Editing Transport in Europe

{{Short description|Overview roads in the European continent}}
{{About|an outline of transport in the European continent|transport in the political and economic union|Transport in the European Union}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{multiple image|perrow = 2|total_width=400
| image1 =International E Road Network green.png |width1=840|height1=600
| caption1 = [[International E-road network|E-Road Network]] over 1990 borders
| image2 = High Speed Railroad Map of Europe.svg |width2=800|height2=600
| caption2 = Operational high-speed railway lines
| image3= Europe busiest airports.png
| caption3 = Busiest airports as of 2007 |width3=1475|height3=1200
| image4 = European Rivers.gif
| caption4 = Navigable rivers and canals|width4=3000|height4=2000
| header = Transport networks in Europe
}}

'''Transport in Europe''' provides for the movement needs of over 700 million people<ref>{{cite web|url=http://esa.un.org/unpp/index.asp |title=World Population Prospects: The 2008 Revision |date=11 March 2009 |publisher=[[United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs]] |access-date=18 February 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20091012190153/http://esa.un.org/unpp/index.asp |archive-date=12 October 2009 }}</ref> and associated freight.

==Overview==
The political geography of Europe divides the continent into over 50 sovereign states and territories. This fragmentation, along with increased movement of people since the [[Industrial Revolution]], has led to a high level of cooperation between European countries in developing and maintaining transport networks. [[Supranational union|Supranational]] and intergovernmental organisations such as the [[European Union]] (EU), [[Council of Europe]] and the [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe]] have led to the development of international standards and agreements that allow people and freight to cross the borders of Europe, largely with unique levels of freedom and ease.

{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = EU freight transport in 2016<ref name="ec2018"/>
| other =
| label1 =Road
| value1 =51
| color1 =black
| label2 = Sea
| value2 =33
| color2 =blue
| label3 =Rail
| value3 =12
| color3 =olive
| label4 =Inland waterways
| value4 =4
| color4 =aqua
| label5 =Air
| value5 =0.1
| color5 =yellow
| label6 = 
| value6 =0
| color6 =red
}}
Road, rail, air and water transportation are all prevalent and important across Europe. Europe was the location of the world's first railways and motorways and is now the location of some of the world's busiest ports and airports. The [[Schengen Area]] enables border control-free travel between 26 European countries. Freight transportation has a high level of [[Intermodal freight transport|intermodal]] compatibility and the [[European Economic Area]] allows the free movement of goods across 30 states. Of all tonne-kilometres transported in 2016, 51% were by road, 33% by sea, 12% by rail, 4% by inland waterways, and 0.1% by air.<ref name="ec2018">{{cite book |title=Final Report of the High-Level Panel of the European Decarbonisation Pathways Initiative |url=https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/research_and_innovation/research_by_area/documents/ec_rtd_decarbonisation-report_112018.pdf |publisher=[[European Commission]] |page=59 |date=November 2018 |doi=10.2777/636 |isbn=978-92-79-96827-3 |author1=European Commission. Directorate General for Research Innovation }}</ref>

A review of critical success factors for the delivery of transport infrastructure projects in Europe is presented in a 2017 report.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Locatelli|first1=Giorgio |last2=Invernizzi|first2=Diletta Colette|last3=Brookes|first3=Naomi J.|date=2017-04-01|title=Project characteristics and performance in Europe: An empirical analysis for large transport infrastructure projects|journal=Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice|volume=98|pages=108–122 |doi=10.1016/j.tra.2017.01.024 |url=http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/113285/10/Paper%20transport%20V27.pdf}}</ref>

In October 1998 AccesRail, a Canadian company, launched a solution on the airline industry's [[Global distribution system|Global Distribution Systems (GDS)]] that allowed major airlines, travel agents, and other online booking websites to book and ticket intermodal travel arrangements, such as flights, railways, and/or buses on the GDS primary screens together in one common booking.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=https://www.accesrail.com/ |url-status=live |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=accesrail.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-11-07 |title=Air Canada expands intermodal travel connections across Europe and Asia |url=https://www.travelweek.ca/news/air-canada-expands-intermodal-travel-connections-across-europe-and-asia/ |url-status=live |access-date=2025-05-15 |work=travelweek.ca}}</ref>

