Editing Tringa

{{Short description|Genus of birds}}
{{For|the commune of Mali|Tringa, Mali}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Common Greenshank & Common Redshank.jpg
| image_caption = [[Common greenshank]] (''Tringa nebularia'') and [[common redshank]] (''Tringa totanus'') at Cuckmere Haven, Sussex, England
| taxon = Tringa
| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]
| type_species = ''Tringa ochropus'' ([[green sandpiper]])
| type_species_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758
| subdivision_ranks = [[Species]]
| subdivision =
13, see text
| synonyms = *''Catatrophorus'' <small>Jardine, 1849 (unjustified emendation)</small>
* ''Catoptophorus'' <small>Des Murs, 1854 (unjustified emendation)</small>
* ''Catoptrophonus'' <small>Gray, 1871 (unjustified emendation)</small>
* ''Catoptrophorus'' <small>Bonaparte, 1827</small>
* ''Catorthrophorus'' <small>Brehm, 1855 (unjustified emendation)</small>
* ''Catroptophorus'' <small>Giebel, 1877 (unjustified emendation)</small>
* ''Helodromas''
* ''Heteroscelus'' <small>Baird, 1858</small>
* ''Pseudototanus''
* ''Rhyacophilus'' <small>Kaup, 1829</small>
* ''Rhyacophorus'' <small>Bonaparte, 1842 (unjustified emendation)</small>
* ''Rhyacophylus'' <small>Lillo, 1905 (unjustified emendation)</small>
* ''Rhynchophilus'' <small>Bonaparte, 1856 (unjustified emendation)</small>
* ''Rhyncophilus'' <small>Des Murs, 1854 (unjustified emendation)</small>
* ''Rhyocophilus'' <small>Bonaparte, 1854 (unjustified emendation)</small>
* ''Totanus'' <small>Bechstein, 1803</small>
* ''Trynga'' <small>Möhring, 1758 ([[International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature|suppressed]])</small>
}}

'''''Tringa''''' is a [[genus]] of [[wader]]s, containing the '''shanks''' and '''[[Tattler (bird)|tattlers]]'''. The genus name ''Tringa'' is the [[Neo-Latin]] name given to the [[green sandpiper]] by the Italian naturalist [[Ulisse Aldrovandi]] in 1599. They are mainly freshwater birds, often with brightly coloured legs as reflected in the English names of six species, as well as the [[specific name (zoology)|specific names]] of two of these and the [[green sandpiper]]. They are typically associated with northern hemisphere temperate regions for breeding. Some of this group—notably the green sandpiper—nest in trees, using the old nests of other birds, usually [[Thrush (bird)|thrushes]].

The [[willet]] and the tattlers have been found to belong in ''Tringa''; these genus changes were formally adopted by the [[American Ornithologists' Union]] in 2006.<ref>Pereira & Baker (2005), Banks ''et al.'' (2006)</ref>

The present genus in the old, more limited sense was even further subdivided into ''Tringa'' proper and ''[[Totanus]]'', either as [[subgenera]] or as full genera. The available [[DNA sequence]] data suggests however that neither of these is [[monophyletic]] and that the latter simply lumps together a number of more or less closely related [[apomorph]]ic species. Therefore, it seems unwarranted to recognize ''Totanus'' even as a subgenus for the time being.<ref>Ballmann (1969), Pereira & Baker (2005)</ref>

==Taxonomy==
The [[genus]] ''Tringa'' was introduced in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist [[Carl Linnaeus]] in the [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|tenth edition]] of his ''[[Systema Naturae]]''.<ref>{{cite book | last=Linnaeus | first=Carl | author-link=Carl Linnaeus | year=1758 | title= Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis | volume=1 | edition=10th | page=148 | publisher=Laurentii Salvii | location=Holmiae (Stockholm) | language=Latin | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/727055 }}</ref> The name ''Tringa'' is the [[Neo-Latin]] name given to the [[green sandpiper]] by the Italian naturalist [[Ulisse Aldrovandi]] in 1603 based on [[Ancient Greek]] ''trungas'', a thrush-sized, white-rumped, tail-bobbing wading bird mentioned by [[Aristotle]].<ref name=job>{{cite book |last=Jobling |first=James A |year=2010|title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | url=https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling | publisher=Christopher Helm |location=London |isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling/page/n390 390]}}</ref><ref>{{ cite book | last=Aldrovandi| first=Ulisse | author-link=Ulisse Aldrovandi | year=1603 | title=Vlyssis Aldrovandi philosophi ac medici Bononiensis historiam naturalem in gymnasio Bononiensi profitentis, Ornithologiae | volume=3 | language=Latin | location=Bononiae (Bologna, Italy) | publisher=Franciscum de Franciscis Senensem | pages=480–483, Lib. 20 Cap. 54  | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=by5gAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA480 }}<!--BHL have a 1637 edition with similar pagination--></ref><!--Vol 1 published in 1599 but Vol 3 in 1603--> The [[type species]] is the [[green sandpiper]] (''Tringa ochropus'').<ref>{{ cite book | editor-last=Peters | editor-first=James Lee | editor-link=James L. Peters | year=1934 | title=Check-List of Birds of the World | volume=2 | publisher=Harvard University Press | place=Cambridge, Massachusetts  | page=264 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14483077 }}</ref>

