse with images]}} ''(English/German)''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131231102256/http://kasig.com/ tram-train of Karlsruhe transformed in a subway in the center]
* [http://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/road/Hopes-rise-for-tramtrains-pilot.2962865.jp Leeds City Region proposal ]
* [https://www.ihs.com/products/janes-urban-transport-systems.html (Jane's) Urban Transit Systems]{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

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[[Category:Electric public transport]]
[[Category:Passenger rail transport]]