Editing Trifolium repens

{{Short description|Flowering plant, bean family Fabaceae}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = White clover
| image = Trifolium repens - white clover on way from Govindghat to Gangria at Valley of Flowers National Park - during LGFC - VOF 2019 (1).jpg
| genus = Trifolium
| species = repens
| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
| synonyms_ref = <ref name=ilsa/>
| synonyms = {{collapsible list|bullets = true
|title=<small>Synonymy</small>
|''Amoria repens'' <small>(L.) C.Presl</small>
|''Lotodes repens'' <small>Kuntze</small>
|''Trifolium limonium'' <small>Phil.</small>
|''Trifolium stipitatum'' <small>Clos</small>
|''Trifolium macrorrhizum'' <small>Boiss., syn of subsp. ''macrorrhizum''</small>
|''Trifolium nevadense'' <small>Boiss., syn of var. ''nevadense ''</small>
|''Trifolium orbelicum'' <small>Velen., syn of var. ''orbelicum ''</small>
|''Trifolium orphanideum'' <small>Boiss., syn of var. ''orphanideum ''</small>
|''Trifolium biasolettii'' <small>Steud. & Hochst., syn of subsp. ''prostratum ''</small>
|''Trifolium occidentale'' <small>Coombe, syn of subsp. ''prostratum ''</small>
}}
}}

'''''Trifolium repens''''', the '''white clover''', is a herbaceous [[perennial plant]] in the bean family [[Fabaceae]] (otherwise known as Leguminosae). It is native to [[Europe]], including the British Isles,<ref>{{harvnb|Frame|Charlton|Laidlaw|1998|pp=15–106}}</ref> and [[central Asia]] and is one of the most widely [[agriculture|cultivated]] types of [[clover]]. It has been widely introduced worldwide as a [[forage]] crop, and is now also common in most grassy areas ([[lawn]]s and [[garden]]s) of [[North America]], [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://luirig.altervista.org/flora/taxa/index1.php?scientific-name=trifolium+repens |title=Altervista Flora Italiana, Trifoglio strisciante, Weißklee, vitklöver, ''Trifolium repens'' L |publisher=Luirig.altervista.org |access-date=2018-07-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://keyserver.lucidcentral.org/weeds/data/media/Html/trifolium_repens.htm|title=Weeds of Australia: Trifolium repens}}</ref><ref>Böcher, T. W. 1978. Greenlands Flora 326 pp.</ref><ref>Duchen, P. & S. G. Beck. 2012. Estudio taxonómico de las Leguminosas del Parque Nacional Area Natural de Manejo Integrado (PN-ANMI) Cotapata, La Paz-Bolivia. Revista de la Sociedad Boliviana de Botánica 6(1): 13–51.</ref><ref>Correa A., M.D., C. Galdames & M. Stapf. 2004. Catálogo de las Plantas Vasculares de Panamá 1–599. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panamá</ref><ref>Marticorena, C. & M. Quezada. 1985. Catálogo de la Flora Vascular de Chile. [[Gayana. Botánica]] 42: 1–157.</ref><ref>Porsild, A. E. & W. Cody. 1980. Checklist of the Vascular Plants of the Northwest Territories Canada i–viii, 1–607. National Museum of Natural Sciences, Ottawa</ref> The species includes varieties often classed as small, intermediate and large, according to height, which reflects [[petiole (botany)|petiole]] length. The term 'white clover' is applied to the species in general, 'Dutch clover' is often applied to intermediate varieties (but sometimes to smaller varieties), and 'ladino clover' is applied to large varieties.<ref>Barnes, R. F., C. J. Nelson, M. Collins, and K. J. Moore (eds.).  2003.  Forages:  an introduction to grassland agriculture. Vol. 1.  6th ed.  Blackwell Publishing.  556 pp.</ref><ref>Henning, J. C. and H. N. Wheaton. 1993.   White, ladino and sweet clover. G4639.  U. Missouri Extension.  http://extension.missouri.edu/p/G4639</ref><ref>Rasnake, M., G. D. Lacefield, J. C. Henning, N. L. Taylor and D. C. Ditsch.  Growing white clover in Kentucky.  Univ. Kentucky.  AGR-93.  [https://web.archive.org/web/19991010005823/http://www.ca.uky.edu/agc/pubs/agr/agr93/agr93.htm]</ref><ref>White clover.  Penn State University Extension.  http://extension.psu.edu/plants/crops/forages/species/white-clover {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825221546/http://extension.psu.edu/plants/crops/forages/species/white-clover |date=2017-08-25 }}</ref>

