Editing Trisodium phosphate

{{Distinguish|Sodium triphosphate}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{chembox
| Verifiedfields = changed
| Watchedfields = changed
| verifiedrevid = 476995898
| Reference=<ref>''[[Merck Index]]'', 12th Edition, '''8808'''.</ref>
| ImageFile1 = Trisodium phosphate.png
| ImageName1 = Trisodium phosphate
| ImageClass1 = skin-invert
| ImageFile2 = Trisodium phosphate 3D.jpg
| ImageCaption2 = {{legend|rgb(144, 64, 232)|Sodium, Na}}{{legend|orange|Phosphorus, P}}{{legend|red|Oxygen, O}}
| ImageFile3 = Trisodium phosphate hydrate.jpg
| ImageCaption3 = Trisodium phosphate hydrate
| IUPACName = Trisodium phosphate
| OtherNames = {{ubl|Sodium phosphate|Sodium phosphate tribasic|Trisodium orthophosphate}}
|Section1={{Chembox Identifiers
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
| ChemSpiderID = 22665
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| UNII = SX01TZO3QZ
| UNII1_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| UNII1 = B70850QPHR
| UNII1_Comment = (dodecahydrate)
| KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}}
| KEGG = D09000
| InChI = 1/3Na.H3O4P/c;;;1-5(2,3)4/h;;;(H3,1,2,3,4)/q3*+1;/p-3
| InChIKey = RYFMWSXOAZQYPI-DFZHHIFOAM
| ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
| ChEBI = 37583
| SMILES = [O-]P(=O)([O-])[O-].[Na+].[Na+].[Na+]
| ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
| ChEMBL = 363100
| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChI = 1S/3Na.H3O4P/c;;;1-5(2,3)4/h;;;(H3,1,2,3,4)/q3*+1;/p-3
| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChIKey = RYFMWSXOAZQYPI-UHFFFAOYSA-K
| CASNo = 7601-54-9
| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
| CASNo2_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
| CASNo2 = 10101-89-0
| CASNo2_Comment = (dodecahydrate)<!-- also CAS-verified -->
| PubChem=24243
| EINECS = 231-509-8
| RTECS = TC9575000<br />{{ATC|V10|XX01}} ([[Phosphorus-32|{{chem2|^{32}P}}]])
 }}
|Section2={{Chembox Properties
| Formula = {{chem2|Na3PO4}}
| Na=3|P=1|O=4
| Appearance = White, granular or crystalline solid
| Density = 2.536 g/cm<sup>3</sup> (17.5&nbsp;°C, anhydrous)<br /> 1.62 g/cm<sup>3</sup> (20&nbsp;°C, dodecahydrate)<ref name=cec>{{cite book|title = Concise Encyclopedia Chemistry|url = https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope00eagl|url-access = registration|editor-last = Eagleson|editor-first = Mary|publisher = Walter de Gruyter|year = 1994|page = 1000|isbn = 978-3-11-011451-5|access-date = 2014-05-25}}</ref><ref name=chemister /><ref name=chemister2 />
| Solubility = {{ubl|anhydrous:<ref name=chemister>{{cite web | url=http://chemister.ru/Database/properties-en.php?dbid=1&id=780 | title=Sodium phosphate}}</ref>|5.4 g/(100 mL) (0&nbsp;°C)|12&nbsp;g/(100 mL) (20&nbsp;°C)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.vinvicta.com.au/information/TrisodiumPhosphateMSDS.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=25 May 2014 |archive-date=14 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314020923/http://www.vinvicta.com.au/information/TrisodiumPhosphateMSDS.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref>|14.5 g/(100 mL) (25&nbsp;°C)|23.3 g/(100 mL) (40&nbsp;°C)|94.6 g/(100 mL) (100&nbsp;°C)|dodecahydrate:<ref name=chemister2>{{cite web | url=http://chemister.ru/Database/properties-en.php?dbid=1&id=781 | title=Sodium phosphate dodecahydrate}}</ref>|28.3 g/(100 mL) (20&nbsp;°C)}}
| SolubleOther = Insoluble in [[ethanol]], [[carbon disulfide]]<ref name=chemister2 />
| MeltingPtC = 1583
| MeltingPt_notes = (anhydrous)<ref name=chemister /><br>{{convert|73.4|C|F K}} (dodecahydrate)<ref name=chemister2 />
| BoilingPtC = 100
| BoilingPt_notes = (dodecahydrate) decomposes<ref name=chemister2 />
| pKb = 2.23
 }}
|Section3={{Chembox Structure
| Coordination =
| CrystalStruct = [[Trigonal]]
 }}
|Section5={{Chembox Thermochemistry
| HeatCapacity = 665 J/(mol·K) (dodecahydrate)<ref name=chemister2 />
| Entropy = 224.7 J/(mol·K) (anhydrous)<ref name=chemister /><br>660 J/(mol·K) (dodecahydrate)<ref name=chemister2 />
| DeltaHf = −1935.5 kJ/mol (anhydrous)<ref name=chemister /><br>−5480 kJ/mol (dodecahydrate)<ref name=chemister2 />
| DeltaGf = −1819 kJ/mol (anhydrous)<ref name=chemister />
| DeltaHc =
}}
|Section6={{Chembox Pharmacology
| ATCCode_prefix = A06
| ATCCode_suffix = AD17
| ATC_Supplemental = {{ATC|A06|AG01}} {{ATC|B05|XA09}}
}}
|Section7={{Chembox Hazards
| Hazards_ref = <ref name="sigma">{{Sigma-Aldrich|id=342483|name=Sodium phosphate|accessdate=2014-05-25}}</ref>
| ExternalSDS = [http://www.ilo.org/legacy/english/protection/safework/cis/products/icsc/dtasht/_icsc11/icsc1178.htm ICSC 1178]
| GHSPictograms = {{GHS05}}{{GHS07}}
| GHSSignalWord = Danger
| HPhrases = {{H-phrases|315|318|335}}
| PPhrases = {{P-phrases|261|280|305+351+338}}
| NFPA-H = 2
| NFPA-F = 0
| NFPA-R = 1
| NFPA-S =
| FlashPt = Non-flammable
 }}
|Section8={{Chembox Related
| OtherCations = {{ubl|[[Tripotassium phosphate]]|[[Triammonium phosphate]]|[[Trimagnesium phosphate]]}}
| OtherCompounds = {{ubl|[[Monosodium phosphate]]|[[Disodium phosphate]]}}
 }}
}}

