Editing Trill consonant

{{Short description|Type of consonant}}{{More footnotes|date=July 2018}}
{{IPA notice}}

In [[phonetics]], a '''trill''' is a [[consonant]]al sound [[manner of articulation|produced]] by vibrations between the [[active articulator]] and [[passive articulator]]. [[Standard Spanish]] {{angbr|[[rr (digraph)|rr]]}} as in {{Langx|es|perro|label=none}}, for example, is an [[alveolar trill]].

A trill is made by the articulator being held in place and the airstream causing it to vibrate. Usually a trill vibrates for 2–3 contacts, but may be up to 5, or even more if [[geminate consonant|geminate]].{{sfnp|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=218}} However, trills may also be produced with only one contact. While single-contact trills are similar to [[Flap consonant|taps and flaps]], a tap or flap differs from a trill in that it is made by a muscular contraction rather than airstream.{{sfnp|Ladefoged|Johnson|2010|p=175}} Individuals with [[ankyloglossia]] may have issues producing the trill sound.

== Phonemic trills ==
Trill consonants included in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]]:
* {{IPA|[r]}} – [[Voiced alveolar trill]]
* {{IPA|[r̥]}} – [[Voiceless alveolar trill]]
* {{IPA|[ʙ]}} – [[Voiced bilabial trill]]
* {{IPA|[ʙ̥]}} – [[Voiceless bilabial trill]] 
* {{IPA|[ɽ͡r]}} – [[Voiced retroflex trill]] 
* {{IPA|[ʀ]}} – [[Voiced uvular trill]]
* {{IPA|[ʀ̥]}} – [[Voiceless uvular trill]]
* {{IPA|[ʢ]}} – [[Voiced epiglottal trill]]
* {{IPA|[ʜ]}} – [[Voiceless epiglottal trill]]

In addition,
* {{IPA|[𝼀]}} – [[Velopharyngeal trill]]; the [[velopharyngeal fricative]] {{IPA|[ʩ]}} found in disordered speech sometimes involves trilling of the velopharyngeal port, producing a 'snort'.

The bilabial trill is uncommon. The coronal trill is most frequently [[alveolar consonant|alveolar]] {{IPA|[r͇]}}, but [[dental consonant|dental]] and [[postalveolar consonant|postalveolar]] articulations {{IPA|[r̪]}} and {{IPA|[r̠]}} also occur. An alleged [[retroflex trill]] found in [[Toda language|Toda]] has been transcribed {{IPA|[ɽ]}} (that is, the same as the [[retroflex flap]]), but might be less ambiguously written {{IPA|[ɽr]}}, as only the onset is retroflex, with the actual trill being alveolar. The epiglottal trills are identified by the IPA as fricatives, with the trilling assumed to be [[allophone|allophonic]]. However, analyzing the sounds as trills may be more economical.{{sfnp|Esling|2010|p=695}} There are also so-called [[strident vowel]]s which are accompanied by epiglottal trill.

The cells in the IPA chart for the [[velar consonant|velar]],{{why|date=August 2022}} [[pharyngeal consonant|(upper) pharyngeal]], and [[glottal consonant|glottal]] places of articulation are shaded as impossible. The glottis quite readily vibrates, but this occurs as the [[phonation]] of vowels and consonants, not as a consonant of its own. Dorso-palatal and velar vibratory motions of the tongue are occasionally produced, especially during the release of dorsal stops,{{sfnp|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=230}} and ''ingressive'' [[#Velar trill|velar trills]] occur in snoring, but not in normal speech. The upper pharyngeal tract cannot reliably produce a trill, but the epiglottis does, and epiglottal trills are pharyngeal in the broad sense.{{sfnp|Esling|2010|p=688}} A partially devoiced uvular or pre-uvular (i.e. between velar and uvular) trill {{IPA|[ʀ̝̊]}} with some frication occurs as a [[Syllable#Coda|coda]] allophone of {{IPA|/ʀ/}} in the [[Limburgish language|Limburgish]] dialects of [[Maastricht]] and [[Weert]].{{sfnp|Gussenhoven|Aarts|1999|p=156}}{{sfnp|Heijmans|Gussenhoven|1998|p=108}}

Voiceless trills occur phonemically in e.g. [[Welsh language|Welsh]] and [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]]. (See also [[voiceless alveolar trill]], [[voiceless retroflex trill]], [[voiceless uvular trill]].) Mangbetu and [[Ninde language|Ninde]] have phonemically voiceless bilabial trills.