== Name ==
[[File:79 Trifolium repens L.jpg|frameless|right|alt=Illustration]]
[[File:2020 year. Herbarium. Clover. img-001.jpg|frameless|right|alt=Leaf]]
[[File:Starr 070313-5645 Trifolium repens.jpg|frameless|right|Flowering]]
[[File:4-leaf clover.JPG|frameless|right|alt=Four-leaf specimen]]
[[File:Trifolium repens White Clover, Dutch Clover at Thimphu during LGFC - Bhutan 2019 (1).jpg|frameless|right|Flower]]
The genus name, ''[[clover|Trifolium]]'', derives from the Latin ''{{lang|la|[[:wikt:tres|tres]]}}'', "three", and ''{{lang|la|[[:wikt:folium|folium]]}}'', "leaf", so called from the characteristic form of the leaf, which almost always has three [[leaflet (botany)|leaflets]] ([[trifoliolate]]); hence the popular name "[[trefoil]]". The species name, ''{{lang|la|[[:wikt:repens|repens]]}}'', is Latin for "creeping".

== Description ==
It is a [[herbaceous]], [[perennial plant]]. It is low growing, with flowering [[Flower heads|heads]] of whitish florets, often with a tinge of pink or cream that may come on with the aging of the plant. The heads are generally {{convert|1.5|-|2|cm|frac=4}} wide, and are at the end of {{convert|7|cm|in|frac=4}} [[Peduncle (botany)|peduncles]] or inflorescence stalks.<ref name="wotn">Richard H. Uva, Joseph C. Neal and Joseph M. Ditomaso, ''Weeds of The Northeast'', (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1997), Pp. 236–237.</ref> The flowers are mostly visited by [[bumblebee]]s<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1111/plb.12328| pmid = 25754608| title = Competition for pollinators and intra-communal spectral dissimilarity of flowers| journal = Plant Biology| volume = 18| issue = 1| pages = 56–62| year = 2015| last1 = Van Der Kooi | first1 = C. J.| last2 = Pen | first2 = I.| last3 = Staal | first3 = M.| last4 = Stavenga | first4 = D. G.| last5 = Elzenga | first5 = J. T. M.| bibcode = 2016PlBio..18...56V| url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273158762}}</ref> and often by [[honey bee]]s. The leaves are [[trifoliolate]], smooth, elliptic to egg-shaped and [[Petiole (botany)|long-petioled]] and usually with light or dark markings. The stems function as [[stolon]]s, so white clover often forms mats, with the stems creeping as much as {{convert|18|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} a year, and rooting at the nodes.<ref name="wotn" /> The leaves form the symbol known as [[shamrock]]. Almost always, a white clover will be trifoliolate. However, one can, but only sometimes, possess [[four-leaf clover|four or more leaflets]].{{citation needed|date=May 2018}}

==Varieties and subspecies==
*''Trifolium repens'' subsp. ''macrorrhizum'' <small>(Boiss.) Ponert</small>
*''Trifolium repens'' var. ''nevadense'' <small>(Boiss.) C.Vicioso</small>
*''Trifolium repens'' var. ''ochranthum'' <small>K.Maly</small>
*''Trifolium repens'' var. ''orbelicum'' <small>(Velen.) Fritsch</small>
*''Trifolium repens'' var. ''orphanideum'' <small>(Boiss.) Boiss.</small>
*''Trifolium repens'' var. ''pipolina''
*''Trifolium repens'' subsp. ''prostratum'' <small>Nyman<ref name="ilsa">{{cite web|title=Trifolium repens L. — The Plant List|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/ild-8135|work=theplantlist.org}}</ref></small>

==Distribution==
It is native in Europe and Central Asia, ubiquitous throughout the British Isles,<ref name="BSBI">{{cite web |title=BSBI Online Atlas of the British Flora |url=https://www.brc.ac.uk/plantatlas/plant/trifolium-repens |access-date=16 June 2018 |archive-date=14 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414051758/https://www.brc.ac.uk/plantatlas/plant/trifolium-repens |url-status=dead }}</ref> introduced in [[North America]], [[South Africa]], [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]], [[Japan]] and elsewhere, and globally cultivated as a forage crop.