'''Trisodium phosphate''' (TSP) is an [[inorganic compound]] with the [[chemical formula]] {{chem2|Na3PO4|auto=1}}. It is a white, granular or crystalline solid, highly soluble in water, producing an [[alkaline]] solution. TSP is used as a [[cleaning agent]], [[Builder (detergent)|builder]], [[lubricant]], [[food additive]], [[stain remover]], and [[degreaser]].<ref name=Ullmann />

As an item of commerce TSP is often partially [[hydrated]] and may range from [[anhydrous]] {{chem2|Na3PO4}} to the [[hydrate|dodecahydrate]] {{chem2|Na3PO4*12H2O}}. Most often it is found in white powder form. It can also be called '''trisodium orthophosphate''' or simply '''[[sodium phosphate]]'''.

== Production ==
Trisodium phosphate is produced by neutralization of [[phosphoric acid]] using [[sodium carbonate]], which produces [[disodium hydrogen phosphate]]. The disodium hydrogen phosphate is reacted with [[sodium hydroxide]] to form trisodium phosphate and water.
:{{chem2 | Na2CO3 + H3PO4 -> Na2HPO4 + CO2 + H2O }}
:{{chem2 | Na2HPO4 + NaOH -> Na3PO4 + H2O }}

== Uses ==

=== Cleaning ===
Trisodium phosphate was at one time extensively used in formulations for a variety of consumer-grade soaps and detergents, and the most common use for trisodium phosphate has been in cleaning agents. The [[pH]] of a 1% solution is 12 (i.e., very [[Basic (chemistry)|basic]]), and the solution is sufficiently alkaline to [[saponification|saponify]] grease and oils. In combination with [[surfactants]], TSP is an excellent agent for cleaning everything from laundry to concrete driveways. This versatility and low manufacturing price made TSP the basis for a plethora of cleaning products sold in the mid-20th century.

TSP is still sold and used as a cleaning agent. Its use has diminished in the United States and many other parts of the world because, like many phosphate-based cleaners, it is known to cause extensive [[eutrophication]] of lakes and rivers once it enters a water system.<ref>[https://www.npr.org/2010/12/15/132072122/it-s-not-your-fault-your-dishes-are-still-dirty Dishes Still Dirty? Blame Phosphate-Free Detergent], ''National Public Radio'', 15 December 2010</ref>

Although it is still the active ingredient in some toilet bowl-cleaning tablets, TSP is generally not recommended for cleaning bathrooms because it can stain metal fixtures and can damage [[grout]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.naturalhandyman.com/iip/infxtra/inftsp.html |title=TSP&nbsp;... Cleaning for the Big Dogs |work=Home Repair and Do It Yourself Tips and Articles from the Natural Handyman |publisher=Natural Handyman}}</ref>

