Editing Triphyophyllum

{{Short description|Genus of carnivorous plants}}
{{speciesbox
|image = Triphyophyllum peltatum 10 (Dioncophyllaceae) © W. Barthlott.jpg
|image_caption = Climbing adult ''Triphyophyllum'' with hooked leaves
|genus = Triphyophyllum
|parent_authority = [[Herbert Kenneth Airy Shaw|Airy Shaw]] 
|species = peltatum
|authority = ([[John Hutchinson (botanist)|Hutch.]] & [[John McEwan Dalziel|Dalziel]]) [[Herbert Kenneth Airy Shaw|Airy Shaw]]
|range_map = Triphyophyllum distribution.svg
|range_map_caption = ''Triphyophyllum'' is native to Guinea, Ivory Coast, Liberia, and Sierra Leone<ref name = "POWO a" />
|synonyms = 
*''Dioncophyllum peltatum'' {{au|Hutch. & Dalziel}}
|synonyms_ref = <ref name = "POWO a" />
}}

'''''Triphyophyllum peltatum''''' is a facultatively carnivorous,<ref name = "Walker, 2023">Walker, C. (2023). [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41477-023-01450-9 Triggered by phosphorous [''sic''] deficiency.] Nature Plants, 9(6), 853-853.</ref> up to 60 m tall vine<ref name = "Cross & Krueger, 2020">Cross, A., Krueger, T., Restoration Ecology Lab, Ecological Health Network, & Missouri Botanical Garden. (2020, November 26). Save me, Seymour! The increasingly dire plight of Darwin’s “Most wonderful plants in the world.” Natural History of Ecological Restoration. Retrieved March 28, 2025, from https://mbgecologicalrestoration.wordpress.com/2020/11/26/save-me-seymour-the-increasingly-dire-plight-of-darwins-most-wonderful-plants-in-the-world/</ref> in the monotypic genus '''''Triphyophyllum''''' {{IPAc-en|ˌ|t|r|ɪ|f|i|oʊ-|ˈ|f|ɪ|l|əm}} in the family [[Dioncophyllaceae]] native to tropical western Africa, in Guinea, Ivory Coast, Liberia, and Sierra Leone<ref name = "POWO b" /> where it grows in tropical rainforest.<ref name = "Cross & Krueger, 2020" />

==Description==
[[File:Triphyophyllum peltatum 8 (Dioncophyllaceae) © W. Barthlott.jpg|thumb|Flower, Fruit and ripe seed of the adult plant]]
[[File:Triphyophyllum peltatum 13 (Dioncophyllaceae) © W. Barthlott.jpg|thumb|Juvenile non climbing insectivorous stage of ''Triphyophyllum'' with entire leaves and a single glandular insectivorous leaf resembling those of ''[[Drosophyllum]]'']]
[[File:Triphyophyllum peltatum 2 beschnitten (Dioncophyllaceae) © W. Barthlott.jpg|thumb|Unfurling tip of a juvenile insectivorous leaf with stalked glands in the SEM]]
===Vegetative characteristics===
It is a facultatively carnivorous,<ref name = "Walker, 2023" /> heterophyllous,<ref name = "Green et al., 1979" /> up to 60 m tall vine<ref name = "Cross & Krueger, 2020" /> with glabrous, terete stems.<ref name = "Porembski & Barthlott, 2003" /> It has a three-stage lifecycle, each with a different shaped leaf, as indicated by its Greek name. In the first stage, ''T. peltatum'' forms a rosette of simple lanceolate [[Dracaena (plant)|Dracaena]]-like leaves about seven inches (18 cm) in length with undulate margins. At times when there is insufficient [[phosphorus]] in the soil<ref name=winkelmann>{{cite journal | last1=Winkelmann | first1=Traud | last2=Bringmann | first2=Gerhard | last3=Herwig | first3=Anne | last4=Hedrich | first4=Rainer | title=Carnivory on demand: phosphorus deficiency induces glandular leaves in the African liana ''Triphyophyllum peltatum'' | journal=New Phytologist | volume=239 | issue=3 | date=2023 | issn=0028-646X | doi=10.1111/nph.18960|doi-access=free| pages=1140–1152| pmid=37191044 |quote=confirmation of phosphorus starvation to be essential and sufficient}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| last=Simons | first=Paul | title=Plantwatch: why does a rainforest vine turn into a part-time carnivore? |newspaper=The Guardian | date=17 April 2024 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2024/apr/17/plantwatch-why-does-a-rainforest-vine-turn-into-a-part-time-carnivore}}</ref> it develops long, slender, glandular, [[circinate]] leaves up to fourteen inches (35 cm) in length and bearing two sorts of glands, and resembling those of the related ''[[Drosophyllum]]'', which capture insects; there being one to three of these leaves in each rosette.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.redfernnaturalhistory.com/stock/images/triphyophyllum-peltatum-15/ |title=''Triphyophyllum peltatum'' - Redfern Natural History |website=www.redfernnaturalhistory.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319022540/http://www.redfernnaturalhistory.com/stock/images/triphyophyllum-peltatum-15/ |archive-date=2017-03-19}}</ref>  In the plant's adult liana form it has short non-carnivorous leaves bearing a pair of "[[grappling hook]]s" <ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.carnivoria.eu/photogallery/photos/trip.jpg | title=Image of ''Triphyophyllum'' leaves | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216144030/http://www.carnivoria.eu/photogallery/photos/trip.jpg | archive-date=2018-02-16}}</ref> at their tips on a long twining stem which can become {{convert|165|ft|m|abbr=off|sp=us}} in length and {{convert|4|in|cm|spell=in}} thick.<ref>George Cheer, A GUIDE TO CARNIVOROUS PLANTS OF THE WORLD (Pymble, New South Wales, Aust.: Angus and Robertson, 1992) p. 122.</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Slack | first= Adrian | date= 1980 | title= Carnivorous Plants | location= Cambridge, Massachusetts | publisher= Massachusetts Institute of Technology | page= 231-232 (Appendix 2) | ISBN= 9781899296132 }}</ref> ''T. peltatum'' is the largest of all confirmed [[Carnivorous plant|carnivorous plants]] in the world, but its carnivorous nature did not become known until 1979, some 51 years after the plant's discovery.<ref name = "Green et al., 1979">Green, S., Green, T. L., & Heslop-Harrison, Y. (1979). [https://academic.oup.com/botlinnean/article-abstract/78/2/99/2680576 Seasonal heterophylly and leaf gland features in ''Triphyophyllum'' (Dioncophyllaceae), a new carnivorous plant genus.] Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 78(2), 99-116.</ref>

