Editing Transport in Russia

{{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] -->
{{About|transport in the modern state of Russia|transport in Soviet Russia|Transport in the Soviet Union}}

[[Image:ЭВС2-02.JPG|thumb|A [[Russian Railways]] [[Siemens Velaro]] [[Sapsan]] train]]
The '''transport network of the [[Russian Federation]]''' is one of the world's most extensive transport networks. The national web of roads, railways and [[Airway (aviation)|airways]] stretches almost {{convert|7700|km|abbr=on}} from [[Kaliningrad]] in the west to the [[Kamchatka Peninsula]] in the east, and major cities such as [[Moscow]] and [[Saint Petersburg]] are served by extensive [[rapid transit]] systems.

Russia has adopted two national transport strategies in recent years. On 12 May 2005, the Russian [[Ministry of Transport (Russia)|Ministry of Transport]] adopted the Transport Strategy of the Russian Federation to 2020. Three years later, on 22 November 2008, the Russian government adopted a revised strategy, extending to 2030.

The export of transport services is an important component of Russia's [[gross domestic product|GDP]]. The government anticipates that between 2007 and 2030, the measures included in its 2008 transport strategy will increase the export of transport services to a total value of $80 billion, a sevenfold increase on its 2008 value. Foreign cargo weight transported is expected to increase from 28 million tonnes to 100 million tonnes over the same period.

==Aerial cableway==
[[File:NN-Bor Volga Cableway 08-2016 img10.jpg|thumb|[[Nizhny Novgorod Cableway|Nizhny Novgorod-Bor Cableway]]]]
In 2012, the [[Nizhny Novgorod Cableway|cableway]] connecting [[Nizhny Novgorod]] and [[Bor, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast|Bor]] was launched.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-02-09 |script-title=ru:Канатная дорога через Волгу "Нижний Новгород - Бор" начала работу |language=ru |work=Российская газета |url=https://rg.ru/2012/02/09/reg-pfo/kanatka-anons.html |access-date=2018-07-16}}</ref> The length of the cableway is {{convert|3.5|km|mile|abbr=on}}. It has the largest unsupported span in Europe above the water surface is {{convert|861|m|ft|abbr=off}}. The main purpose is to provide an alternative type of passenger transportation in addition to river taxis, electric trains and buses.

==Rail transport==
[[Image:Moscow metro 81-740 train Arbatskaya station (17067544283).jpg|thumb|[[Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya Line]]]]