White clover has been used as a [[model organism]] for global research into [[ecology]] and [[urban evolution]]. As part of the [[Global Urban Evolution Project]] (GLUE) scientists from 26 countries examined the production of [[cyanide]] by over 110,000 clover plants from 160 cities. Cyanide can be useful to clover plants as a deterrent to herbivores.
Analyzing urban-rural differences, scientists found that cyanide production tended to increase with distance from the center of cities, suggesting that clover populations were adapting to factors commonly found in urban centers worldwide. Possible factors could include temperature (freezing is related to cyanide content), herbivory pressures, and drought stress. As clover habitats, the downtowns of cities may more closely resemble other far-flung cities than nearby rural areas.<ref name="Bender">{{cite journal |last1=Bender |first1=Eric |title=Urban evolution: How species adapt to survive in cities |journal=Knowable Magazine |publisher= Annual Reviews |date=21 March 2022 |doi=10.1146/knowable-031822-1 |doi-access=free |url=https://knowablemagazine.org/article/living-world/2022/urban-evolution-species-adapt-survive-cities |access-date=31 March 2022}}</ref><ref name="Santangelo">{{cite journal |display-authors=3 |last1=Santangelo |first1=James S. |last2=Ness |first2=Rob W. |last3=Cohan |first3=Beata |last4=Fitzpatrick |first4=Connor R. |last5=Innes |first5=Simon G. |last6=Koch |first6=Sophie |last7=Miles |first7=Lindsay S. |last8=Munim |first8=Samreen |last9=Peres-Neto |first9=Pedro R. |last10=Prashad |first10=Cindy |last11=Tong |first11=Alex T. |last12=Aguirre |first12=Windsor E. |last13=Akinwole |first13=Philips O. |last14=Alberti |first14=Marina |last15=Álvarez |first15=Jackie |last16=Anderson |first16=Jill T. |last17=Anderson |first17=Joseph J. |last18=Ando |first18=Yoshino |last19=Andrew |first19=Nigel R. |last20=Angeoletto |first20=Fabio |last21=Anstett |first21=Daniel N. |last22=Anstett |first22=Julia |last23=Aoki-Gonçalves |first23=Felipe |last24=Arietta |first24=A. 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J. |title=Global urban environmental change drives adaptation in white clover |journal=Science |date=18 March 2022 |volume=375 |issue=6586 |pages=1275–1281 |doi=10.1126/science.abk0989 |pmid=35298255 |bibcode=2022Sci...375.1275S |hdl=10026.1/19203 |s2cid=247520798 |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abk0989 |access-date=1 April 2022 |issn=0036-8075|hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Martin">{{cite journal |last1=Diamond |first1=Sarah E. |last2=Martin |first2=Ryan A. |title=Evolution in Cities |journal=Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics |date=2 November 2021 |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=519–540 |doi=10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-012021-021402 |s2cid=239646134 |language=en |issn=1543-592X|doi-access=free }}</ref>