===Species===
The genus contains 13 species.<ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen | date=July 2021 | title=Sandpipers, snipes, coursers | work=IOC World Bird List Version 11.2 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/sandpipers/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=17 August 2021 }}</ref>
{{Species table |genus= Tringa |authority-name=[[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]] |authority-year=[[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]] |species-count=thirteen|no-note=y|narrow-percent=75}}

{{Species table/row
|name= [[Green sandpiper]] |binomial=[[Tringa ochropus]]
|image=File:Green Sandpiper (Tringa ochropus) (49138263006).jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt=
|authority-name=Linnaeus |authority-year=1758 |authority-not-original=yes
|range= southern Europe, the Indian Subcontinent, Southeast Asia, and tropical Africa.
|range-image=File:TringaOchropusIUCNver2019-2.png
|range-image-size=180px
|size=
|habitat=
|hunting=
|iucn-status= LC
|population=
|direction=
|subspecies=
}}

{{Species table/row
|name= [[Solitary sandpiper]] |binomial=[[Tringa solitaria]]
|image=File:Solitary Sandpiper - Flickr - Becky Matsubara.jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt=
|authority-name=Wilson |authority-year=1813 |authority-not-original=yes
|range= across Alaska and Canada.  wintering in Central and South America, especially in the Amazon River basin, and the Caribbean. I
|range-image=File:Tringa solitaria map.svg
|range-image-size=180px
|size=
|habitat=
|hunting=
|iucn-status= LC
|population=
|direction=
|subspecies={{Collapsible list |expand=yes |title=Two subspecies |bullets=on
|''T. s. cinnamomea'', <small>([[William Brewster (ornithologist)|Brewster]], 1890)</small>
|''T. s. solitaria'', <small>([[Alexander Wilson (ornithologist)|Wilson]], 1813)</small>
}}
}}

{{Species table/row
|name=[[Grey-tailed tattler]] |binomial=[[Tringa brevipes]]
|image=File:Kiashi-shigi.jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt=
|authority-name=Vieillot |authority-year=1816 |authority-not-original=yes
|range=  southeast Asia to Australia. 
|range-image=
|range-image-size=180px
|size=
|habitat=
|hunting=
|iucn-status= NT
|population=
|direction=
|subspecies=
}}

{{Species table/row
|name= [[Wandering tattler]] |binomial=[[Tringa incana]]
|image=File:Wandering_Tattler_(2018).jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt=
|authority-name=Gmelin, JF |authority-year=1789 |authority-not-original=yes
|range=  far-eastern Russia, Alaska, portions of the California coast and northwestern Canada. 
|range-image=File:Tringa incana map.svg
|range-image-size=180px
|size=
|habitat=
|hunting=
|iucn-status= LC
|population=
|direction=
|subspecies=
}}

{{Species table/row
|name= [[Spotted redshank]]|binomial=[[Tringa erythropus]]
|image=File:Dunkler Wasserlaeufer1.JPG|image-size=180px |image-alt=
|authority-name=Pallas |authority-year=1764 |authority-not-original=yes
|range= the Arctic across much of the Palearctic, from Lapland in the west to Chukotskaya in the east
|range-image=File:TringaErythropusIUCN.png
|range-image-size=180px
|size=
|habitat=
|hunting=
|iucn-status= LC
|population=
|direction=
|subspecies=
}}

{{Species table/row
|name=[[Greater yellowlegs]] |binomial=[[Tringa melanoleuca]]
|image=File:Greater yellowlegs (Tringa melanoleuca) foraging at Huntley Meadows, Alexandria, Virginia, USA.png|image-size=180px |image-alt=
|authority-name=Gmelin, JF |authority-year=1789 |authority-not-original=yes
|range=  Canada and Alaska.Atlantic and Pacific coasts of the United States, the Caribbean, and south to South America. 
|range-image=File:Tringa melanoleuca map.svg
|range-image-size=180px
|size=
|habitat=
|hunting=
|iucn-status= NT
|population=
|direction=
|subspecies=
}}