{{Main article|Rail transport in Russia}}
{{see also|History of rail transport in Russia|Russian Railways}}
Russia has the world's third-largest [[railway]] network, behind only the [[United States]] and [[China]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2121rank.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613005508/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2121rank.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 13, 2007|title=The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency|website=www.cia.gov|language=en|access-date=2018-03-23}}</ref> with a total track length of {{convert|85600|km|mi}} as of 2019.<ref name="rzd">{{cite web|url=https://eng.rzd.ru/en/9498|title=The Company|publisher=Russian Railways|language=en|access-date=2020-11-15}}</ref> It  uses a broad [[rail gauge]] of {{RailGauge|1520mm}}. Electrified track accounts for around half of the Russian railway network — totalling {{convert|43800|km|mi}}<ref name="rzd"/> — but carries the majority of railway traffic.<ref name="freight-by-electric">{{cite web|url=http://www.gks.ru/bgd/regl/B09_55/IssWWW.exe/Stg/02-15.htm|title=Перевозки грузов и грузооборот железнодорожного транспорта общего пользования|website=www.gks.ru}}</ref> 
[[File:Locomotives in Oryol depot.jpg|thumb|Russian locomotives]]
[[Russian Railways]], the state-owned national rail carrier, is one of the world's largest transport companies, enjoying a [[monopoly]] over rail transport in Russia. Established in 1992, it employs an estimated 950,000 people, and accounted for 2.5% of the entire national GDP in 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gks.ru/bgd/regl/B09_55/IssWWW.exe/Stg/01-03.htm|title=Среднегодовая численность работников транспорта по субъектам Российской Федерации в 2008 г.|website=www.gks.ru}}</ref><ref>Lenta.RU News [http://www.lenta.ru/news/2009/11/17/rzhd/ "РЖД попросила правительство заняться спасением железных дорог"] {{in lang|ru}} (RZhD asks government to rescue the railroad)</ref> In 2007 alone, Russian Railways carried a total of 1.3 billion passengers<ref>[http://www.gks.ru/bgd/regl/b08_55/IssWWW.exe/Stg/2-28.htm Table 2.28. ПЕРЕВОЗКИ ПАССАЖИРОВ И ПАССАЖИРООБОРОТ ЖЕЛЕЗНОДОРОЖНОГО ТРАНСПОРТА ОБЩЕГО ПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ; TRANSPORTATION OF PASSENGERS AND PASSENGER TURNOVER OF PUBLIC RAILWAY TRANSPORT] Основные показатели транспортной деятельности в России - 2008 г.
Copyright © Федеральная служба государственной статистики</ref> and 1.3 billion tons of freight<ref>[http://www.gks.ru/bgd/regl/b08_55/IssWWW.exe/Stg/2-25.htm Table 2.25. ПЕРЕВОЗКИ ГРУЗОВ И ГРУЗООБОРОТ ЖЕЛЕЗНОДОРОЖНОГО ТРАНСПОРТА ОБЩЕГО ПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ TRANSPORTATION OF CARGO AND FREIGHT TURNOVER OF PUBLIC RAILWAY TRANSPORT] Основные показатели транспортной деятельности в России - 2008 г.
Copyright © Федеральная служба государственной статистики</ref> on its common-carrier routes.
[[Image:Sm6_«Allegro»,_Выборг_(cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Allegro (train)|Allegro]] trains near [[Vyborg]]]]
[[File:Service trams in Tula, Russia.jpg|thumb|Trams in [[Tula, Russia|Tula]]]]

===Rapid-transit systems===
*[[Moscow Metro]] – 13 lines, 207 stations, 349.5&nbsp;km
*[[Saint Petersburg Metro]] – 5 lines, 69 stations, 113.2&nbsp;km
*[[Novosibirsk Metro]] – 2 lines, 13 stations, 15.9&nbsp;km
*[[Nizhny Novgorod Metro]] – 2 lines, 14 stations, 18.8&nbsp;km
*[[Samara Metro]] – 1 line, 10 stations, 12.7&nbsp;km
*[[Yekaterinburg Metro]] – 1 line, 9 stations, 12.7&nbsp;km
*[[Kazan Metro]] – 1 line, 10 stations, 15.8&nbsp;km

Also, there is a [[Volgograd Metrotram|Metrotram]] system in [[Volgograd]] and three more cities with metro systems under construction:
*[[Omsk Metro|Omsk]]
*[[Chelyabinsk Metro|Chelyabinsk]]
*[[Krasnoyarsk Metro|Krasnoyarsk]]

===Rail links with adjacent countries===
Voltage of [[railway electrification system|electrification system]]s not necessarily compatible.