==Rail transport==
{{Main|Rail transport in Europe}}
[[File:Etr500.JPG|thumb|An [[ETR 500]] train running on the [[Florence–Rome high-speed railway|Florence–Rome high-speed line]] near [[Arezzo]], the first high-speed railway opened in Europe<ref>{{Cite web |title=Special report: A European high-speed rail network |url=https://op.europa.eu/webpub/eca/special-reports/high-speed-rail-19-2018/en/ |access-date=22 July 2023 |website=op.europa.eu |language=en-GB}}</ref>]]

Powered rail transport began in England in the early 19th century with the invention of the speed train. The modern European rail network spans almost the entire continent, with the exception of [[Andorra]], [[Rail transport in Cyprus|Cyprus]], [[Rail transport in Iceland|Iceland]], [[Malta]], and [[San Marino]]. It provides movement of passengers and freight. There are significant [[high-speed rail in Europe|high-speed rail]] passenger networks, such as the [[TGV]] in [[Rail transport in France|France]] and the [[high-speed rail in Spain|LAV]] in [[Rail transport in Spain|Spain]]. The [[Channel Tunnel]] connects the [[Rail transport in Great Britain|United Kingdom]] with France and thus the whole of the European rail system, and it was called one of the seven wonders of the modern world by the [[American Society of Civil Engineers]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asce.org/history/seven_wonders.cfm |title=Seven wonders of the modern world |archive-url=https://archive.today/20100402072318/http://www.asce.org/history/seven_wonders.cfm |archive-date=2010-04-02}}</ref> The longest railway tunnel in the world, the [[Gotthard Base Tunnel]], crosses the [[Alps]] in [[Rail transport in Switzerland|Switzerland]].

Various method of [[rail electrification]] are used as well as much unelectrified track. [[Multi-system (rail)|Multi system]] locomotives and [[Electric multiple unit|EMUs]] allow for cross-border services. [[Standard gauge]] is widespread in Central and Western Europe, [[Russian gauge]] predominates in parts of Eastern Europe, and mainline services on the [[Iberian Peninsula]] and the island of [[Ireland (island)|Ireland]] use the rarer [[Iberian gauge]] and [[Irish gauge]], respectively. In mountainous areas, [[narrow-gauge railway]]s are common. The [[European Rail Traffic Management System]] is an EU initiative to create a Europe-wide standard for train signalling.

Rail infrastructure, freight transport and passenger services are provided by a combination of local and national governments and private companies. Passenger ticketing varies from country to country and service to service. The [[Eurail Pass]], a rail pass for 18 European countries, is available only for persons who do not live in Europe, [[Morocco]], [[Algeria]] or [[Tunisia]]. [[Interrail]] passes allow multi-journey travel around Europe for people living in Europe and surrounding countries.

[[Rail transport in Europe]] has diverse technological standards, operating concepts, and infrastructures. Common features are the widespread use of [[Standard-gauge railway|standard-gauge rail]], high operational safety and a high proportion of [[railway electrification|electrification]]. Electrified railway networks in [[Europe]] operate at many different voltages, both [[alternating current|AC]] and [[direct current|DC]], varying from 750 to 25,000 [[volt]]s, and [[railway signalling|signaling systems]] vary from country to country, complicating cross-border traffic.

The [[European Union]] (EU) aims to make cross-border operations easier as well as to introduce competition to national rail networks. EU member states were empowered to separate the provision of transport services and the management of the infrastructure by the [[Single European Railway Directive 2012]]. Usually, national [[railway company|railway companies]] were split into separate divisions or independent companies for infrastructure, passenger and freight operations. The passenger operations may be further divided into long-distance and regional services, because regional services often operate under [[public service obligation]]s (which maintain services which are not economically interesting to private companies but nonetheless produce societal benefit), while long-distance services usually operate without subsidies.{{cn|date=November 2024}}
[[File:Ablaña narrow gauge train station.jpg|alt=A narrow-gauge train at a station in Spain|thumb|A narrow-gauge train at a station in Spain]]