{{Species table/row
|name=[[Common greenshank]] |binomial=[[Tringa nebularia]]
|image=File:Common Greenshank - chillika lake.jpeg|image-size=180px |image-alt=
|authority-name=Gunnerus|authority-year= 1767 |authority-not-original=yes
|range= northern Scotland eastwards across northern Europe and east across the Palearctic
|range-image=File:TringaNebulariaIUCNver2018 2.png
|range-image-size=180px
|size=
|habitat=
|hunting=
|iucn-status= LC
|population=
|direction=
|subspecies=
}}

{{Species table/row
|name=[[Willet]] |binomial=[[Tringa semipalmata]]
|image=File:W6501-crop.jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt=
|authority-name=Gmelin, JF|authority-year= 1789 |authority-not-original=yes
|range= 
|range-image=File:Tringa semipalmata map.svg
|range-image-size=180px
|size=
|habitat=
|hunting=
|iucn-status= LC
|population=
|direction=
|subspecies={{Collapsible list |expand=yes |title=Two subspecies |bullets=on
| ''T. s. semipalmata'' <small>eastern willet</small>
| ''T. s. inornata'' <small>western willet</small>
}}
}}

{{Species table/row
|name= [[Lesser yellowlegs]]|binomial=[[Tringa flavipes]]
|image=File:Lesser yellowlegs bunche beach (31791842132).jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt=
|authority-name=Gmelin, JF |authority-year=1789 |authority-not-original=yes
|range=  Gulf coast of the United States, the Caribbean, and south to South America
|range-image=File:Tringa flavipes map.svg
|range-image-size=180px
|size=
|habitat=
|hunting=
|iucn-status= VU
|population=
|direction=
|subspecies=
}}

{{Species table/row
|name= [[Nordmann's greenshank]]|binomial=[[Tringa guttifer]]
|image=File:Nordmann's Greenshank Tringa guttifer by Raju Kasambe DSCN3885 03.jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt=
|authority-name=Nordmann|authority-year= 1835 |authority-not-original=yes
|range=  eastern Russia along the south-western and northern coasts of the Sea of Okhotsk and on Sakhalin Island. South Korea, mainland China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan on passage, and in Bangladesh, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam and Peninsular Malaysia 
|range-image=
|range-image-size=180px
|size=
|habitat=
|hunting=
|iucn-status= EN
|population=
|direction=
|subspecies=
}}

{{Species table/row
|name=[[Marsh sandpiper]] |binomial=[[Tringa stagnatilis]]
|image=File:Marsh sandpiper 20.jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt=
|authority-name=Bechstein|authority-year= 1803 |authority-not-original=yes
|range=  Africa and India, and some migrating to Southeast Asia and Australia. T
|range-image=File:TringaStagnatilisIUCNver2018 2.png
|range-image-size=180px
|size=
|habitat=
|hunting=
|iucn-status= LC
|population=
|direction=
|subspecies=
}}

{{Species table/row
|name= [[Common redshank]]|binomial=[[Tringa totanus]]
|image=|image-size=180px |image-alt=
|authority-name=Linnaeus |authority-year=1758 |authority-not-original=yes
|range=  across temperate Eurasia. 
|range-image=File:TringaTotanusIUCN2019 2.png
|range-image-size=180px
|size=
|habitat=
|hunting=
|iucn-status= LC
|population=
|direction=
|subspecies={{Collapsible list |expand=yes |title=Six subspecies |bullets=on
| ''T. t. robusta'' ([[Eiler Lehn Schiøler|Schiøler]], 1919)
| ''T. t. totanus'' (Linnaeus, 1758)
| ''T. t. ussuriensis'' [[Sergei Buturlin|Buturlin]], 1934
| ''T. t. terrignotae'' [[Richard Meinertzhagen|Meinertzhagen, R.]] & [[Annie Meinertzhagen|Meinertzhagen, A.]], 1926 
| ''T. t. craggi'' Hale, 1971 
| ''T. t. eurhina'' ([[Harry C. Oberholser|Oberholser]], 1900)
}}
}}

{{Species table/row
|name=[[Wood sandpiper]] |binomial=[[Tringa glareola]]
|image=File:Tringa glareola a2.JPG|image-size=180px |image-alt=
|authority-name=Linnaeus |authority-year=1758 |authority-not-original=
|range=  subarctic wetlands, from the Scottish Highlands in the west, east across Eurasia and the Palearctic.  Africa, South Asia (particularly India) and Australia. 
|range-image=
|range-image-size=180px
|size=
|habitat=
|hunting=
|iucn-status= LC
|population=
|direction=
|subspecies=
}}
{{Species table/end}}


