Editing Transport in Turkey

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Short description|None}}
[[File:İstanbul_Havalimanı_Airport_2019_24.jpg|thumb|[[Istanbul Airport]] is the main international airport serving Istanbul, Turkey. It is a major hub in the world.]]
'''Transport in Turkey''' is road-dominated and mostly fuelled by [[diesel fuel|diesel]].{{sfnp|Difiglio|Güray|Merdan|2020|p=135}} Transport consumes a quarter of [[energy in Turkey]],{{sfnp|Difiglio|Güray|Merdan|2020|p=102}} and is a major source of [[air pollution in Turkey]] and [[greenhouse gas emissions by Turkey]]. The [[World Health Organization]] has called for more [[active transport]] such as [[Cycling in Turkey|cycling]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Health and climate change: country profile 2022: Turkey - Turkey {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/turkey/health-and-climate-change-country-profile-2022-turkey |access-date=2022-06-04 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}</ref> As of 2023 [[health impact assessment]] is not done in [[Turkey]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Implementation of health impact assessment and health in environmental assessment across the WHO European Region |url=https://www.who.int/europe/publications/i/item/WHO-EURO-2023-7370-47136-68982 |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref>{{Rp|page=50}}

==Rail transport==
===Rail network===
{{Main|Rail transport in Turkey|History of rail transport in Turkey|High-speed rail in Turkey}}
[[File:TCDD Network Map 2023.svg|thumb|left|Rail transport map of Turkey along with urban rail networks indication|250px]]
[[File:Rasimpaşa,_Haydarpaşa_İskelesi,_Haydarpaşa_Gar_Binası_Yanı,_34716_Kadıköy-İstanbul,_Turkey_-_panoramio.jpg|thumb|[[Haydarpaşa railway station]] built in 1909 by the Anatolian Railway (CFOA) as the western terminus of the Baghdad and Hedjaz railways, has become a symbol of Istanbul and Turkey and is famous throughout the Middle East.]]
[[File:HT80101.jpg|thumb|250px|[[TCDD HT80000]] ([[Siemens Velaro#Velaro TR (TCDD HT80000)|Siemens Velaro TR]]) has a maximum operating speed of {{convert|300|km/h|0|abbr=on}}<ref name=SiemensPDF>{{cite web|url=https://assets.new.siemens.com/siemens/assets/api/uuid:0e1ccf29-d0bf-468e-a9c6-2722aea68261/datasheet-velaro-tr-e.pdf|title=Velaro Turkey: High-Speed Train for TCDD|publisher=[[Siemens Mobility]]|access-date=2020-04-16}}</ref><ref name="SiemensVelaroTR">{{cite web|url=https://press.siemens.com/global/en/feature/velaro-turkey-high-speed-train|title=Velaro Turkey High-Speed Train|publisher=[[Siemens Mobility]]|access-date=2020-04-16}}</ref>]]

The [[Turkish State Railways|TCDD – Türkiye Devlet Demir Yolları (Turkish State Railways)]] possess 13,919&nbsp;km of {{RailGauge|sg}} gauge, of which 7,142&nbsp;km are electrified (2024).<ref>https://adminapi.tcddtasimacilik.gov.tr/files/pdfs/TCDD-Tasimacilik-2023-istatistikleri.pdf</ref>
There are daily regular passenger trains all through the network.<ref>Uysal, Onur. [http://railturkey.org/2014/03/05/traveling-by-train-in-turkey/ "Traveling by Train in Turkey"], ''Rail Turkey'', 5 Mar 2014</ref> TCDD has started an investment program of building 5.000&nbsp;km high-speed lines until 2023. Multiple high speed train routes are running, including: [[Ankara-Istanbul high-speed railway|Ankara-Eskişehir-İstanbul]], [[Ankara-Konya high-speed railway|Ankara-Konya]] and [[Ankara–Sivas high-speed railway|Ankara-Sivas]] lines.

The freight transportation is mainly organized as block trains for domestic routes, since TCDD discourages under 200 to loads by surcharges.

===Urban rail===
[[File:Kayseray.JPG|thumb|Trams in [[Kayseri]]]]
After almost 30 years without any trams, [[Turkey]] is experiencing a revival in trams. Established in 1992, the tram system of [[Istanbul]] earned the best large-scale tram management award in 2005.  Another award-winning tram network belongs to [[Eskişehir]] ([[EsTram]]) where a modern tram system opened in 2004. Several other cities are planning or constructing tram lines, with modern low-flow trams.