===Generative characteristics===
The axillary,<ref name = "Slack, 2000" /><ref name = "Fibres, 2012" /> branched,<ref name = "GFFP" /> cymose, few-flowered<ref name = "Fibres, 2012" /> or many-flowered inflorescence bears up to 80 small, ephemeral,<ref name = "GFFP" /> fragrant,<ref name = "Slack, 2000" /> white to pink,<ref name = "GFFP">''Triphyophyllum'', das Hakenblatt. (n.d.). Gesellschaft Für Fleischfressende Pflanzen. Retrieved March 28, 2025, from https://www.carnivoren.org/karnivoren/gattungen/triphyophyllum/</ref> bisexual, actinomorphic, pedicellate flowers.<ref name = "Fibres, 2012" /> The pedicel is up to 3 cm long. The flower has 5 triangular, 2 mm long sepals, and 5 obovate, 13 mm long petals.<ref name = "Fibres, 2012" /> The androecium consists of 10 stamens.<ref name = "Fibres, 2012" /><ref name = "Porembski & Barthlott, 2003" /> The style is very short.<ref name = "Porembski & Barthlott, 2003">Porembski, S., Barthlott, W. (2003). [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-662-07255-4_19 Dioncophyllaceae.] In: Kubitzki, K., Bayer, C. (eds) Flowering Plants · Dicotyledons. The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants, vol 5. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. </ref> The up to 4 cm wide, 1-seeded,<ref name = "Fibres, 2012" /> 4–5-valved capsule fruit<ref name = "Porembski & Barthlott, 2003" /><ref name = "Fibres, 2012" /> bears discoid, papery,<ref name = "Fibres, 2012" /> flat, winged, circular, pink to red,<ref name = "Slack, 2000" /> 5–8<ref name = "Porembski & Barthlott, 2003" />(–10) cm wide seeds<ref name = "Schmid-Hollinger">Schmid-Hollinger, R. (n.d.). ''Triphyophyllum peltatum'' (“Hakenblatt”). Retrieved March 30, 2025, from https://www.bio-schmidhol.ch/de/Fleischfressende_Pflanzen/triphyophyllum</ref><ref name = "Slack, 2000">Slack, A. (2000). [https://www.google.de/books/edition/Carnivorous_Plants/ROS4xtUpMFwC?hl=de&gbpv=1&dq=Triphyophyllum&pg=PA231&printsec=frontcover Carnivorous Plants.] pp. 231–232. Vereinigtes Königreich: MIT Press.</ref> with an up to 5.5 cm long [[funiculus]] extending beyond the fruit.<ref name = "Fibres, 2012" /> Most of the seed's development occurs ''outside'' the fruit.<ref>John Hutchinson and J. M. Dalziel, "Tropical African Plants II" KEW BULLETIN (1928) pp. 31-32. (Under the name Dioncophyllum peltatum).</ref> The seeds are wind-dispersed.<ref name = "Porembski & Barthlott, 2003" /><ref name = "Stach & Timmann, 2006" />
===Cytology===
The chromosome count is 2n = 24,<ref name = "Porembski & Barthlott, 2003" /><ref name = "Fibres, 2012" /> 36.<ref name = "Fibres, 2012">[https://www.google.de/books/edition/Fibres/AspmAgAAQBAJ?hl=de&gbpv=1&dq=Triphyophyllum&pg=PA438&printsec=frontcover Fibres.] pp. 438–440. (2012). Niederlande: Prota Foundation.</ref>