== Ancestry ==
''Trifolium repens'' is an allotetraploid (2n = 4x = 32) of two diploid ancestors and exhibits disomic inheritance.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Ellison|first1=Nick W.|last2=Liston|first2=Aaron|last3=Steiner|first3=Jeffrey J.|last4=Williams|first4=Warren M.|last5=Taylor|first5=Norman L.|title=Molecular phylogenetics of the clover genus (Trifolium—Leguminosae)|journal= [[Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution]] |volume=39|issue=3|pages=688–705|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2006.01.004|pmid=16483799|year=2006|bibcode=2006MolPE..39..688E }}</ref> In order to increase genetic diversity for breeding, research is focused on finding these ancestors. Proposed ancestors of ''T. repens'' include ''[[Trifolium nigrescens|T. nigrescens]]'', ''[[Trifolium occidentale|T. occidentale]]'', ''[[Trifolium pallescens|T. pallescens]]'', and ''[[Trifolium uniflorum|T. uniflorum]]''.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Williams|first1=Warren M.|last2=Ellison|first2=Nicholas W.|last3=Ansari|first3=Helal A.|last4=Verry|first4=Isabelle M.|last5=Hussain|first5=S. Wajid|date=2012-04-24|title=Experimental evidence for the ancestry of allotetraploid ''Trifolium repens'' and creation of synthetic forms with value for plant breeding|journal=BMC Plant Biology|volume=12|issue=1 |page=55|doi=10.1186/1471-2229-12-55|pmid=22530692|pmc=3443075|issn=1471-2229 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2012BMCPB..12...55W }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Williams|first1=W. M.|last2=Ansari|first2=H. A.|last3=Hussain|first3=S. W.|last4=Ellison|first4=N. W.|last5=Williamson|first5=M. L.|last6=Verry|first6=I. M.|date=2008-01-01|title=Hybridization and Introgression between Two Diploid Wild Relatives of White Clover, Trifolium nigrescens Viv. and T. occidentale Coombe|url=https://www.crops.org/publications/cs/abstracts/48/1/139|journal=Crop Science|language=en|volume=48|issue=1|pages=139–148|doi=10.2135/cropsci2007.05.0295|issn=1435-0653|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Badr|first1=A.|last2=El-Shazly|first2=H. H.|last3=Mekki|first3=L.|date=2012-06-01|title=Genetic diversity in white clover and its progenitors as revealed by DNA fingerprinting|journal=Biologia Plantarum|language=en|volume=56|issue=2|pages=283–291|doi=10.1007/s10535-012-0088-0|s2cid=14983555|issn=0006-3134|doi-access=free}}</ref> Additionally, it is possible that one of the diploid ancestors has yet to be analyzed, either because it has not been discovered or is extinct.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hand|first1=Melanie L.|last2=Ponting|first2=Rebecca C.|last3=Drayton|first3=Michelle C.|last4=Lawless|first4=Kahlil A.|last5=Cogan|first5=Noel O. I.|last6=Brummer|first6=E. Charles|last7=Sawbridge|first7=Timothy I.|last8=Spangenberg|first8=German C.|last9=Smith|first9=Kevin F.|date=2008-10-01|title=Identification of homologous, homoeologous and paralogous sequence variants in an outbreeding allopolyploid species based on comparison with progenitor taxa|journal=Molecular Genetics and Genomics|language=en|volume=280|issue=4|pages=293–304|doi=10.1007/s00438-008-0365-y|pmid=18642031|s2cid=24487483|issn=1617-4615}}</ref>