By 2014, there have been 12 cities in Turkey using railroads for transportation.

* Cities with [[commuter rail]] systems: [[Istanbul]], [[Ankara]], [[İzmir]], [[Sakarya Province|Sakarya]], [[Gaziantep]]
* Cities with [[Rapid transit|metro]] systems: [[Istanbul]], [[Ankara]], [[İzmir]], [[Bursa]], [[Adana]]
* Cities with [[light rail|light rail transit]] systems: [[Istanbul]], [[Ankara]], [[İzmir]], [[Adana]], [[Bursa]], [[Eskişehir]], [[Konya]], [[Antalya]], [[Kayseri]], [[Gaziantep]], [[Samsun]], [[İzmit|Kocaeli]].

===Railway links with adjacent countries===
* {{flagicon|AZE}} [[Transportation in Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]] – via [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] – under construction
* {{flagicon|ARM}} [[Transportation in Armenia|Armenia]] – closed (see [[Kars Gyumri Akhalkalaki railway line]])<ref>[[Railway Gazette International]] – January 2008 p51</ref>
* {{flagicon|BUL}} [[Transportation in Bulgaria|Bulgaria]] – open – {{RailGauge|sg}}
* {{flagicon|GEO}} [[Transport in Georgia (country)|Georgia]] – under reconstruction – [[break-of-gauge]] {{RailGauge|sg}}/{{RailGauge|1520mm}}.
* {{flagicon|GRC}} [[Transportation in Greece|Greece]] – open – {{RailGauge|sg}} (Note: Passenger services as Express of Friendship/Filia suspended from 13 February 2012 <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tcdd.gov.tr/home/detail/?id=233 |title=Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Devlet Demiryolları |access-date=6 June 2012 |archive-date=7 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150507025911/http://www.tcdd.gov.tr/home/detail/?id=233 |url-status=dead }}</ref>)
* {{flagicon|IRN}} [[Transportation in Iran|Iran]] – via [[Lake Van]] [[train ferry]] – same gauge
* {{flagicon|IRQ}} [[Transportation in Iraq|Iraq]] – No direct link, traffic routed via Syria – same gauge
* {{flagicon|SYR}} [[Transportation in Syria|Syria]] – closed (plans to reopen it is on the agenda{{Cn|date=January 2025}})– {{RailGauge|sg}} (Note: It was suspended after breakout of [[Syrian Civil War]] in 29 August 2011)

==Road transport==
[[File:O-3.jpg|thumb|Junction of the O-2 and O-3 in Istanbul]]
[[File:Osman_Gazi_Köprüsü,_Altınova_ayağından_köprüye_giriş_istikameti.jpg|thumb|250px|Otoyol 5 near Altınova exit]]{{See also|Automotive industry in Turkey}}
Road transport is responsible for much [[air pollution in Turkey]] and almost a fifth of [[greenhouse gas emissions by Turkey|Turkey's greenhouse gas emissions]], mainly via diesel. It is one of 3 G20 countries without a fuel efficiency standard.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.climatecouncil.org.au/how-australia-can-boost-electric-vehicle-supply/ | title=Everything you need to know about how Australia can boost electric vehicle supply | date=10 August 2022 }}</ref>  {{As of|2020}} there are many old, inefficient, polluting trucks.{{sfnp|Difiglio|Güray|Merdan|2020|p=102}} Retiring old polluting vehicles by forcing all cars and trucks to meet tailpipe emission standards would reduce disease, especially from [[polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons]].{{sfnp|Difiglio|Güray|Merdan|2020|p=154}} {{As of|2024}}, the country has a roadway network of {{convert|68617|km|mi|abbr=off}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kgm.gov.tr/Sayfalar/KGM/SiteTr/Kurumsal/YolAgi.aspx|title=Yol Ağı Bilgileri|publisher=Karayolları Genel Müdürlüğü|access-date=9 August 2014|archive-date=9 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109030650/http://www.kgm.gov.tr/Sayfalar/KGM/SiteTr/Kurumsal/YolAgi.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Eurasia Tunnel]] (2016) provides an undersea road connection for motor vehicles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aa.com.tr/en/economy/istanbuls-13bn-eurasia-tunnel-prepares-to-open/709440|title=Istanbul's $1.3BN Eurasia Tunnel prepares to open|publisher=[[Anadolu Agency]]|date=19 December 2016}}</ref> The [[Bosphorus Bridge]] (1973), [[Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge]] (1988) and [[Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge]] (2016) are the three suspension bridges connecting the European and Asian shores of the Bosphorus strait. The [[Osman Gazi Bridge]] (2016) connects the northern and southern shores of the [[Gulf of İzmit]]. The [[Çanakkale 1915 Bridge|1915 Çanakkale Bridge]] (2022) , connects the European and Asian shores of the [[Dardanelles]] strait.