*[[Transport in Norway#Rail transport|Norway]] – No – But Proposed Via [[Transport in Finland#Railways|Finland]] & [[Transport in Sweden#Railways|Sweden]] – [[break of gauge]] {{RailGauge|1524mm}}/{{RailGauge|1435mm}}, or [[Murmansk]] – [[Kirkenes]] (10&nbsp;km of {{RailGauge|1435mm}} on the Norwegian side will probably be widened to {{RailGauge|1520mm}} {{Citation needed|date=June 2009}}
*[[Transport in Finland#Railways|Finland]] – Yes&nbsp;— ''same'' gauge of {{RailGauge|1524mm}}/{{RailGauge|1520mm}}
*[[Transport in Estonia#Railways|Estonia]] – Yes&nbsp;— same gauge of {{RailGauge|1520mm}}
*[[Transport in Latvia#Railways|Latvia]] – Yes&nbsp;— same gauge of {{RailGauge|1520mm}}
*[[Transport in Lithuania#Railways|Lithuania]] – Yes – same gauge of {{RailGauge|1520mm}}
*[[Transport in Poland#Railways|Poland]] – Yes – Via [[Transportation in Kaliningrad Oblast|Kaliningrad Oblast]]<ref group="note">Trains from contiguous Russia use Belarus route.</ref> – [[break of gauge]] {{RailGauge|1520mm}}/{{RailGauge|1435mm}}
*[[BŽD|Belarus]] – Yes – same gauge of {{RailGauge|1520mm}}
*[[Transport in Ukraine#Rail|Ukraine]] – No – same gauge of {{RailGauge|1520mm}}
*[[Transport in Georgia (country)#Railways|Georgia]] – Yes – same gauge of {{RailGauge|1520mm}}
*[[Transportation in Azerbaijan#Railways|Azerbaijan]] – Yes – same gauge of {{RailGauge|1520mm}}
*[[Transport in Kazakhstan#Railways|Kazakhstan]] – Yes – same gauge of {{RailGauge|1520mm}}
*[[Transport in the People's Republic of China#Rail|China]] – Yes – [[break of gauge]] {{RailGauge|1520mm}}/{{RailGauge|1435mm}}
*[[Transportation in Mongolia#Railways|Mongolia]] – Yes – same gauge of {{RailGauge|1520mm}}
*[[Transport in North Korea#Railways|North Korea]] – Yes – [[break of gauge]] {{RailGauge|1520mm}}/{{RailGauge|1435mm}}
{{Clear}}

==Roads and highways==
{{see also|List of motorways in Russia}}
As of 2006 Russia had 933,000&nbsp;km of roads, of which 755,000 were paved.<ref name="gks1">[http://www.gks.ru/bgd/regl/b08_11/IssWWW.exe/Stg/d02/18-09.htm Rosstat statistics on length of roads] Retrieved on 10 June 2009</ref> Some of these make up the [[Russian federal motorways|Russian federal motorway]] system. With a large land area the road density is the lowest of all the [[G8]] and [[BRIC (economics term)|BRIC]] countries as of 2009.<ref name="transtatsrus">{{cite web|url=http://www.iraptranstats.net/rus|title=Transport in Russia|access-date=17 February 2009|work=International Transport Statistics Database|publisher=[[international Road Assessment Programme|iRAP]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090417001324/http://www.iraptranstats.net/rus|archive-date=2009-04-17 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The state of Russia's road system ranks 136th out of 144 countries evaluated. [[Rustam Minnikhanov]], the president of Tatarstan and head of the State Council working group on roads, told the Novosibirsk meeting that 53 percent of federal highways and 63 percent of regional ones are substandard and that the situation is growing worse: Every year, the number of cars in Russia rises by six percent, but the highway system expands only 2200 kilometers. The Kremlin leader blamed this on corruption, the lack of oversight, and the failure to update standards set 30 years ago.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.interpretermag.com/bad-roads-a-domestic-russian-problem-so-bad-putin-cant-ignore-but-cant-fix|access-date=June 4, 2017|publisher=interpretermag.com|title=Bad Roads – A Domestic Russian Problem So Bad Putin Can't Ignore but Can't Fix}}</ref> According to the [[Russian Federal State Statistics Service]] the road network expanded by 504,000 kilometers between 2003 and 2015, though this is largely due to the registration of previously ownerless roads.<ref name="nomaneco">{{cite news|title=In Translation: No Man's Economy|url=https://bearmarketbrief.com/2017/07/25/in-translation-no-mans-economy/|work=Bear Market Blog|date=25 July 2017}}</ref>