== Cultivation and uses ==

===Forage===
White clover has been described as the most important forage legume of the [[temperate zones]].<ref>{{citation
  | last1 = Elgersma
  | first1 = Anjo
  | first2 = Jan
  | last2 = Hassink
  | title = Effects of white clover (''Trifolium repens'' L.) on plant and soil nitrogen and soil organic matter in mixtures with perennial ryegrass (''Lolium perenne'' L.)
  | journal = Plant and Soil
  | volume = 197
  | year = 1997
  | issue = 2
 | pages = 177–186| doi = 10.1023/A:1004237527970
 | bibcode = 1997PlSoi.197..177E
 | s2cid = 32120149
 }}</ref> Symbiotic nitrogen fixation (up to {{convert|545|kg/ha/year|lb/acre/year}} of N,<ref>{{citation
  | last1 = Carlsson
  | first1 = G.
  | first2 = K.
  | last2 = Huss-Danell
  | title = Nitrogen fixation in perennial forage legumes in the field
  | journal = Plant and Soil
  | volume = 253
  | year = 2003
  | issue = 2
 | pages = 353–372| doi = 10.1023/A:1024847017371
 | bibcode = 2003PlSoi.253..353C
 | s2cid = 42742227
 }}</ref> although usually much less, e.g. about {{convert|110 to 170|kg/ha/year|lb/acre/year}}<ref>Andrae, John.  2004. White clover establishment and management guide. B 1251. Univ. of Georgia Extension.</ref>) in root nodules of white clover obviates synthetic nitrogen fertilizer use for maintaining productivity on much temperate zone pasture land. White clover is commonly grown in mixtures with forage grasses, e.g. perennial ryegrass (''[[Lolium perenne]]'').<ref>Ulyatt, M. J., D. J. Thomson, D. E. Beever, R. T. Evans, and M. J. Haines. "The digestion of perennial ryegrass (''Lolium perenne'' cv. Melle) and white clover (''Trifolium repens'' cv. Blanca) by grazing cattle." British Journal of Nutrition 60, no. 01 (1988): 137–149.</ref><ref>Evans, D. R., and T. A. Williams. "The effect of cutting and grazing managements on dry matter yield of white clover varieties (''Trifolium repens'') when grown with S23 perennial ryegrass." Grass and Forage Science 42, no. 2 (1987): 153–159.</ref><ref>Moseley, G., and J. R. Jones. "The physical digestion of perennial ryegrass (''Lolium perenne'') and white clover (''Trifolium repens'') in the foregut of sheep." British Journal of Nutrition 52, no. 02 (1984): 381–390.</ref> Such mixtures can not only optimize livestock production, but can also reduce the bloat risk to livestock that can be associated with excessive white clover in pastures.<ref>Wolfe, E. C., and Alec Lazenby. "Bloat incidence and liveweight gain in beef cattle on pastures containing different proportions of white clover (''Trifolium repens'')." Animal Production Science 12, no. 55 (1972): 119–125.</ref> Such species mixtures also tend to avoid issues that could otherwise be associated with cyanogenic glycosides ([[linamarin]] and [[lotaustralin]]) intake on pure or nearly pure stands of some white clover varieties.<ref>Crush, J. R., and J. R. Caradus. "Cyanogenesis potential and iodine concentration in white clover (''Trifolium repens'' L.) cultivars." New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 38, no. 3 (1995): 309–316.</ref> However, problems do not inevitably arise with grazing on monocultures of white clover, and superior ruminant production is sometimes achieved on white clover monocultures managed to optimize sward height.<ref>{{citation
  | last1 = Orr
  | first1 = R. J.
  | first2 = A. J.
  | last2 = Parsons
  | first3 = P. D.
  | last3 = Penning
  | first4 = T. T. 
  | last4 =Treacher.
  | title = Sward composition, animal performance and the potential production of grass/white clover swards continuously stocked with sheep.
  | journal = Grass and Forage Science
  | volume = 45
  | year = 1990
  | issue = 3
 | pages = 325–336| doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2494.1990.tb01957.x
 | bibcode = 1990GForS..45..325O
 }}</ref>

The ''O''-methylated isoflavones [[formononetin]] and [[biochanin A]] play a role in arbuscular mycorrhiza formation on white clover roots,<ref>Siqueira, J. O., G. R. Safir, and M. G. Nair. "Stimulation of vesicular‐arbuscular mycorrhizal formation and growth of white clover by flavonoid compounds." New Phytologist 118, no. 1 (1991): 87–93.</ref> and foliar disease can stimulate production of estrogenic coumestans in white clover.<ref name="Adams1995">Adams, Norman R. "Detection of the effects of phytoestrogens on sheep and cattle." Journal of Animal Science 73, no. 5 (1995): 1509–1515.</ref> However, while there have been a few reports of phytoestrogenic effects of white clover on grazing ruminants,<ref name="Adams1995" /> these have been far less common than such reports regarding some varieties of subterranean clover (''[[Trifolium subterraneum]]'') and red clover (''[[Trifolium pratense]]''). Among forage plants, some white clover varieties tend to be favored by rather close grazing, because of their [[stolon]]iferous habit,<ref>Lane, L. A., J. F. Ayres and J. V. Lovett. "The pastoral significance, adaptive characteristics, and grazing value of white clover (''Trifolium repens'' L.) in dryland environments in Australia: a review." Animal Production Science 40, no. 7 (2000): 1033–1046.</ref><ref>Caradus, J. R. "Genetic diversity within white clover (''Trifolium repens'' L.)." In Proceedings Agronomy Society of NZ, vol. 24, p. 2. 1994.</ref> which can contribute to competitive advantage.