Fuel quality and emissions standards are not as good as those in the EU,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Türkiye 2022 Report |url=https://www.avrupa.info.tr/en/news/turkiye-2022-report-10910 |access-date=2023-01-13 |website=EU Delegation to Türkiye |language=en}}</ref> and {{As of|2024|lc=y}} less than 1% of cars and almost no commercial vehicles on the road are electric.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-10-22 |title=Turkey’s electric vehicle sector will grow slowly |url=https://www.oxan.com/insights/turkeys-electric-vehicle-sector-will-grow-slowly/ |access-date=2025-05-10 |website=Oxford Analytica |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2023 the World Bank said the government should plan and subsidize the rollout of public electric car chargers, particularly because so many people live in flats. They said that a subsidy would provide environmental and social benefits. They also said that cities should set an end date for diesel buses.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/turkey/publication/deploying-electric-vehicle-charging-infrastructure-in-turkiye | title=Deploying Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure in Türkiye }}</ref>

In the same year, according to a study by Dr. Hüseyin Korkmaz of Istanbul University, Istanbul drivers lost an average of 105 hours due to traffic congestion. The research, utilizing AI to analyze data from the Turkish National Police, identified 97,354 traffic accidents in the city that year, with many occurring during peak hours on major routes. The study highlights that even minor accidents can significantly disrupt traffic flow, especially when lanes are closed. Dr. Korkmaz suggests that addressing Istanbul's traffic issues requires improved public transportation, better urban planning, and measures to control population growth and vehicle usage.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AA |first=Daily Sabah with |date=2025-05-20 |title=Istanbul drivers wasted 105 hours stuck in traffic in 2024: Study |url=https://www.dailysabah.com/turkiye/istanbul/istanbul-drivers-wasted-105-hours-stuck-in-traffic-in-2024-study |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=Daily Sabah |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Road network===
{{Main|List of highways in Turkey}}[[File:Motorway Map of Turkey (revised).png|thumb|left|Turkish ''Otoyol'' network map|500px]]

'''There are three types of intercity roads in Turkey:'''

– The first is the historical and free road network called State roads (''[[Turkish State Highway System|Devlet Yolları]]'') that are completely under the responsibility of the [[General Directorate of Highways (Turkey)|General Directorate of Highways]] except for urban sections (like the sections falling within the inner part of [[ring road]]s of [[Otoyol 20|Ankara]], [[Otoyol 1|Istanbul]] or [[Otoyol 30|İzmir]]. Even if they mostly possess [[dual carriageway]]s and [[Interchange (road)|interchanges]], they also have some [[traffic light]]s and [[Intersection (road)|intersections]].

– The second type of roads are [[controlled-access highway]]s that are officially named ''[[Otoyol]]''. But it isn't uncommon that people in Turkey call them ''Otoban'' (referring to [[Autobahn]]) as this types of roads entered popular culture by the means of [[Turks in Germany]]. They also depend on the [[General Directorate of Highways (Turkey)|General Directorate of Highways]] except those that are financed with a [[Build–operate–transfer|BOT]] model.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}

– The third type of roads are provincial roads (''Il Yolları)'' are highways of secondary importance linking districts within a province to each other , the provincial center, the districts in the neighboring provinces, the state roads, railway stations, seaports, and airports