==Taxonomy==
''Triphyophyllum peltatum'' was first described as ''Dioncophyllum peltatum'' {{au|Hutch. & Dalziel}}  by [[John Hutchinson (botanist)|John Hutchinson]] and [[John McEwan Dalziel]] in 1927.<ref name = "POWO a">''Triphyophyllum peltatum'' (Hutch. & Dalziel) Airy Shaw. (n.d.). Plants of the World Online. Retrieved March 28, 2025, from https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:317595-1</ref> It was moved to a new monotypic genus ''Triphyophyllum'' {{au|Airy Shaw}} as ''Triphyophyllum peltatum'' {{au|(Hutch. & Dalziel) Airy Shaw}} by [[Herbert Kenneth Airy Shaw]] in 1952.<ref name = "POWO b">''Triphyophyllum'' Airy Shaw. (n.d.). Plants of the World Online. Retrieved March 28, 2025, from https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:14246-1</ref><ref name = "POWO a" />
===Etymology===
The generic name ''Triphyophyllum'' is derived from ''tri'' meaning ''three'',<ref>HarperCollins Publishers Limited. (n.d.). Definition of “tri-.” Collins Online Dictionary. Retrieved March 29, 2025, from https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/tri</ref> ''phyo'' meaning ''to grow'',<ref>Auden, H. W., & Taylor, A. E. (1906). [https://ia801306.us.archive.org/7/items/minimumofgreekha00audeuoft/minimumofgreekha00audeuoft.pdf A Minimum of Greek: A Hand Book of Greek Derivatives for the Greek-less Classes of Schools and for Students of Science.] p. 28. Morang & Company, Limited.</ref> and ''phyllum'' meaning ''leaf''.<ref>Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). -phyllum. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved March 29, 2025, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/-phyllum</ref> It refers to the three growth stages of the plant with three different types of leaves.<ref name=winkelmann /> The specific epithet ''peltatum'' means ''shield-like''<ref>South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI). (n.d.-c). ''Pelargonium peltatum'' (L) L’Hér. PlantZAfrica. Retrieved March 29, 2025, from https://pza.sanbi.org/pelargonium-peltatum</ref> and refers to the discoid seeds,<ref name = "Stach & Timmann, 2006">Stach, G., & Timmann, L. (2006, February 11). Species: ''Triphyophyllum peltatum'' (Hutchinson & Dalziel) Airy Shaw, {1952}. Die Karnivoren-Datenbank. Retrieved March 30, 2025, from https://www.fleischfressendepflanzen.de/db/species.ffp?id=35</ref> which have a long stalk that extends the seed beyond the capsule fruit.<ref name = "Fibres, 2012" />

==Distribution and habitat==
''Triphyophyllum'' is found in Guinea, Ivory Coast, Liberia, and Sierra Leone,<ref name = "POWO b" /> where it occurs in primary<ref name = "Porembski & Barthlott, 2003" /> and old secondary dry evergreen rainforests. The habitat has a 6–7 month dry season. The acid, nutrient-poor soil is shallow.<ref name = "Green et al., 1979" />

==Conservation==
It is a rare and endangered species.<ref name=winkelmann />

==Cultivation==
''Triphyophylum peltatum'' is difficult to cultivate.<ref name=winkelmann/><ref>{{cite journal | last1=Bringmann | first1=Gerhard | last2=Schlauer | first2=Jan | last3=Wolf | first3=Kristina | last4=Rischer | first4=Heiko | last5=Buschbom | first5=Uwe | last6=Kreiner | first6=Andreas | last7=Thiele | first7=Friedrich | last8=Duschek | first8=Martin | last9=Assi | first9=Laurent Ake | title=Cultivation of ''Triphyophyllum peltatum'' (Dioncophyllaceae), the part-time carnivorous plant | journal=Carnivorous Plant Newsletter | volume=28 | issue=1 | date=1999-03-01 | doi=10.55360/cpn281.gb418|doi-access=free| pages=7–13}}</ref> It is cultivated in several botanical gardens: [[Botanic Garden of Würzburg University|Würzburg]], [[Leibniz University Hannover|Hannover]],<ref name = "Universität Würzburg, 2023">Mangel weckt den Appetit auf Fleisch. (2023, May 16). Universität Würzburg. Retrieved March 30, 2025, from https://www.uni-wuerzburg.de/aktuelles/pressemitteilungen/single/news/mangel-weckt-den-appetit-auf-fleisch/</ref> [[Abidjan]], [[Bonn]], [[Cambridge University]] and [[Würzburg]]{{Citation needed|date=April 2024}}, and is exceedingly rare in private collections.