==Systematics and evolution==
[[File:WanderingTattler23.jpg|thumb|right|[[Wandering tattler]] (''Tringa incana''), formerly in ''Heteroscelus'']]
[[File:Catoptrophorus-semipalmatus-001.jpg|thumb|right|[[Willet]] (''Tringa semipalmata''), formerly in [[monotypic]] ''Catoptrophorus'']]
The shanks' and tattlers' closest relatives are [[sandpiper]]s of the genera ''[[Actitis]]'' and ''[[Terek sandpiper|Xenus]]''. Together with these, they are related to the [[phalaropes]], as well as the [[turnstone]]s and [[calidrid]]s.<ref name=vantuinenetal2004>van Tuinen ''et al.'' (2004)</ref> The large [[genus]] ''Tringa'' and the two very small genera which are most closely related form a [[phylogeny]] similar to the situation found in many other shorebird lineages such as [[calidrid]]s, [[snipe]]s and [[woodcock]]s, or [[gull]]s.

The same study<ref name=vantuinenetal2004 /> has indicated that some [[Morphology (biology)|morphological]] characters such as details of the [[furcula]] and [[pelvis]] have evolved [[convergent evolution|convergently]] and are no indicators of close relationship. Similarly, the leg/foot color wildly varies between close relatives, with the [[spotted redshank]], the [[greater yellowlegs]], and the [[common greenshank]] for example being more closely related among each other than to any other species in the group; the ancestral coloration of the legs and feet was fairly certainly drab buffish as in e.g. the [[green sandpiper]]. On the other hand, the molecular [[phylogeny]] reveals that the general habitus and size as well as the overall plumage pattern are good indicators of an evolutionary relationship in this group.

The [[Nordmann's greenshank]], a rare and [[endangered species]], was not available for molecular analyses. It is fairly aberrant and was formerly placed in the [[monotypic]] genus ''Pseudototanus''. It appears closest overall to the ''semipalmata-flavipes'' and the ''stagnatilis-totanus-glareola'' groups, though it also has some similarities to the [[greater yellowlegs]] and [[common greenshank]].

===Fossil record<ref name=Mlíkovský2002>Mlíkovský (2002)</ref>===
[[Fossil]] shanks are known since the [[Miocene]], possibly even since the [[Eocene|Eo-]]/[[Oligocene]] some 33-30 [[million years ago]] (mya) which would be far earlier than most extant genera of birds. However, it is uncertain whether ''Tringa edwardsi'' indeed belongs into the present-day genus or is a distinct, ancestral form. The time of the ''Tringa''-''[[Actitis]]''-''[[Xenus (bird)|Xenus]]''-''[[Phalaropus]]'' divergence has been tentatively dated at 22 mya, the beginning of the Miocene;<ref>Paton ''et al.'' (2003)</ref> even if the dating is largely conjectural, it suggests that ''T. edwardsi'' does indeed not belong into the modern genus. Molecular dating<ref>Pereira & Baker (2005)</ref>—which is not too reliable, however—indicates that the diversification into the known lineages occurred between 20 and 5 mya. The fossil record contains species formerly separated in ''Totanus'' from the Early Miocene onwards. Although these are usually known from very scant remains, the fact that apparently [[apomorph]]ic ''Tringa'' as well as a putative phalarope are known from about 23-22 mya indicates that the shank-phalarope group had already diverged into the modern genera by the start of the Miocene. The [[biogeography]] of living and fossil species—notably, the rarity of the latter in well-researched [[North America]]n sites—seems to suggest that ''Tringa'' originated in Eurasia. Time and place neatly coincide with the disappearance of the last vestiges of the [[Turgai Sea]], and this process may well have been a major factor in the separation of the genera in the shank-phalarope [[clade]]. Still, scolopacids are very similar osteologically, and many of the early fossils of presumed shanks require revaluation.<ref name=Mlíkovský2002 />
* ?''Tringa edwardsi'' (Quercy Late Eocene/Early Oligocene of Mouillac, France)
* ?''Tringa gracilis'' (Early Miocene of WC Europe) – [[calidrid]]?
* ?''Tringa lartetianus'' (Early Miocene of Saint-Gérand-le-Puy, France)
* ''Tringa'' spp. (Early Miocene of Ravolzhausen, Germany – Early Pleistocene of Europe)<ref>Apparently at least three species at Stránská skála (Czech Republic, Early Pleistocene) for example: Mlíkovský (2002)</ref>
* ?''Tringa grivensis'' (Middle Miocene of Grive-Saint-Alban, France)
* ?''Tringa majori'' (Middle Miocene of Grive-Saint-Alban, France)<!-- Geobios2:157 -->
* ?''Tringa minor'' (Middle Miocene of Grive-Saint-Alban, France) – includes ''"Erolia" ennouchii''; calidriid?<!-- Geobios2:157 -->
* ?''Tringa grigorescui'' (Middle Miocene of Ciobăniţa, Romania)
* ?''Tringa scarabellii'' (Late Miocene of Senigallia, Italy)
* ''Tringa'' sp. 1 (Late Miocene/Early Pliocene of Lee Creek Mine, USA)
* ''Tringa'' sp. 2 (Late Miocene/Early Pliocene of Lee Creek Mine, USA)
* ?''Tringa numenioides'' (Early Pliocene of Odesa, Ukraine)
* ''Tringa antiqua'' (Late Pliocene of Meade County, USA)
* ''Tringa ameghini'' (Late Pleistocene of Talara Tar Seeps, Peru)