*[[Controlled-access highway|Motorway]]s: Motorway  3.796&nbsp;km (January 2025)<ref name="kgm1">{{cite web |title=KGM 2025 Performance Report |url=https://www.kgm.gov.tr/SiteCollectionDocuments/KGMdocuments/Kurumsal/PerformansProgrami/2025Performans.pdf |website=kgm.gov.tr |access-date=2023-02-06 |archive-date=2023-02-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206144445/https://www.kgm.gov.tr/SiteCollectionDocuments/KGMdocuments/Kurumsal/PerformansProgrami/2025Performans.pdf |page=29 |language=Turkish |date=2023-01-01}}</ref>
*[[Dual carriageway]]s: 29.673&nbsp;km (January 2025)<ref name="kgm1" />
*State Highways 30.832&nbsp;km (January 2025)<ref name="kgm1" />
*Provincial Roads 33.922&nbsp;km  (January 2025)<ref name="kgm1" />
*Motorway Projects‐Vision 8.325&nbsp;km (in 2053)<ref>{{cite web |title=Bakan Karaismailoğlu: Hedefimiz 2053'e kadar otoyol uzunluğumuzu 8 bin 325 kilometreye ulaştırmak |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/ekonomi/bakan-karaismailoglu-hedefimiz-2053e-kadar-otoyol-uzunlugumuzu-8-bin-325-kilometreye-ulastirmak/2756634 |publisher=aa.com.tr |access-date=2023-02-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209153832/https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/ekonomi/bakan-karaismailoglu-hedefimiz-2053e-kadar-otoyol-uzunlugumuzu-8-bin-325-kilometreye-ulastirmak/2756634 |archive-date=2022-12-09 |language=Turkish |date=2022-12-06}}</ref>

As of 2023, there are 471 [[tunnel]]s (total length 665&nbsp;km)<ref>{{cite web |title=Tunnel projects |url=https://www.kgm.gov.tr/Sayfalar/KGM/SiteTr/Projeler/TunelProjeleri.aspx |publisher=kgm.gov.tr |access-date=2023-02-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206151546/https://www.kgm.gov.tr/Sayfalar/KGM/SiteTr/Projeler/TunelProjeleri.aspx |archive-date=2023-02-06}}</ref> and 9.660 [[bridge]]s (total length 739&nbsp;km)<ref>{{cite web |title=Bridge Projects |url=https://www.kgm.gov.tr/Sayfalar/KGM/SiteTr/Projeler/KopruProjeleri.aspx |publisher=kgm.gov.tr |access-date=2023-02-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206150943/https://www.kgm.gov.tr/Sayfalar/KGM/SiteTr/Projeler/KopruProjeleri.aspx |archive-date=2023-02-06 |language=Turkish}}</ref> on the network.

===Public road transport===
[[File:AydınBusTerminus_(4).JPG|thumb|Intercity bus station in Aydın]]
There are numerous private [[bus]] companies providing connections between cities in Turkey.
For local trips to villages there are [[dolmuş]]es, small [[van]]s that seat about twenty passengers.
As of 2024, number of road vehicles is around 31 million. The number of vehicles by type and use is as follows.<ref>https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Motorlu-Kara-Tasitlari-Aralik-2024-53463&dil=1</ref>
* [[Car]]	 16,232,458
* [[Minibus]]  522,608
* [[Bus]]	213,416
* [[Truck|Small truck]] 4,703,287
* [[Truck]]	 1,000,326
* [[Motorcycle]]	 6,261,927
* [[Special Purpose vehicle]] 102,100
* [[Tractor]] 2,265,267
* Total: 31,301,389