Across the EU, passenger rail transport saw a 50% increase between 2021 and 2022, with the 2022 passenger-kilometers figure being slightly under that of 2019 (i.e. before the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Railway passenger transport statistics - quarterly and annual data |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Railway_passenger_transport_statistics_-_quarterly_and_annual_data#:~:text=Overall,%20rail%20passenger%20transport%20increased,levels%20observed%20before%20the%20pandemic. |access-date=2024-10-01 |website=ec.europa.eu |language=en}}</ref> The trend is expected to continue and rapid investments in European Union railways are under way.<ref>{{cite web | last=McClanahan | first=Paige | title=In Europe, a Rail Renaissance is Underway | website=The New York Times | date=2024-01-04 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/04/travel/europe-new-trains.html | access-date=2024-01-13| archive-url=https://archive.today/20240109010354/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/04/travel/europe-new-trains.html| archive-date=2024-01-09}}</ref>

[[Rail transport in Switzerland|Switzerland]] is the European leader in [[Units of measurement in transportation#Passenger-distance|kilometres traveled by rail]] per inhabitant and year, followed by [[Rail transport in Austria|Austria]] and [[Rail transport in France|France]] among EU countries.<ref name=Statista>{{cite web |url=https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/1030765/umfrage/bahnkilometer-pro-einwohner-in-ausgewaehlten-laendern-europas/ |title=Zurückgelegte Strecke per Bahn in ausgewählten Ländern Europas im Jahr 2019 und 2022 [Distance traveled by rail in selected European countries in 2019 and 2022] |publisher=[[Statista]] |date=2022-04-06 |access-date=2022-11-23 |language=de}}</ref> Switzerland was also ranked first among national European rail systems in the 2017 European Railway Performance Index, followed by [[Rail transport in Denmark|Denmark]], [[Rail transport in Finland|Finland]] and [[Rail transport in Germany|Germany]].<ref name="2017 perf index">{{cite web |url=https://www.bcg.com/en-ch/publications/2017/transportation-travel-tourism-2017-european-railway-performance-index.aspx  |title=the 2017 European Railway Performance Index |date=8 January 2021 |publisher=Boston Consulting Group}}</ref>

Nearly all European countries have operational [[rail transport|railway lines]], the only exceptions being [[Rail transport in Iceland|Iceland]], [[Transport in Cyprus#Rail|Cyprus]] and the [[European microstates|microstates]] of [[Rail transport in Andorra|Andorra]] (which never had one) and [[Rail transport in Malta|Malta]] and [[Rail transport in San Marino|San Marino]] (whose single railway lines were either entirely or mostly dismantled). [[Rail transport in Russia|Russia]], Germany and France have the [[List of countries by rail transport network size|longest railway networks]] in Europe.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/264657/ranking-of-the-top-20-countries-by-length-of-railroad-network/ |publisher=[[Statista]] |title=Length of railroad network in selected countries around the world in 2021  |date=2021 |access-date=2024-12-15}}</ref> Apart from the islands of [[Rail transport in Great Britain|Great Britain]], [[Rail transport in Ireland|Ireland]] and Denmark, operational island railways are also present on [[Chemins de fer de la Corse|Corsica]], [[Rail transport in the Isle of Man|Isle of Man]], [[Mallorca rail network|Mallorca]], [[Railways in Sardinia|Sardinia]], [[Railway network of Sicily|Sicily]] and [[Wangerooge Island Railway|Wangerooge]].

[[Public transport timetable#Europe|Public transport timetables]], including rail, are amended yearly, usually on the second Sunday of December and June, respectively. The [[Thomas Cook European Timetable|European Rail Timetable]] publishes rail schedules for all European countries.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.europeanrailtimetable.eu/ |title=European Rail Timetable |access-date=2024-11-30}}</ref>

[[Eurail]] and [[Interrail]] are both [[rail pass]]es for international rail travel in Europe for tourists.

=== Rapid transit ===
{{Main|List of metro systems in Europe}}
[[File:Farringdon station MMB 22 S-Stock.jpg|thumb|A sub-surface [[Metropolitan line (London Underground)|Metropolitan line]] train ([[London Underground S7 and S8 Stock|S8 Stock]]) at {{tubestation|Farringdon}} of the [[London Underground]].]]
Many [[lists of cities in Europe|cities]] across Europe have a [[rapid transit|rapid transit system]], commonly referred to as a metro, which is an electric railway. The world's first underground railway, the Metropolitan Railway, was opened in London in 1863. It is now part of London's rapid transit system that referred to as the [[London Underground]], the longest such system in Europe. After London, the largest European metro systems by track length are in [[Moscow Metro|Moscow]], [[Madrid Metro|Madrid]] and [[Paris Métro|Paris]].