===Road safety===
[[File:Road deaths in Russia, 2004-2016.png|thumb|Road deaths in Russia, 2004-2016]]
{{see also|ARCAP}}
Road safety in Russia is poor, with a road accident rate higher than in Europe or the United States.<ref>{{cite web|title=Russia cuts its traffic deaths with tough fines —and upbeat ads|url=https://www.pri.org/stories/2014-05-02/make-its-roads-safer-russia-sends-positive-message|website=Public Radio International|access-date=21 March 2017}}</ref> In 2011, Russia was 4th by number of absolute recorded road deaths.<ref>{{cite news|title=The world's most dangerous roads - get the data|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/poverty-matters/2011/may/11/most-dangerous-roads#data|access-date=22 March 2017|work=the Guardian|date=11 May 2011}}</ref> Increasingly harsher penalties for traffic violations were imposed after 2008, but the level of corruption among traffic law enforcement authorities limits their effectiveness in reducing the number of accidents.<ref name="cotr">{{cite journal|last1=Oleinik|first1=Anton|title=Corruption on the road: A case study of Russian traffic police|journal=IATSS Research|volume=40|pages=19–25|doi=10.1016/j.iatssr.2015.12.001|date=1 July 2016|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Dashcam]]s are widespread, inasmuch as Russian courts prefer video evidence to [[eyewitness testimony]], but also as a guard against [[police corruption]] and [[insurance fraud]].<ref name=wired>{{cite magazine
 | author = Damon Lavring
 | title = Why Almost Everyone in Russia Has a Dash Cam
 | magazine = [[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]
 | date = 15 February 2013
 | url = https://www.wired.com/autopia/2013/02/russian-dash-cams/
| author-link = Damon Lavring
 }}</ref>

===Fleet===
{{see also|Automotive industry in the Soviet Union|Automotive industry in Russia}}
[[File:2008 M3 Russian Highway "Ukraine".jpg|thumb|[[M3 highway (Russia)|M3 Highway]]]]
[[File:КАД Санкт-Петербург.jpg|thumb|right|[[Western Rapid Diameter|Western High-Speed Diameter]] road in [[St. Petersburg]]]]
[[File:Usol_trambuild1.jpg|right|thumb|A typical road in a Russian town]]
[[File:Nishnytagil-trainstation-20070128.jpg|right|thumb|Marshrutkas parked at [[Nizhny Tagil]] railway station's parking lot during winter]]
[[File:Belgorod bus 09.jpg|thumb|[[LiAZ]] buses are the most common city buses in Russia]]
After [[World War II]], trucks and buses were manufactured for the socialist countries of Eastern Europe: [[Ikarbus|Ikarus]] urban, intercity and tourist buses, Skoda buses and trucks, [[Industriewerke Ludwigsfelde]] and [[Robur (truck)|Robur]] trucks, [[Tatra (company)|Tatra]], [[LIAZ (Czech Republic)|LIAZ]], [[Praga (company)|Praga V3S]], [[Csepel (automobile)|Csepel]], [[Avia Motors|Avia]] and [[ZSD Nysa]] passenger vans and [[FSC Żuk|Zuk]] cargo vans). During the late 1950s [[ÖAF|OAF]] trucks were imported from the West, and [[Berliet|Berliet T60]] dump trucks were imported in 1969 to open the mine and ore-processing plant of Ai in the [[Orenburg Oblast]]. Tractors from [[Volvo Trucks|Volvo]] and [[Mercedes-Benz NG]] were imported during the 1970s for the road-transport organization Sovtransavto. [[Unic|Unic-Fiat]] tractors were imported in the mid-1970s for the port of [[Leningrad]], and [[Unit Rig]] and [[International Harvester Paystar]] dump trucks and cement mixers were used for the construction of irrigation canals from 1979 to 1983. Fawn [[ballast tractor]]s were imported from 1970 to the 1980s, and [[Komatsu Limited|Komatsu]] dump trucks began to be imported in 1979. [[Magirus]] bonneted flatbed trucks and dump trucks were used in 1975 for the construction of the [[Baikal–Amur Mainline]] (BAM).

By the [[1980 Summer Olympics]] in [[Moscow]], priority was given to smaller cars (such as the [[Mercedes-Benz W116|Mercedes-Benz S-Class W116]]) as police cars, taxis and vans. However, most vehicles were Soviet-made cars: [[Moskvitch]], [[GAZ-M20 Pobeda]], [[GAZ]], [[ZiL]], [[VAZ]], [[Izhevsk Mechanical Plant|Izh]] and [[ZAZ]] automobiles, [[UAZ]] and [[LuAZ]] jeeps, [[Riga Autobus Factory|RAF]] and [[ErAZ]] vans, [[GAZ]], [[Kamaz]], [[ZiL]], [[Minsk Automobile Plant|MAZ]], [[KrAZ]], [[UralAZ]], [[BelAZ]] and [[Kutaisi Auto Mechanical Plant|KAZ]] (Colkhides) trucks, [[KAvZ]], [[Pavlovo Bus Factory|PAZ]], [[LiAZ (Russia)|LiAZ]] and [[Lviv Bus Factory|LAZ]] buses and [[Trolza|ZiU]] [[trolleybus]]es.