=== Motor vehicles by year (2002-2024) ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Yıl !! Total !! Car !!  Minibus !!  Bus !! Truck|Small truck  !! Truck !! Motorcycle !! Special Purpose vehicle !! Tractor
|-
! 2002 
| 8.655.170 || 4.600.140 || 241.700 || 120.097 || 875.381 || 567.152 || 1.046.907 || 23.666 || 1.180.127
|-
! 2003 
| 8.903.843 || 4.700.343 || 245.394 || 123.500 || 973.457 || 579.010 || 1.073.415 || 24.468 || 1.184.256
|-
! 2004 
| 10.236.357 || 5.400.440 || 318.954 || 152.712 || 1.259.867 || 647.420 || 1.218.677 || 28.004 || 1.210.283
|-
! 2005 
| 11.145.826 || 5.772.745 || 338.539 || 163.390 || 1.475.057 || 676.929 || 1.441.066 || 30.333 || 1.247.767
|-
! 2006 
| 12.227.393 || 6.140.992 || 357.523 || 175.949 || 1.695.624 || 709.535 || 1.822.831 || 34.260 || 1.290.679
|-
! 2007 
| 13.022.945 || 6.472.156 || 372.601 || 189.128 || 1.890.459 || 729.202 || 2.003.492 || 38.573 || 1.327.334
|-
! 2008 
| 13.765.395 || 6.796.629 || 383.548 || 199.934 || 2.066.007 || 744.217 || 2.181.383 || 35.100 || 1.358.577
|-
! 2009 
| 14.316.700 || 7.093.964 || 384.053 || 201.033 || 2.204.951 || 727.302 || 2.303.261 || 34.104 || 1.368.032
|-
! 2010 
| 15.095.603 || 7.544.871 || 386.973 || 208.510 || 2.399.038 || 726.359 || 2.389.488 || 35.492 || 1.404.872
|-
! 2011 
| 16.089.528 || 8.113.111 || 389.435 || 219.906 || 2.611.104 || 728.458 || 2.527.190 || 34.116 || 1.466.208
|-
! 2012 
| 17.033.413 || 8.648.875 || 396.119 || 235.949 || 2.794.606 || 751.650 || 2.657.722 || 33.071 || 1.515.421
|-
! 2013 
| 17.939.447 || 9.283.923 || 421.848 || 219.885 || 2.933.050 || 755.950 || 2.722.826 || 36.148 || 1.565.817
|-
! 2014 
| 18.828.721 || 9.857.915 || 427.264 || 211.200 || 3.062.479 || 773.728 || 2.828.466 || 40.731 || 1.626.938
|-
! 2015 
| 19.994.472 || 10.589.337 || 449.213 || 217.056 || 3.255.299 || 804.319 || 2.938.364 || 45.732 || 1.695.152
|-
! 2016 
| 21.090.424 || 11.317.998 || 463.933 || 220.361 || 3.442.483 || 825.334 || 3.003.733 || 50.818 || 1.765.764
|-
! 2017 
| 22.218.945 || 12.035.978 || 478.618 || 221.885 || 3.642.625 || 838.718 || 3.102.800 || 60.099 || 1.838.222
|-
! 2018 
| 22.865.921 || 12.398.190 || 487.527 || 218.523 || 3.755.580 || 845.462 || 3.211.328 || 63.359 || 1.885.952
|-
! 2019
| 23.156.975 || 12.503.049 || 493.373 || 213.358 || 3.796.919 ||  844.481 || 3.331.326 || 65.470 || 1.908.999
|-
! 2020
| 24.144.857 || 13.099.041 || 493.395 || 212.407 || 3.938.732 ||  859.670 || 3.512.576 || 70.309 || 1.958.727
|-
! 2021
| 25.249.119 || 13.706.065 || 484.806 || 208.882 || 4.115 205 || 886.303 || 3.744.370 || 78.482 || 2.025.006
|-
! 2022 
| 26.482.847 || 14.269.352 || 487.381 || 208.442 || 4.277.424 ||  919.125 || 4.141.914 || 85.276 || 2.093.933
|-
! 2023 
| 28.740.492 || 15.221.134 || 502.628 || 210.740 || 4.487.244 ||  959.793 || 5.079.396 || 93.407 || 2.186.150
|-
! 2024 
| 31.301.389 || 16.232.458 || 522.608 || 213.416 || 4.703.287 || 1.000.326 || 6 261.927 || 102.100 || 2.265.267
|}
Source<ref>https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?locale=tr</ref>

===Cycling===
{{Excerpt|Cycling in Turkey}}

===Escooters===
[[Escooter]] rental is available in some cities,<ref>{{Cite web|title=E-scooter company Fenix acquires Palm for $5M, gains entry to Turkish market|url=https://techcrunch.com/2021/08/02/e-scooter-company-fenix-acquires-palm-for-5m-gains-entry-to-turkish-market/|access-date=2021-08-12|website=TechCrunch|language=en-US}}</ref> and escooters can be used on cycle paths, and on urban roads without cycle paths where the speed limit is below 50 kph.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Regulation for use of e-scooter enters into force - Turkey News|url=https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/regulation-for-use-of-e-scooter-enters-into-force-163974|access-date=2021-08-12|website=Hürriyet Daily News|date=16 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

===Car ownership===
{{As of|2024|}} about 10% of cars sold were electric,<ref name=":0" /> and over half the registered motor vehicles were cars - about 16.2 million - of which 5.5 million were diesel fueled, 5.2 million LPG, 4,9 million gasoline, 0.4 million hybrid, and 0.2 million electric.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Çoban|first=Hasan Hüseyin|date=23 November 2020|title=A 100% Renewable Energy System: The Case of Turkey In The Year 2050|url=https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/1369506|access-date=|website=}}</ref>

==Air transport==
[[File:Istanbul_Airport,_Arnavutköy_(P1090186).jpg|thumb|250px|[[Istanbul Airport]] is the largest airport in Turkey.]]