==Roads==
[[Image:Autostrada del Sole - Italy - panoramio.jpg|thumb|The [[European route E45]] near [[Cassino]], Italy]]

The [[International E-road network]] is a numbering system for [[road]]s in Europe developed by the [[United Nations Economic Commission for Europe]] (UNECE). The network is numbered from E1 up and its roads cross national borders. It also reaches [[Central Asia]]n countries like [[Kyrgyzstan]], since they are members of the UNECE.

Main international traffic arteries in Europe are defined by ECE/TRANS/SC.1/2016/3/Rev.1 which consider three types of roads: [[motorway]]s, [[Limited-access road|limited access roads]], and ordinary roads.

In most countries, the roads carry the European route designation alongside national designations. [[Belgium]], [[Norway]] and [[Sweden]] have roads which only have the European route designations (examples: [[European route E18|E18]] and [[European route E6|E6]]). The United Kingdom, Albania and the Asian part of Russia only use national road designations and do not show the European designations at all. All route numbers in Andorra are unsigned. [[Denmark]] only uses the European designations on signage, but also has formal names for every motorway (or part of such), by which the motorways are referred to, for instance in news and weather forecasts. In Asia, Turkey and Russia show the European designations on signage; this is not the case in many other Asian countries.

Other continents have similar international road networks, e.g., the [[Pan-American Highway]] in the Americas, the [[Trans-African Highway network]], and the [[Asian Highway Network]].

UNECE was formed in 1947, and their first major act to improve transport was a joint UN declaration no. 1264, the Declaration on the Construction of Main International Traffic Arteries,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ehu.es/ceinik/tratados/25TRATADOSDETRANSPORTEYCOMUNICACIONES/252Traficoporcarretera/TTC2527ING.pdf|title=Declaration on the Construction of Main International Traffic Arteries, signed at Geneva|work=United Nations - Treaty Series|date=16 September 1950|access-date=27 December 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812133003/http://www.ehu.es/ceinik/tratados/25TRATADOSDETRANSPORTEYCOMUNICACIONES/252Traficoporcarretera/TTC2527ING.pdf|archive-date=12 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/doc/treaties/1951/07/19510701%2000-06%20am/ch_xi_b_07p.pdf|title=Declaration on the Construction of Main International Traffic Arteries, signed at Geneva|work=United Nations - Treaty Series|date=16 September 1950|access-date=1 July 2012}}</ref> signed in Geneva on 16 September 1950, which defined the first E-road network. Originally it was envisaged that the E-road network would be a [[motorway]] system comparable to the US [[Interstate Highway System]].{{cn|date=October 2024}} The declaration was amended several times until 15 November 1975, when it was replaced by the European Agreement on Main International Traffic Arteries or "AGR",<ref name=1975doc>{{cite web|url=http://live.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/trans/conventn/ECE-TRANS-SC1-384e.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120131203219/http://live.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/trans/conventn/ECE-TRANS-SC1-384e.pdf |archive-date=2012-01-31 |url-status=live|title = European Agreement on Main International Traffic Arteries|publisher=United Nations Economic and Social Council|date=14 March 2008|access-date=27 December 2010}}</ref> which set up a route numbering system and improved standards for roads in the list. The AGR last went through a major change in 1992 and in 2001 was extended into [[Central Asia]] to include the [[Caucasus|Caucasus nations]].{{cn|date=October 2024}} There were several minor revisions since, last in 2008 ({{As of|2009|lc=y}}).

==Coach transport==
In the early 2010s, many countries in Europe decided to liberalize the market for medium/long distance [[Intercity bus service|coach (intercity bus)]] transportation, obliged to do it by the EC directive 1370/2007<ref>[https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2020/504/contents/made The Regulation (EC) No 1370/2007 (Public Service Obligations in Transport) (Amendment) (EU Exit) Regulations 2020]</ref> ([[Public service obligation#European Union|Public Service Obligations]] in Transport). This move has already proven to be helping both the economies and the Europeans.

The bus is the cheapest method of transportation and slower than the train in countries that have high-speed rail. However, many companies have made adjustments so that their coach fleets can be as comfortable as trains. Toilets and power have been added to the coaches, and some are equipped with WiFi.