In 1988, the free sale of trucks and buses was permitted. Since the 1990s, many new and used cars have been imported. During the 2000s, foreign companies began to build factories in Russia or enter into agreements with existing assembly plants.

Currently, [[European Russia|European]] and [[North Asia|Asian parts of Russia]] have different fleets. European Russia primarily contains Russian, European, Japanese, American, and Chinese cars and trucks; the Asian side contains used vehicles from the [[Japanese domestic market]], concentrated in [[Vladivostok]]. The largest share of Russian auto brands is in the [[North Caucasus]] regions of [[Dagestan]] and [[Chechnya]].

[[GAZelle]] ''[[marshrutka]]s'' and [[Ford Transit]], [[Peugeot Boxer]], [[Fiat Ducato]], [[Renault Master]], [[Iveco Daily]], [[Mercedes-Benz Sprinter]] and [[Volkswagen Crafter]] vans and Russian ([[Pavlovo Bus Factory|PAZ]]), Ukrainian ([[Bogdan (bus)|Bogdan]], South Korean ([[Hyundai County]]) and Chinese ([[BAW]]) minibuses, painted in one color, are used as [[share taxi]]s. City buses are primarily the Russian ([[Pavlovo Bus Factory|PAZ]], [[KAvZ]], [[LiAZ (Russia)|LiAZ]], [[MARZ]], [[Neftekamsk Automotive Plant|NefAZ]], [[Volzhanin]]) and Belarusian [[Minsk Automobile Plant|MAZ]]. European buses are used in Vladivostok (51 [[MAN Lion's City|MAN A78 Lion's City LE]] buses, Moscow (one [[Mercedes-Benz|Mercedes-Benz Turk O345 Connecto LF]], four [[Ikarus Bus|Ikarus 435]], 71 [[Scania OmniLink]] assembled in Russia and one [[MAN Lion's City|MAN A23 Lion's City GL]]), Kolomna (16 [[Mercedes-Benz|Mercedes-Benz Turk O345 Connecto H]] and one Mercedes-Benz Türk O345 Conecto LF) and St. Petersburg (16 [[MAN Lion's City|MAN Lion's Classic]] and 52 buses [[Scania OmniLink]] buses). Other cities run new Chinese and used German, Swedish, Finnish, and Dutch buses. In July 2014, Prime Minister [[Dmitry Medvedev]] issued a decree banning foreign technical purchases (including public transport) for state and municipal needs.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}} Intercity buses are Chinese, Korean, and Russian and large companies are buying European buses.

[[Grey market]] vehicles, such as the [[Ford Mustang]], [[Lincoln Town Car]], [[Ford F-Series]], [[Dodge Viper]], [[Toyota Sienna]], [[Toyota 4Runner]], [[Acura]], [[Toyota Highlander]], [[Toyota Venza]], [[Infiniti]], [[Chevrolet Corvette]] and [[Chevrolet Camaro (fourth generation)|Chevrolet Camaro]], are sold by special dealers. Grey-market US trucks include [[Freightliner Trucks|Freightliner]], [[Navistar International|International]], [[Peterbilt]] and [[Volvo Trucks|Volvo]]. In late 2013 International began selling a Russian version of the [[International ProStar]] tractor, and sales of [[Western Star Trucks|Western Star 6900XD]] dump trucks were scheduled to begin in 2014.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan=26 |Vehicle availability (end of year, in thousands)<ref name="gks.ru">{{cite web|url=http://www.gks.ru/bgd/regl/b13_13/IssWWW.exe/Stg/d3/17-18.htm|script-title=ru:НАЛИЧИЕ ТРАНСПОРТНЫХ СРЕДСТВ|website=Federal State Statistics Service of the Russian Federation|language=ru|access-date=January 26, 2017}}</ref>[https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Nalichie_TS.xlsx]
|-
| || 1990 || 2000 || 2001 || 2002 || 2003 || 2004 || 2005 || 2006 || 2007 || 2008 || 2009 || 2010 || 2011 || 2012 || 2013 || 2014 || 2015 || 2016 || 2017 || 2018 || 2019 || 2020 || 2021 || 2022 || 2023
|-
| Trucks (total, including pickups and cargo vans) - total || 2744 || 4401 || 4 482 || 4 625 || 4 669 || 4 770 || 4 848 || 4 929 || 5 168 || 5 349 || 5 323 || 5 414 || 5 545 || 5 751 || 6 047 || 6 238 || 6 230 || 6 300 || 6 434 || 6 490 || 6 540 || 6 564 || 6 664 || 6 673 || 6 796