==Uses==
[[File:Triphyophyllum compounds.svg|thumb|right|''Triphyophyllum'' compounds; top left: R = -H: Habropetalin A; R = -OH: Dioncophyllin A.; bottom left: Dioncophyllin; bottom right: Dioncophyllin C.]]
''Triphyophyllum peltatum'' is traditionally used in folk medicine in the treatment of elephantiasis,<ref name = "Fibres, 2012" /><ref name = "Porembski & Barthlott, 2003" /> and malaria.<ref name = "Porembski & Barthlott, 2003" /> It produces many pharmaceutically active secondary metabolites, some of which have been found to have strong antiplasmodial activity. Some metabolites were found to have antitumoral and anti-multiple myeloma activity.<ref name=winkelmann/> The stems are used as tying material.<ref name = "Fibres, 2012" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.sarracenia.com/faq/faq5560.html The Carnivorous Plant FAQ: About ''Triphyophyllum'']
* Bringmann, G., H. Rischer, J. Schlauer, K. Wolf, A. Kreiner, M. Duschek & L.A. Assi 2002. {{cite web|url= http://carnivorousplants.org/cpn/articles/CPNv31n2p44_52.pdf |title=The Tropical Liana ''Triphyophyllum peltatum'' (Dioncophyllaceae): Formation of Carnivorous Organs is only a facultative prerequisite for shoot elongation. }}&nbsp;{{small|(1.30&nbsp;[[Mebibyte|MiB]])}} ''[[Carnivorous Plant Newsletter]]'' '''31'''(2): 44–52.
* Bringmann, G., J. Schlauer, K. Wolf, H. Rischer, U. Buschbom, A. Kreiner, F. Thiele, M. Duschek & L.A. Assi 1999. {{cite web|url= http://carnivorousplants.org/cpn/articles/CPNv28n1p7_13.pdf |title=Cultivation of ''Triphyophyllum peltatum'' (Dioncophyllaceae), the part-time carnivorous plant. }}&nbsp;{{small|(1.25&nbsp;[[Mebibyte|MiB]])}} ''[[Carnivorous Plant Newsletter]]'' '''28'''(1): 7–13.
* Bringmann, G., M. Wenzel, H.P. Bringmann & J. Schlauer 2001. {{cite web|url= http://carnivorousplants.org/cpn/articles/CPNv30n1p15_21.pdf |title=Uptake of the amino acid alaninie by digestive leaves: proof of carnivory in the tropical liana ''Triphyophyllum peltatum'' (Dioncophyllaceae). }}&nbsp;{{small|(434&nbsp;[[Kibibyte|KiB]])}} ''[[Carnivorous Plant Newsletter]]'' '''30'''(1): 15–21.
* Jonathan 1992. {{cite web|url= http://carnivorousplants.org/cpn/articles/CPNv21n3p51_53.pdf |title=A letter from Sierra Leone. }}&nbsp;{{small|(541&nbsp;[[Kibibyte|KiB]])}} ''[[Carnivorous Plant Newsletter]]'' '''21'''(3): 51–53.
* Rice, B. 2007. Carnivorous plants with hybrid trapping strategies. ''[[Carnivorous Plant Newsletter]]'' '''36'''(1): 23–27.
* Simons, P. 1981. {{cite web|url= http://carnivorousplants.org/cpn/articles/CPNv10n3p65_68_79_80.pdf |title=How Exclusive are Carnivorous Plants? }}&nbsp;{{small|(1.10&nbsp;[[Mebibyte|MiB]])}} ''[[Carnivorous Plant Newsletter]]'' '''10'''(3): 65–68, 79–80.

{{CarnivorousPlants}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q17410325|from2=Q1569921}}

[[Category:Caryophyllales]]
[[Category:Carnivorous plants of Africa]]
[[Category:Flora of Guinea]]
[[Category:Flora of Ivory Coast]]
[[Category:Flora of Liberia]]
[[Category:Flora of Sierra Leone]]
[[Category:Monotypic Caryophyllales genera]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1927]]
[[Category:Taxa named by John Hutchinson (botanist)]]
[[Category:Taxa named by John McEwan Dalziel]]

{{Caryophyllales-stub}}