{{main|Aviation in Turkey}}
In 2013 Turkey had the tenth largest passenger air market in the world with 74,353,297 passengers.<ref>World Bank Datebase, http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IS.AIR.PSGR</ref> In 2013 there were 98 [[List of airports in Turkey|airports in Turkey]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/turkey/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110073821/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/turkey|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 January 2021|title=CIA World Factbook: Turkey|access-date=17 November 2014}}</ref> including 22 [[international airport]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.studyinturkey.org/en/discover-turkey/first-step-to-turkey/international-airports/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225064653/http://www.studyinturkey.org/en/discover-turkey/first-step-to-turkey/international-airports/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 December 2013 |title=Study in Turkey: International Airports in Turkey |access-date=17 November 2014 }}</ref> {{As of|2015}}, [[Istanbul Atatürk Airport]] is the [[World's busiest airports by passenger traffic|11th busiest airport in the world]], serving 31,833,324 passengers between January and July 2014, according to [[Airports Council International]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aci.aero/Data-Centre/Monthly-Traffic-Data/Passenger-Summary/Year-to-date |title=Year to date Passenger Traffic |publisher=ACI |date=25 September 2014 |access-date=25 September 2014 |archive-date=13 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180813170044/http://www.aci.aero/Data-Centre/Monthly-Traffic-Data/Passenger-Summary/Year-to-date |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Istanbul Airport|new (third) international airport of Istanbul]] is planned to be the largest airport in the world, with a capacity to serve 150 million passengers per annum.<ref name="dhmi">{{cite web|url=http://www.dhmi.gov.tr/haberler.aspx?HaberID=1451|title=It will be the biggest airport of the world|date=24 January 2013|access-date=24 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130129004331/http://www.dhmi.gov.tr/haberler.aspx?HaberID=1451|archive-date=29 January 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newsweek.com/istanbuls-new-erdogan-backed-airport-be-named-after-erdogan-264580|title=Istanbul's New Erdoğan-Backed Airport to Be Named After... Erdoğan|website=[[Newsweek]]|date=14 August 2014}}</ref> [[Turkish Airlines]], [[flag carrier]] of Turkey since 1933, was selected by [[Skytrax]] as [[Europe]]'s best airline for five consecutive years in 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 and 2015.<ref name=TurkishAirlinesSkytrax>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldairlineawards.com/Awards_2012/europe.htm |title=Turkish Airlines is named the Best Airline in Europe at the 2012 World Airline Awards held at Farnborough Air Show |publisher=[[Skytrax]] |date=12 July 2012 |access-date=25 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425042957/http://www.worldairlineawards.com/awards_2012/europe.htm |archive-date=25 April 2013  }}</ref><ref name="five">{{cite web|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkish-airlines-named-best-airline-in-europe-for-fifth-year-in-a-row.aspx?PageID=238&NID=84117&NewsCatID=345|title=Turkish Airlines named best airline in Europe for fifth year in a row – BUSINESS|date=17 June 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldairlineawards.com/Awards_2014/europe.htm |title=Turkish Airlines is named the Best Airline in Europe 2014 |access-date=28 September 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140827141123/http://www.worldairlineawards.com/Awards_2014/europe.htm |archive-date=27 August 2014  }}</ref> With [[Turkish Airlines destinations|435 destinations (51 domestic and 384 international) in 126 countries]] worldwide, Turkish Airlines is the [[World's largest airlines#By number of countries served|largest carrier in the world by number of countries served]] {{As of|2016|lc=y}}.<ref name="Turkish Airlines">{{cite web|url=http://www.turkishairlines.com/en-int/flights-tickets/flights-destinations/ |title=Turkish Airlines: International Flight Destinations |publisher=Turkish Airlines |access-date=22 June 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160519093619/http://www.turkishairlines.com/en-int/flights-tickets/flights-destinations |archive-date=19 May 2016  }}</ref>

===Airlines===
{{Main|List of airlines of Turkey|List of defunct airlines of Turkey}}
[[File:Turkish_Airlines_Boeing_787-9_Dreamliner_TC-LLC_approaching_JFK_Airport.jpg|thumb|[[Turkish Airlines]], the flag carrier of [[Turkey]]]]

===Airports===
{{Main|List of airports in Turkey}}
Total number of Airports in Turkey: 117 (2007)