|-
| Owned by companies<ref group=note>For 1990 by road-transport companies, since 2000 by all companies</ref> || 331 || 1387 || 1 311 || 1 216 || 1 110 || 1 015 || 944 || 881 || 830 || 754 || 712 || 683 || 660 || 664 || 665 || 668 || 644 || 570 || 537 || 526 || 527 || 559 || 567 || 567 || 582
|-
| Owned by individuals || 4 || 1568 || 1 698 || 1 921 || 1 996 || 2 152 || 2 300 || 2 440 || 2 627 || 2 818 || 2 857 || 2 950 || 3 097 || 3 273 || 3 545 || 3 777 || 3 789 || 3 841 || 3 926 || 4 016 || 4 039 || 3 988 || 3 963 || 3 909 || 3 891
|-
| Public buses<ref group=note>2000-2010, excludes small businesses; since 2011 owned and leased</ref> || 153 || 109 || 107 || 101 || 93 || 86 || 79 || 72 || 69 || 64 || 65 || 158 || 166 || 170 || 166 || 166 || 174 || 171 || 170 || 166 || 166 || 159 || 144 || 138 || 136
|-
| Automobiles (total)|| 8964 || 20 353 || 21 232 || 22 468 || 23 383 || 24 208 || 25 570 || 26 794 || 29 405 || 32 021 || 33 084 || 34 354 || 36 415 || 38 792 || 41 420 || 43 417 || 44 253 || 45 163 || 46 887 || 47 425 || 48 430 || 49 259 || 50 304 || 50 609 || 51 554
|-
| Owned by individuals || 8677 || 19 097 || 19 984 || 21 135 || 22 082 || 22 854 || 24 125 || 25 282 || 27 755 || 30 300 || 31 341 || 32 629 || 34 624 || 36 917 || 39 237 || 41 433 || 42 317 || 43 157 || 44 792 || 45 377 || 46 292 || 46 926 || 47 689 || 47 868 || 48 534
|-
| Trolleybuses || 13.8 || 12.2 || 12.1 || 11.9 || 11.8 || 11.6 || 11.4 || 11.3 || 11.2 || 11.2 || 11.0 || 11.1 || 11.0 || 11.0 || 10.7 || 10.7 || 10.2 || 9.7 || 9.4 || 9.0 || 8.7 || 8.0 || 7.9 || 7.6 || 7.7
|}
{{reflist|group=note}}

According to the [[Russian Federal State Statistics Service]], in 2013 the number of individually-owned cars per 1,000 of population was 304.1 in the [[Ural Federal District]], 312.6 in [[Sverdlovsk Oblast]], 202.5 in the [[North-West Federal District]], 345.3 in [[Pskov region|Pskov oblast]], 298.5 in the [[Far Eastern Federal District]], 484.8 in [[Kamchatka Krai]], 284.6 in the [[Central Federal District]], 340.5 in the [[Belgorod Oblast]], 274.3 in the [[Southern Federal District]] (289.5 in [[Krasnodar Krai]]), 261.8 in the [[Siberian Federal District]] (292.5 in the [[Republic of Khakassia]] and [[Novosibirsk Oblast]]), 258 in the [[Volga Federal District]] (298.1 in [[Orenburg Oblast]]) and 197 in the [[North Caucasian Federal District]] (267.2 in [[Stavropol Krai]]). The regions with the greatest car ownership are [[Kamchatka Krai]] in Asiatic Russia (484.8) and [[Belgorod Oblast]] in European Russia (340.5). Those with the least are [[Chukotka Autonomous Okrug]] in Asiatic Russia (73.1) and the [[Republic of Ingushetia]] in European Russia (130.0).<ref>[http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/business/trans-sv/t3-4.xls Transport] gks.ru</ref>