''"Tringa" hoffmanni'' is now in ''[[Ludiortyx]]''. While its relationships are disputed, it was not a charadriiform.

==See also==
* [[Hybridisation in shorebirds]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
{{Commons category}}
* Ballmann, Peter (1969): Les Oiseaux miocènes de la Grive-Saint-Alban (Isère) [The Miocene birds of Grive-Saint-Alban (Isère)]. ''[[Geobios]]'' '''2''': 157–204. [French with English abstract] {{doi|10.1016/S0016-6995(69)80005-7}}
* Banks, Richard C.; Cicero, Carla; Dunn, Jon L.; Kratter, Andrew W.; Rasmussen, Pamela C.; Remsen, J.V. Jr.; Rising, James D. & Stotz, Douglas F. (2006): [http://www.aou.org/checklist/Suppl47.pdf Forty-seventh Supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union Check-list of North American Birds]. ''[[Auk (journal)|Auk]]'' '''123'''(3): 926–936. [[Digital Object Identifier|DOI]]: 10.1642/0004-8038(2006)123[926:FSTTAO]2.0.CO;2
* Mlíkovský, Jirí (2002): ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20110520101755/http://www.nm.cz/download/JML-18-2002-CBE.pdf Cenozoic Birds of the World, Part 1: Europe]''. Ninox Press, Prague. <small>{{Listed Invalid ISBN|80-901105-3-8}}</small> <!-- This should be treated with extreme caution as regards merging of species. Splits are usually good though. See also critical review in Auk121:623-627 here http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3793/is_200404/ai_n9396879 -->
* [[Storrs Olson|Olson, Storrs L.]] (1985): Section X.D.2.b. Scolopacidae. ''In:'' Farner, D.S.; King, J.R. & Parkes, Kenneth C. (eds.): ''Avian Biology'' '''8''': 174–175. Academic Press, New York.
* Paton, Tara A.; Baker, Allan J.; Groth, J.G. & Barrowclough, G.F. (2003): "RAG-1 sequences resolve phylogenetic relationships within charadriiform birds." ''[[Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|Mol. Phylogenet. Evol.]]'' '''29'''(2): 268–278. <small>{{doi|10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00098-8}} {{PMID|13678682}}</small>
* Pereira, Sérgio Luiz & Baker, Alan J. (2005): [http://individual.utoronto.ca/sergiolp/pdf/Condor2005.pdf Multiple Gene Evidence for Parallel Evolution and Retention of Ancestral Morphological States in the Shanks (Charadriiformes: Scolopacidae)]{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=no }}. ''[[Condor (journal)|Condor]]'' '''107'''(3): 514–526. <small>[[Digital Object Identifier|DOI]]: 10.1650/0010-5422(2005)107[0514:MGEFPE]2.0.CO;2</small>
* van Tuinen, Marcel; Waterhouse, David & Dyke, Gareth J. (2004): [http://www.stanford.edu/group/hadlylab/images/Lab%20Members/Marcel/JAB2004.PDF_1.pdf Avian molecular systematics on the rebound: a fresh look at modern shorebird phylogenetic relationships]. ''[[Journal of Avian Biology|J. Avian Biol.]]'' '''35'''(3): 191–194. <small>{{doi|10.1111/j.0908-8857.2004.03362.x}}</small>

{{Scolopacidae|2}}
{{Charadriiformes|S.|state=collapsed}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q41972}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Tringa| ]]
[[Category:Bird genera]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
[[Category:Taxa described in 1758]]