=== Companion planting, green manure, and cover crops === 
White clover grows well as a [[companion planting|companion plant]] among [[lawn]]s, [[grain]] crops, [[pasture]] grasses, and [[vegetable]] rows.<ref name="wotn" /> It is often added to [[lawn]] seed mixes, as it is able to grow and provide green cover in poorer soils where turfgrasses do not perform well. White clover can tolerate close [[mower|mowing]] and [[grazing]], and it can grow on many different [[soil classification|types]] and [[pH]]s of soil (although it prefers [[clay]] soils).<ref name="wotn" /> As a [[legume|leguminous]] and [[hardiness (plants)|hardy]] plant, it is considered to be a beneficial component of natural or organic [[pasture]] management and lawn care due to its ability to [[Nitrogen fixation|fix nitrogen]] and out-compete [[weed]]s. Natural nitrogen fixing reduces leaching from the soil and by maintaining [[soil health]] can reduce the incidence of some lawn diseases that are enhanced by the availability of synthetic fertilizer.<ref name="Tukey">''The Organic Lawn Care Manual'', Tukey, Storey Publishing. p 183.</ref> For these reasons, it is often used as a [[green manure]] and [[cover crop]].

=== Culinary uses ===
Besides making an excellent forage crop for [[livestock]],<ref name="urlTrifolium repens">{{cite web
 | last =Coladonato
 | first =Milo
 | title = ''Trifolium repens''
 | publisher = U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory
 | date =1993
 | url =http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/forb/trirep/all.html
 | access-date = 2015-07-26}}</ref> its leaves and flowers are a valuable survival food: they are high in [[protein]]s, and are widespread and abundant. The fresh plants have been used for centuries as additives to [[salads]] and other meals consisting of leafy vegetables.{{citation needed|date=September 2016}} They are not easy for humans to digest raw, but, this is however easily fixed by boiling the harvested plants for 5–10 minutes.<ref name="ewp">Lee Allen Peterson, ''Edible Wild Plants'', (New York City: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1977), P. 56.
</ref> Native Americans ate some species raw.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Reiner|first=Ralph E.|title=Introducing the Flowering Beauty of Glacier National Park and the Majestic High Rockies|publisher=Glacier Park, Inc.|year=1969|pages=10}}</ref> Dried white clover flowers may also be smoked as a herbal alternative to tobacco.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foragingtexas.com/2008/08/clover.html |title=Clover – White |publisher=Foraging Texas |access-date=2018-07-16}}</ref>

=== Medicinal uses ===
In India, ''T. repens'' is considered a folk medicine against intestinal helminthic worms, and an experimental in-vivo study validated that the aerial shoots of ''T. repens'' bear significant [[anticestodal]] (anti-tapeworm) properties.<ref>Yadav, A. K. 2004. Anticestodal activity of ''Trifolium repens'' extract. Pharmaceutical Biology 42: 656–658.</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Four-leaf clover]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
*{{citation
  | last1 = Frame
  | first1 = J.
  | last2 = Charlton
  | first2 = J.F.L.
  | last3 = Laidlaw
  | first3 = A.S.
  | title = Temperate Forage Legumes
  | year = 1998
  | publisher = CAB International
  | location = Wallingford, Oxon
  | isbn = 0851992145}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikiversity-bc|Trifolium repens}}
* [https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs144p2_046139.pdf United States Department of Agriculture ''Trifolium repens'' fact sheet] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720034910/https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs144p2_046139.pdf |date=2022-07-20 }}
* [https://www.motherearthnews.com/homesteading-and-livestock/masanobu-fukuoka-one-straw-revolution-zmaz78jazbur/ Mother Earth News, Masanobu Fukuoka 'One-Straw Revolution']
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dWlr3y_j404 Cyanogenesis in White Clover – video and commentary]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3LlUk4EbxY8 Root nodules of White Clover – video and commentary]

{{Taxonbar|from=Q148675}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Trifolium|repens]]
[[Category:Flora of Africa]]
[[Category:Flora of Europe]]
[[Category:Flora of Asia]]
[[Category:Medicinal plants of Europe]]
[[Category:Medicinal plants of Africa]]
[[Category:Garden plants of Europe]]
[[Category:Forages]]
[[Category:Nitrogen-fixing crops]]
[[Category:Groundcovers]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1753]]
[[Category:Plants used in traditional Native American medicine]]
[[Category:National symbols of the Republic of Ireland]]
[[Category:Melliferous flowers]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]