Editing Transarmament

{{Short description|Replacement of armed forces with infrastructure to support nonviolent resistance}}
'''Transarmament''' (closely related to [[civilian-based defense]]) is the partial or total replacement of [[armed forces]] with the physical and social infrastructure to support [[nonviolence|nonviolent]] resistance. [[Gene Sharp]] defined transarmament as "the process of changeover from a military-based defense policy to a [[civilian-based defense]] policy."<ref name="sharp97">[[Gene Sharp]] (1997). "Transarmament" (p. 534) in: Roger S. Powers, William B. Vogele, Christopher Kruegler, Ronald M. McCarthy (1997), ''Protest, power, and change: an encyclopedia of nonviolent action from ACT-UP to women's suffrage''. Taylor & Francis. {{ISBN|978-0-8153-0913-0}}</ref> Unlike [[disarmament]], "transarmament always involves the replacement of one means to provide defense with another" instead of the "simple reduction or abandonment of military capacity."<ref name="sharp97" />

==Civilian defense==
The term "transarmament" appears to have been introduced in 1937 in a pamphlet by [[Kenneth Boulding]].<ref name=sharp97/> It appears not to have been used again until the 1960s.<ref name=sharp97/><ref name=roberts68>Adam Roberts (ed.) (1968), ''Civilian resistance as a national defense: non-violent action against aggression''. Stackpole Books. (320 pages)</ref>

According to Adam Roberts,
:At least four possible stages <nowiki>[of transarmament]</nowiki> can be envisaged:
:1. Research and investigation into civilian defence, in order to judge its workability, relate it to a specific country's defence problems, and develop strategic and tactical concepts so that the proposal can be presented in concrete and practical terms.
:2. General public education in non-violent action and civilian defence; concentrated training of key groups and individuals; organizational preparations.
:3. Application of civilian defence in specific areas without complete abandonment of military defence policy.
:4. Public commitment to use civilian defence in resisting all threats formerly dealt with by military methods. Completion of process of transarment. (p.&nbsp;338<ref name=robertschap69>Adam Roberts (1969) "Transarmament to Civilian Defence" (pp. 336-348) in Adam Roberts (ed.), "Civilian Resistance as a National Defence," Baltimore, MD: Penguin/Pelican, 1969. (367 pages)</ref>)

==Offensive to defensive==
"Transarmament" has later been used—for example, by [[Johan Galtung]]—as a technical term to describe a shift in military strategy. Galtung distinguishes between offensive and defense armaments and suggests transitioning to a defensive system of national defense. His use of the term does not imply nonviolence.<ref name=galtung84>{{cite journal 
 |author=Johan Galtung
 |year=1984 
 |title=Transarmament: From offensive to defensive defense 
 |journal=Journal of Peace Research 
 |volume=21 
 |issue=2 
 |pages= 127–139 
 |doi=10.1177/002234338402100204
 |author-link=Johan Galtung 
 }}</ref><ref>Wilhelm Agrell, "Offensive versus Defensive: Military Strategy and Alternative Defense", ''Journal of Peace Research'' 24(1), 1987; accessed [http://jpr.sagepub.com/content/24/1/75%20 via SagePub], DOI: 10.1177/002234338702400107.</ref> Galtung advocates precise weapons with limited range and destructive effects.<ref>Johan Galtung, "[http://www.transcend.org/galtung/papers/From%20Disarmament%20to%20Transarmament-Evolving%20Trends%20in%20the%20Study%20of%20Disarmament%20and%20Security.pdf From Disarmament to Transarmament: Evolving Trends in the Study of Disarmament and Security]", June 1984; [http://unesdoc.unesco.org/Ulis/cgi-bin/ulis.pl?catno=83703&set=4C9B7913_2_213&database=ged&gp=0&mode=e&ll=a published 1986] in the UNESCO yearbook on peace and conflict studies.</ref>

==See also==
*''[[Making Europe Unconquerable|Making Europe Unconquerable: The Potential of Civilian-Based Deterrence and Defence]]'' 
:(1985 book by [[Gene Sharp]])

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* http://www.fragmentsweb.org/stuff/nvwar.html
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060404191045/http://www.aeinstein.org/organizations.php3?action=printContentItem&orgid=88&typeID=16&itemID=70 Civilian-Based Defense: A Post-Military Weapons System] by Gene Sharp
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060723190112/http://www.aeinstein.org/organizationsf8b4.html National Security through Civilian-Based Defense] by Gene Sharp

{{Civil defence}}

[[Category:Civil defense]]
[[Category:Nonviolence]]