'''Airports – with paved runways'''
<br>''total:''
88
<br>''over 3,047 m:''
16
<br>''2,438 to 3,047 m:''

<br>''1,524 to 2,437 m:''
19
<br>''914 to 1,523 m:''
16
<br>''under 914 m:''
4 (2010)
(Link:<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/turkey/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110073821/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/turkey |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 January 2021 |title=The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency |publisher=Cia.gov |access-date=2017-01-13}}</ref>)

'''Airports – with unpaved runways'''
<br>''total:''
11
<br>''1,524 to 2,437 m:''
1
<br>''914 to 1,523 m:''
6
<br>''under 914 m:''
4 (2010)
(Link:<ref name="autogenerated1"/>)

'''Heliports'''
20 (2010)

==Water transport==


About 1,200&nbsp;km

===Ports and harbours===

'''[[Black Sea]]'''
* [[Hopa]]
* [[Inebolu]]
* [[Samsun]]
* [[Trabzon]]
* [[Zonguldak]]

'''[[Aegean Sea]]'''
* [[İzmir]]

'''[[Mediterranean Sea]]'''
* [[İskenderun]]
* [[Mersin]]
* [[Antalya]]

'''[[Sea of Marmara]]'''
* [[Gemlik]]
* [[Bandırma]]
* [[Istanbul]]
* [[İzmit]]
* [[Derince]]

== Air pollution ==
Road traffic is a major source of [[air pollution in Turkey]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Report: Air pollution becoming more lethal in Turkey while scientists struggle to access data|url=https://www.bianet.org/english/environment/228962-report-air-pollution-becoming-more-lethal-in-turkey-while-scientists-struggle-to-access-data|access-date=2020-11-09|website=Bianet - Bagimsiz Iletisim Agi}}</ref> and Istanbul is one of the few European cities without a [[Low-emission zone|low emission zone]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=StackPath|url=https://www.masstransitmag.com/management/article/21133727/emerging-practices-in-low-emission-zones-throughout-europe|access-date=2020-11-09|website=www.masstransitmag.com|date=14 April 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite thesis |title=Low emission zone study in İstanbul by using MODELS-3/CMAQ framework |url=https://acikbilim.yok.gov.tr/handle/20.500.12812/127639 |publisher=Avrasya Yerbilimleri Enstitüsü |date=2018-08-06 |degree=masterThesis |language=en |first=Merve |last=Gökgöz Ergül}}</ref>

Transport emitted 85 megatonnes of CO<sub>2</sub> in 2018, about one tonne per person and 16 percent of [[Greenhouse gas emissions by Turkey|Turkey's greenhouse gas emissions]]. Road transport dominated transport emissions with 79 megatonnes, including agricultural vehicles.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Turkey. 2020 National Inventory Report (NIR)|url=https://unfccc.int/documents/223580|access-date=2020-11-09|website=unfccc.int}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Railways}}
* [[Right to Clean Air Platform Turkey]]
* [[Public transport in Istanbul]]
* [[List of highways in Turkey]]
*[[Turkish State Highway System]]
*[[List of otoyol routes in Turkey]]
*[[Otoyol]]
*[[List of countries by vehicles per capita]] Turkey "total number of vehicles" 16th, Turkey "vehicles per capita" 66th

==Sources==
*{{Cite report
|title=Turkey Energy Outlook
|first1=Prof. Carmine
|last1=Difiglio
|first2=Bora Şekip
|last2=Güray
|first3=Ersin 
|last3=Merdan 
|publisher=Sabanci University Istanbul International Center for Energy and Climate (IICEC)
|url=https://iicec.sabanciuniv.edu/teo
|date=November 2020
|website=iicec.sabanciuniv.edu
|isbn=978-605-70031-9-5
}}

*{{Cite report
|title=Bisiklet Yolları Klavuzu
|trans-title=Bicycle Path Guidelines
|url=https://webdosya.csb.gov.tr/db/meslekihizmetler/haberler/b-s-klet-yollari-kilavuzu-23.12.2019-20191223102511.pdf
|date=December 2019
|publisher = [[Ministry of Environment and Urban Planning (Turkey)]]
|language=tr
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Transport in Turkey}}

{{Local transport in Turkey}}
{{Asia topic|Transport in}}
{{Transportation in Europe}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Transport In Turkey}}
[[Category:Transport in Turkey| ]]