==Waterways==
[[File:MurmanskHarbour.jpg|thumb|[[Port of Murmansk]]]]
[[File:Novo-2010-08-27-043.jpg|thumb|Overview of the [[Port of Novorossiysk]]]]
According to the data from the Maritime Board (''Morskaya Kollegiya'') of the Russian Government, in 2004,<ref>[http://www.morskayakollegiya.ru/morsk/morskie_i_rechny/rechnoj_transpor/ Морская коллегия: Речной транспорт] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307042851/http://www.morskayakollegiya.ru/morsk/morskie_i_rechny/rechnoj_transpor/ |date=2008-03-07 }} (Maritime Board: River Transport) {{in lang|ru}}</ref> 136.6&nbsp;million tons of cargo were carried that year over Russia's inland waterways, the total cargo transportation volume being 87,556.5&nbsp;million ton-km. During that same year, 53 companies were engaged in carrying passengers over Russia's inland waterways; they transported 22.8&nbsp;million passengers, the total volume of river passenger transportation being 841.1&nbsp;million passenger-km.

===Black Sea and Sea of Azov===
[[Novorossiysk]], [[Rostov-on-Don]], [[Sochi]], [[Tuapse]], [[Yeysk]].

===Baltic Sea===
[[Baltiysk]], [[Kaliningrad]], [[Primorsk, Leningrad Oblast|Primorsk]], [[Saint Petersburg|St.&nbsp;Petersburg]], [[Vyborg]], [[Vysotsk]].

===White Sea, Barents Sea, and other seas of Arctic Ocean===
[[Arkhangelsk]], [[Dudinka]], [[Igarka]], [[Murmansk]], [[Tiksi]], [[Vitino]].

===Seas of Pacific Ocean===
[[Kholmsk]], [[Magadan]], [[Nakhodka]] [[Vostochny Port]], [[Nevelsk]], [[Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky]], [[Vanino, Khabarovsk Krai|Vanino]], [[Vladivostok]]

===Caspian Sea===
[[Astrakhan]], [[Makhachkala]].

==Pipelines==
[[File:Dmitriy Medvedev Nord Stream 9 April 2010.jpeg|thumbnail|Russian President [[Dmitry Medvedev]] at a ceremony marking the start of construction of the Nord Stream gas pipeline's underwater section in Vyborg in 2010]]
{{main article|Energy policy of the Soviet Union|Energy policy of Russia}}
Russia is home to the world's longest [[pipeline transport|oil pipeline]], the [[Druzhba pipeline]] and in fact one of the biggest oil pipeline networks in the world. It carries oil some {{convert|4000|km|mi|-2}} from the eastern part of European [[Russia]] to points in [[Ukraine]], [[Belarus]], [[Poland]], [[Hungary]], [[Slovakia]], the [[Czech Republic]] and [[Germany]]. The network also branches out into numerous pipelines to deliver oil throughout Eastern Europe and beyond. The name "Druzhba" means "friendship", alluding to the fact that the pipeline supplied oil to the energy-hungry western regions of the [[Soviet Union]], to its "fraternal socialist allies" in the former [[Soviet bloc]], and to western Europe. Today, it is the largest principal artery for the transportation of Russian (and Kazakh) oil across Europe.