==Air transport==
[[File:CDG-aerialview.jpg|thumb|[[Charles de Gaulle Airport]] in [[Paris]], [[France]]]]

Despite an extensive road and rail network, 43% of international travel within the EU was by air in 2013.<ref name="intra-EU flows">{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Tourism_statistics_-_intra-EU_tourism_flows|title=Tourism statistics - intra-EU tourism flows |publisher=Eurostat|date=June 2015|access-date=18 March 2016}}</ref> [[Air travel]] is particularly important for peripheral nations such as [[Spain]] and [[Greece]] and island nations such as [[Malta]] and [[Cyprus]], where a large majority of border crossings are by air.<ref name="intra-EU flows"/> A large tourism industry also attracts many visitors to Europe, most of whom arrive into one of Europe's many large international airports – [[List of the busiest airports in Europe|major hubs]] include [[Heathrow Airport|London Heathrow]], [[Istanbul Airport|Istanbul]], [[Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport|Paris-Charles De Gaulle]], [[Frankfurt Airport|Frankfurt]] and [[Amsterdam Airport Schiphol|Amsterdam Schiphol]]. The advent of [[low cost carriers]] in recent years{{when|date=November 2017}} has led to a large increase in air travel within Europe. Air transportation is now often the cheapest way of travelling between cities. This increase in air travel has led to problems of airspace overcrowding and environmental concerns. The [[Single European Sky]] is one initiative aimed at solving these problems.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eurocontrol.int/ses/public/standard_page/sk_ses.html|title=The Single European Sky|date=13 January 2009|publisher=[[European Organisation for the Safety of Air Navigation]]|access-date=18 February 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120729121951/http://www.eurocontrol.int/ses/public/standard_page/sk_ses.html|archive-date=29 July 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Within the European Union, the complete [[freedoms of the air]] and the world's most extensive [[cabotage]] agreements allow [[budget airline]]s to operate freely across the EU.<ref name="havel">{{cite book|last1=Havel|first1=Brian F.|title=The Principles and Practice of International Aviation Law|date=31 March 2014|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781107020528|pages=50–53|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C8H2AgAAQBAJ&q=chile%20cabotage&pg=PA50|access-date=26 December 2014}}</ref> Cheap air travel is spurred on by the trend for regional airports levying low fees to market themselves as serving large cities quite far away. [[Ryanair]] is especially noted for this, since it primarily flies out of regional airports up to 150 kilometres away from the cities they are said to serve. A primary example of this is the [[Weeze]]-[[Skavsta]] flight, where Weeze mainly serves the [[Nijmegen]]/[[Kleve]] area, while Skavsta serves [[Nyköping]]/[[Oxelösund]]. Ryanair however, markets this flight as [[Düsseldorf]]-[[Stockholm]], which are both 80–90 kilometres away from these airports, resulting in up to four hours of ground transportation just to get to and from the airport.

== Sea and river transport ==
[[File:Schiffsstau auf dem Rhein bei Köln 2013-08-20-05.JPG|thumb|right|Ships on the [[Rhine]] at [[Cologne]].]]
The [[Port of Rotterdam]], [[Netherlands]] is the largest port in Europe and one of the busiest ports in the world, handling some 440 million metric tons of cargo in 2013. When the associated [[Europoort]] industrial area is included, Rotterdam is by certain measurements the world's busiest port. Two thirds of all inland water freight shipping within the [[European Union|EU]], and 40% of containers, pass through the Netherlands.<ref name="NFIA Seaports">{{cite web |url=http://www.nfia.com/seaports.html |title=Seaports - Netherlands Foreign Investment Agency |date=c. 2010 |website=www.nfia.com |publisher=Netherlands Foreign Investment Agency |access-date=2014-07-15 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140717195912/http://www.nfia.com/seaports.html |archive-date=2014-07-17}}</ref> Other large ports are the [[Port of Hamburg]] in [[Germany]] and the [[Port of Antwerp]] in [[Belgium]]. They are all a part of the so-called "Northern Range".