The [[Czech language]] has two contrastive alveolar trills, one a fricative trill (written ''ř'' in the orthography). In the fricative trill the tongue is raised, so that there is audible [[fricative consonant|frication]] during the trill, sounding a little like a simultaneous {{IPA|[r]}} and {{IPA|[ʐ]}} (or {{IPA|[r̥]}} and {{IPA|[ʂ]}} when devoiced). A symbol for this sound, {{IPA|[ɼ]}}, has been dropped from the IPA, and it is now generally transcribed as a raised ''r'', {{IPA|[r̝]}}.

[[Yi language|Liangshan Yi]] ("Cool Mountain" Yi) has two "buzzed" or fricative vowels {{IPA|/u̝/, /i̝/}} (written ''ṳ, i̤'') which may also be trilled, {{IPA|[ʙ̝], [r̝]}}.

A number of languages have [[trilled affricate]]s such as {{IPA|[mbʙ]}} and {{IPA|[dʳ]}}. The [[Chapacura-Wanham languages|Chapakuran]] language [[Wariʼ language|Wariʼ]] and the [[Muran languages|Muran]] language [[Pirahã language|Pirahã]] have a very unusual trilled phoneme, a [[voiceless bilabially post-trilled dental stop]], {{IPA|[t̪͡ʙ̥]}}.

A nasal trill {{IPA|[r̃]}} has been described from some dialects of Romanian, and is posited as an intermediate historical step in [[Rhotacism (sound change)|rhotacism]]. However, the phonetic variation of the sound is considerable, and it is not clear how frequently it is actually trilled.{{sfnp|Sampson|1999|pp=312–3}} Some languages contrast /r, r̃/ like [[Toro-tegu Dogon]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=A Grammar of Toro Tegu (Dogon), Tabi mountain dialect|last=Heath|first=Jeffrey|year=2014|url=https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/123064/A?sequence=4}}</ref> and [[Inor_language|Inor]].

== Extralinguistic trills ==
A [[linguolabial consonant|linguolabial]] trill {{IPA|[r̼]}} is not known to be used phonemically but occurs when [[blowing a raspberry]].

{{anchor|Velar trill}}[[Snoring]] typically consists of vibration of the uvula and the [[soft palate]] (velum), which may be described as an [[ingressive sound|ingressive]] velic trill.<ref>University of Hawaii ''Working Papers in Linguistics'', 1969, Volume 1, Parts 4–6, Page 115.</ref><ref>'Velic' is the term in Pike (1948) for [[velopharyngeal]]: articulation between the upper surface of the velum and the back wall of the [[naso-pharynx]] (Bertil Malmberg & [[Louise Kaiser]], 1968, ''Manual of phonetics'', North-Holland, p. 325)</ref> Like the uvular trill, the ingressive velic trill does not involve the tongue; it is the velum that passively vibrates in the airstream. The ''[[Speculative Grammarian]]'' has proposed a jocular symbol for the sound (and also the sound used to imitate a pig's snort), a wide O with a double dot ([[Ꙫ]]), suggesting a pig's snout.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://specgram.com/CLI.3/02.letters.html|title=SpecGram—Letters to the Editor|work=specgram.com}}</ref> The [[Extensions to the IPA]] identifies an egressive fricative pronounced with this same configuration, common with a [[cleft palate]], as [[velopharyngeal]] {{IPA|[ʩ]}}, and with accompanying uvular trill as {{IPA|[ʩ𐞪]}} ({{IPA|[ʩ<sup>ʀ</sup>]}})<!--technically correct, but dispreferred by some because the superscript ʀ could be misunderstood as being a separate lightly articulated uvular trill, but that is not officially recognized as extIPA.--> or {{IPA|[𝼀]}} ([[File:Feng trill.svg|12px]]).<ref>Unicode support from 2021.</ref>

[[Lateral consonant|Lateral]] trills are also possible and may be pronounced by initiating {{IPA|[ɬ]}} or {{IPA|[ɮ]}} with an especially forceful airflow.  There is no symbol for them in the IPA. Lateral coronal trills are sometimes used to imitate [[bird call]]s, and are a component of [[Donald Duck talk]].{{citation needed|date=September 2015}} A [[labiodental trill]], {{IPA|[ʙ̪]}}, is most likely to be lateral, but laterality is not distinctive among labial sounds.{{citation needed|date=February 2020}}

[[Ejective consonant|Ejective]] trills are not known from any language although they are easy to produce. They may occur as [[linguistic mimesis|mimesis]] of a cat's purr.