On 29 October 2012 president [[Vladimir Putin]] instructed the general manager of Gazprom to start the construction of the pipeline. On 21 May 2014, Russia and China signed a 30-year gas deal that was needed to make the project feasible.  Construction was launched on 1 September 2014 in [[Yakutsk]] by Putin and Chinese deputy premier minister [[Zhang Gaoli]].<ref name=rfe010914>
{{cite news
 | url = http://www.rferl.org/content/russia-china-gas-pipeline-yakutsk/26559938.html
 | title = Putin In Yakutsk To Inaugurate Construction Of Pipeline To China
 | date = 1 September 2014
 | agency = [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]
 | access-date= 2014-09-02}}
</ref><ref name=itar-tass010914>
{{cite news
 | url = http://en.itar-tass.com/economy/747552
 | title = Putin gives start to Power of Siberia gas pipeline construction
 | date = 1 September 2014
 | agency = [[ITAR-TASS]]
 | access-date=2014-09-02}}
</ref>

==Air transport==
[[File:Intercity public transport methods in Russia, share of passenger volume (2010-2015).png|thumb|Air travel was becoming a more common method of intercity transport in Russia before 2022]]
[[File:Sheremetyevo departures schedule table.jpg|thumb|[[Sheremetyevo International Airport]]]]
[[File:Air-to-air photo of a Sukhoi Superjet 100 (97004) over Italy.jpg|thumb|[[Sukhoi Superjet]]]]
{{further|Aircraft industry of Russia|List of airports in Russia|Category:Airports in Russia}}

As of 2002, there were 2,743 airports in Russia.

Between 2013 and 2022, the Russian government subsidized around 140 domestic air routes covering 12 airports.<ref>{{cite news|title=How vital are subsidies for Russia's regional carriers?_N|url=http://www.ishkaglobal.com/News/Article/5514/How-vital-are-subsidies-for-Russias-regional-carriers|access-date=29 April 2017|work=Ishka|language=en}}</ref> The subsidies are managed by [[Rosaviatsia]] and cover the Crimea, Kaliningrad and Far East regions of Russia.<ref>{{cite news|title=Russia to spend $8.5 million for 2017 Crimea subsidy program|url=http://atwonline.com/government-affairs/russia-spend-85-million-2017-crimea-subsidy-program|access-date=29 April 2017|work=atwonline.com|language=en}}</ref>

Aircraft manufacturing is an important industrial sector in [[Russia]], employing around 355,300 people. The dissolution of the [[Soviet Union]] led to a deep crisis for the industry, especially for the civilian aircraft segment. The situation started improving during the middle of the first decade of the 2000s due to growth in air transportation and increasing demand. A consolidation programme launched in 2005 led to the creation of the [[United Aircraft Corporation]] holding company, which includes most of the industry's key companies. According to the Federal State Statistics Service of the Russian Federation, as of 2012, there were 6,200 civil aircraft in Russia.<ref name="gks.ru"/>

===Airports with paved runways===
''Total:''
630 
<br />''over 3,047 m:''
54
<br />''2,438 to 3,047 m:''
202
<br />''1,524 to 2,437 m:''
108
<br />''914 to 1,523 m:''
115
<br />''under 914 m:''
151 (1994 est.)

===Airports with unpaved runways===
''Total:''
1,887
<br />''over 3,047 m:''
25
<br />''2,438 to 3,047 m:''
45
<br />''1,524 to 2,437 m:''
134
<br />''914 to 1,523 m:''
291
<br />''under 914 m:''
1,392 (1994 est.)
{{Clear}}

==See also==
{{portal|Russia|Transport}}
*[[Bering Strait crossing|Bering Strait bridge/tunnel]]
*[[Ministry of Transport (Russia)]]
* [[Plug-in electric vehicles in Russia]]
* [[Production of urban electric transport in Russia]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Transport in Russia}}
*{{cite web|url=http://parovoz.com/maps/supermap/index-e.html|title=Russian, CIS and Baltic Railway Map|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121208135734/http://parovoz.com/maps/supermap/index-e.html|archive-date=2012-12-08|url-status=dead}} (with place names in Russian, but legend in English).
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080329110148/http://rusavtobus.ru/en Search Engine of Russian intercity buses]
*[http://msk.rusavtobus.ru/en Search Engine of Moscow city transport]. This engine provides the fastest and the most comfortable routes of Moscow's transport with detailed information about every route.
*[http://rtdr.org Russian Transport Daily Report]

{{Transportation in Europe}}
{{Russia topics}}
{{Ports of Russia}}
{{Economy of Russia}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Transport In Russia}}
[[Category:Transport in Russia| ]]