The [[English Channel]] is one of the world's busiest seaways carrying over 400 ships per day<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.mcga.gov.uk/c4mca/mcga07-home/emergencyresponse/mcga-searchandrescue/mcga-hmcgsar-sarsystem/channel_navigation_information_service__cnis_/the_dover_strait.htm| title=The Dover Strait| publisher=[[Maritime and Coastguard Agency]]| year=2007| access-date=8 October 2008| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831173118/http://www.mcga.gov.uk/c4mca/mcga07-home/emergencyresponse/mcga-searchandrescue/mcga-hmcgsar-sarsystem/channel_navigation_information_service__cnis_/the_dover_strait.htm| df=dmy-all| archive-date=31 August 2010}}</ref> between Europe's [[North Sea]] and [[Baltic Sea]] ports and the rest of the world.

As well as its role in freight movement, sea transport is an important part of Europe's energy supply. Europe is one of the world's major [[oil tanker]] discharge destinations. Energy is also supplied to Europe by sea in the form of [[LNG]]. The [[South Hook LNG terminal]] at [[Milford Haven]], Wales is Europe's largest LNG terminal.<ref name=bbc200309>{{cite news| work= [[BBC News]]| url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/south_west/7952415.stm| title= Port awaits liquid gas delivery| date=20 March 2009| access-date=20 March 2009}}</ref>

The [[Rhine]] is an important route for cargo ships, transporting goods from [[Rotterdam]] (Netherlands) upstream as far as [[Basel]] ([[Merchant Marine of Switzerland]]).

==See also==
* [[Transport in the European Union]]
* [[Directorate-General for Energy and Transport]]
* [[Emission standard]]
* [[Energy in the European Union]]
* [[Environment in the European Union]]
* [[European Aviation Safety Agency]]
* [[European Car of the Year]]
* [[European Climate Change Programme]]
* [[European Common Aviation Area]]
* [[European Federation for Transport and Environment]]
* [[European Organisation for the Safety of Air Navigation|European Organisation for the Safety of Air Navigation (EUROCONTROL)]]
* [[European vehicle registration plates]]
* [[International E-road network]]
* [[Momo car-sharing]]
* [[Roadex Project]]
* [[Trans-European Networks]]
* [[UNECE]] vehicle standards.
* [[Jacques Barrot]], [[Vice-President of the European Commission]], in charge of transport.
* [[Southeast Europe Transport Community]]

==References==
<references />

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304061431/http://ec.europa.eu/transport/index_en.html Common Transport Policy and European transport],  [[European Commission]].
*[http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php/Category:Transport Eurostat – Statistics Explained – all articles on transport]
*[http://www.eurail.com Worldwide official website for Eurail Passes (non-European)].
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20030522223527/http://interrailnet.com/ Worldwide official website for InterRail Passes (European)].
*[http://bueker.net/trainspotting/index.php Railways in Europe] (with emphasis on interoperability and border crossings)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070926232459/http://www.binnenvaart.be/nl_images/iedereen/europe_fluviale-waterwegen.gif European waterways]
*[http://www.railchoice.co.uk Rail Choice], UK provider of a vast number of different railpasses covering Europe, the United States, Japan and Australasia.
* [http://www.tmleuven.be/ Transport & Mobility Leuven].
* [http://www.railpass.com/ Trains Europe], An exciting, economic and flexible way to explore Europe.
* [http://www.raileurope.com/ Rail Europe Official site], US distributor of the European Railroads.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121028050618/http://www.britainontrack.com/ Britain On Track Official BritRail Pass site], US and Canadian supplier of BritRail and Eurail Passes.
* [http://www.acprail.com/ ACP Rail International Official site], Offers Eurail passes, BritRail, Amtrak, Japan Rail, Australia rail passes and more.
* [http://www.europatrenes.com Europa Trenes.]
* [http://www.nahverkehr.info/ The public transport guide], European public transport overview
* [http://www.mapofeurope.com/ Mapofeurope.com], Information on travelling through Europe
* [http://europetravel.net/  Europe Travel Guide], dedicated to all aspects of traveling throughout the 55 European nations
* {{cite web |url= https://ec.europa.eu/transport/sites/transport/files/2016_eu_air_transport_industry_analyses_report.pdf |title= Annual Analyses of the EU Air Transport Market 2016 |date= March 2017 |publisher= European Commission}}

{{Transportation in Europe}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Transport In Europe}}
[[Category:Transport in Europe| ]]
[[Category:Economy of Europe]]