== Summary ==
{|class=wikitable
|+Attested trilled consonants<br /><small>(excluding secondary phonations and articulations)<br />Sounds in double parentheses are only attested from mimesis.</small>
|- align=center
!
! [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! [[Linguolabial consonant|Linguo-<br />labial]]
! [[Dental consonant|Dental]]
! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! [[Postalveolar consonant|Post-<br />alveolar]]
! [[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! [[Uvular consonant|Uvular]]
! [[Velopharyngeal consonant|Velo-<br />pharyngeal]]
! [[Pharyngeal consonant|Pharyngeal]]
|- align=center
! simple
| {{IPA |ʙ̥}} {{IPA link|ʙ}}
| (({{IPA|r̼̊ r̼}}))
| {{IPA|r̪̊ r̪}}
| {{IPA link|r̥}} {{IPA|r}}
| {{IPA|r̠̊ r̠}}
| ({{IPA link|ɽr̥}} {{IPA link|ɽr}})
!
| {{IPA link|ʀ̥}} {{IPA|ʀ}}
!
|rowspan=2| {{IPA link|ʜ}} {{IPA link|ʢ}}
|- align=center
! [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| {{IPA|ʙ̝}}
| {{IPA|}}
| {{IPA|}}
| {{IPA link|r̝̊}} {{IPA link|r̝}}
| {{IPA|}}
| {{IPA|}}
!
| {{IPA link|ʀ̝̊}} {{IPA link|ʀ̝}}
!
|- align=center
! [[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
| {{IPA|p͡ʙ̥ b͜ʙ}}
| {{IPA|}}
| {{IPA|}}
| {{IPA|t͜r̊ d͜r}}
| {{IPA|}}
| {{IPA|}}
!
| {{IPA|}}
! 
|{{IPA link|ʡ͡ʜ}} {{IPA link|ʡ͡ʢ}}
|- align=center
! [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|
|
|
| {{IPA|r̃}}
|
|
!
|
| ({{IPA|𝼀}})
!
|- align=center
! [[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
| ({{IPA|ʙ̪}})
| colspan=7|(([[#Extralinguistic_trills|bird calls]]))
! colspan=2|
|- align=center
! [[Ejective consonant|Ejective]]
| colspan=8|(({{IPA|r̥ʼ}}))
! colspan=2|
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of phonetics topics]]
* [[Bronx cheer (gesture)]]

== References ==
<references />

== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{citation
|last=Esling
|first=John H.
|year=2010
|chapter=Phonetic Notation
|editor1-last=Hardcastle
|editor1-first=William J.
|editor2-last=Laver
|editor2-first=John
|editor3-last=Gibbon
|editor3-first=Fiona E.
|title=The Handbook of Phonetic Sciences
|edition=2nd
|pages=678–702
|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell
|doi=10.1002/9781444317251.ch18
|isbn=978-1-4051-4590-9
}}
* {{citation
|year=1999
|last1=Gussenhoven
|last2=Aarts
|first1=Carlos
|first2=Flor
|title=The dialect of Maastricht
|url=http://gep.ruhosting.nl/carlos/gussenhoven_aarts.pdf
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=29
|issue=2
|pages=155–166
|publisher=University of Nijmegen, Centre for Language Studies
|doi=10.1017/S0025100300006526
|s2cid=145782045
}}
* {{citation
|year=1998
|last1=Heijmans
|last2=Gussenhoven
|first1=Linda
|first2=Carlos
|title=The Dutch dialect of Weert
|url=http://gep.ruhosting.nl/carlos/weert.pdf
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=28
|issue=1–2
|pages=107–112
|doi=10.1017/S0025100300006307
|s2cid=145635698
}}
* {{SOWL|mode=cs2}}
* {{citation
|last1=Ladefoged
|first1=Peter
|authorlink1=Peter Ladefoged
|last2=Johnson
|first2=Keith
|year=2010
|title=A Course in Phonetics
|edition=6th
|publisher=Wadsworth
|isbn=978-1-42823126-9
}}
* {{citation
|last=Sampson
|first=Rodney
|year=1999
|title=Nasal Vowel Evolution in Romance
|publisher=Oxford University Press
|isbn=0-19-823848-7
}}
{{refend}}

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