=== Chlorination ===
With the formula {{chem2|4Na3PO4*[[sodium hypochlorite|NaOCl]]*44H2O}} the material called chlorinated trisodium phosphate is used as a [[disinfectant]] and [[bleach]], like [[sodium hypochlorite]]. It is prepared using NaOCl in place of some of the [[base (chemistry)|base]] to neutralize [[phosphoric acid]].<ref name=Ullmann>Klaus Schrödter, Gerhard Bettermann, Thomas Staffel, Friedrich Wahl, Thomas Klein, Thomas Hofmann "Phosphoric Acid and Phosphates" in ''Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry'' 2008, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. {{doi|10.1002/14356007.a19_465.pub3}}</ref>

=== Flux ===
In the U.S., trisodium phosphate is an approved flux for use in [[brazing|hard soldering]] joints in [[medical-grade]] copper plumbing. The flux is applied as a concentrated water solution and dissolves copper oxides at the temperature used in copper brazing. Residues are water-soluble and can be rinsed out before plumbing is put into service.

TSP is used as an ingredient in fluxes designed to deoxygenate nonferrous metals for casting. It can be used in ceramic production to lower the flow point of glazes.

=== Painting enhancement ===
TSP is still in common use for the cleaning, degreasing, and deglossing of walls prior to painting. TSP breaks the gloss of [[oil-based paint]]s and opens the pores of [[Acrylic paint|latex-based paint]], providing a surface better suited for the adhesion of the subsequent layer.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://naturalhandyman.com/qa/qapaintprep.html|title = Painting Preparation Q&A|last = Alonzy|first = Jerry}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=March 2011}}

=== Food additive ===
[[Sodium phosphates]] including [[monosodium phosphate]], [[disodium phosphate]], and trisodium phosphate are approved as food additives in the EU. They are commonly used as acidity regulators and have the collective [[E number]] '''E339'''.<ref name=FSA6>[http://www.food.gov.uk/safereating/chemsafe/additivesbranch/enumberlist#anchor_7 Current EU approved additives and their E Numbers], [[Food Standards Agency]], 26 November 2010</ref> The United States [[Food and Drug Administration]] lists sodium phosphates as [[generally recognized as safe]].<ref>[https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=182.1778 21CFR182.1778], [[Code of Federal Regulations]]</ref><ref>[http://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?SID=936d3874344a3267898259b7a3369fb0&mc=true&node=se21.3.182_11778&rgn=div8 21CFR182.1778], Electronic [[Code of Federal Regulations]]</ref>

=== Exercise performance enhancement ===
Trisodium phosphate has gained a following as a nutritional supplement that can improve certain parameters of exercise performance.<ref name="Folland">{{cite journal |vauthors=Folland JP, etal | journal = Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport | year = 2008 | volume = 11 | pages = 464–468 | pmid = 17569583 | title = Sodium phosphate loading improves laboratory cycling time-trial performance in trained cyclists. | issue = 5 | doi = 10.1016/j.jsams.2007.04.004}}</ref> The basis of this belief is the fact that [[phosphate]] is required for the energy-producing [[Krebs cycle]] central to aerobic metabolism. [[Phosphate]]s are available from a number of other sources that are much milder than TSP.

== Regulation ==
In the Western world, phosphate usage has declined because of damage it causes to lakes and rivers through [[eutrophication]].

=== Substitutes ===
{{See also|Cleaning products and the environment}}
By the end of the 20th century, many products that formerly contained TSP were manufactured with TSP substitutes, which consist mainly of [[sodium carbonate]] along with various admixtures of nonionic surfactants and a limited percentage of sodium phosphates.

Products sold as TSP substitutes, containing [[soda ash]] and [[zeolites]], are promoted as direct substitutes. However, sodium carbonate is not as strongly basic as trisodium phosphate, making it less effective in demanding applications.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} Zeolites, which are clay based, are added to laundry detergents as water softening agents and are essentially non-polluting; however, zeolites do not dissolve and can deposit a fine, powdery residue in the wash tub.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} Cleaning products labeled as TSP may contain other ingredients, with perhaps less than 50% trisodium phosphate.<ref>[http://www.dap.com/docs/msds/00079403001_english.pdf MSDS] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100926035651/http://dap.com/docs/msds/00079403001_english.pdf |date=26 September 2010}} for Dap TSP cleaner</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics1178.htm Safety data from IPCS INCHEM]
*[http://www.ilo.org/legacy/english/protection/safework/cis/products/icsc/dtasht/_icsc11/icsc1178.htm International Chemical Safety Card 1178]

{{Commons category|Trisodium phosphate|position=left}}

{{Sodium compounds}}
{{Phosphates}}
{{Laxatives}}

[[Category:Cleaning product components]]
[[Category:Food additives]]
[[Category:Phosphates]]
[[Category:Sodium compounds]]
[[Category:Photographic chemicals]]
[[Category:Edible thickening agents]]
[[Category:E-number additives]]