Editing True parrot

{{Short description|Superfamily of birds}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = True parrots
| image = Araras-canindé em Campo Grande.jpg
| image_caption = [[Blue-and-yellow macaw]]s at Campo Grande, Brazil
| taxon = Psittacoidea
| authority = [[Johann Karl Wilhelm Illiger|Illiger]], 1811
| subdivision_ranks = Families
| subdivision =
[[Psittacidae]]<br/>
[[Psittrichasiidae]]<br/>
[[Psittaculidae]]
}}

The '''true parrots''' are about 350 species of hook-billed, mostly [[herbivorous]] [[bird]]s forming the superfamily '''Psittacoidea''', one of the three superfamilies in the [[order (biology)|biological order]] [[Psittaciformes]] (parrots).{{#tag:ref|The other superfamilies are the Cacatuoidea ([[cockatoo]]s) and New Zealand [[Strigopoidea]] which are also [[parrots]], but not classified as true parrots.|group=Notes}} True parrots are widespread, with species in [[Mexico]], [[Central America|Central]] and [[South America]], [[sub-Saharan Africa]], [[India]], [[Southeast Asia]], [[Australia]], and eastwards across the [[Pacific Ocean]] as far as [[Polynesia]].  The true parrots include many of the familiar parrots including [[macaw]]s, [[conure]]s, [[lorikeet]]s, [[eclectus]], [[Amazon parrot]]s, [[grey parrot]], and [[budgerigar]]. Most true parrots are colourful and flighted, with a few notable exceptions.{{#tag:ref|4 species are ground dwelling: three in genus ''[[Pezoporus]]'' and the [[Antipodes parakeet]].|group=Notes}}

==Overview==
{{Unreferenced section|date=January 2014}}
True parrots have a [[beak]] with a characteristic curved shape, the [[jaw]] with a mobility slightly higher than where it connects with the skull, and a generally upright position. They also have a large cranial capacity and are one of the most intelligent bird groups. They are good fliers and skillful climbers on branches of trees.

Some species can [[Talking bird|imitate the human voice]] and other sounds, although they do not have vocal cords, instead possessing a vocal organ at the base of the [[Vertebrate trachea|trachea]] known as the [[Syrinx (bird anatomy)|syrinx]].<ref name="Vocal-Tract Filtering by Lingual Articulation in a Parrot">{{cite journal |last1=Beckers |first1=Gabriël J.L. |last2=Nelson |first2=Brian S. |last3=Suthers |first3=Roderick A. |title=Vocal-Tract Filtering by Lingual Articulation in a Parrot |journal=Current Biology |date=7 September 2004 |volume=14 |issue=17 |pages=1592-1597 |pmid=15341748 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982204006190 |access-date=13 April 2024}}</ref>

Like most parrots, the Psittacidae are primarily seed eaters. Some variation is seen in the diet of individual species, with fruits, nuts, leaves, and even insects and other animal prey being taken on occasion by some species.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Barnett |first=Adrian A. |last2=Todd |first2=Lucy M. |last3=de Oliveira |first3=Tadeu G. |date=2018 |title=Leaf-slicing behavior in the Blue-headed Parrot (Pionus menstruus) in central Amazonia is likely linked to highly selective caterpillar predation |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26875971 |journal=The Wilson Journal of Ornithology |volume=130 |issue=3 |pages=809–813 |issn=1559-4491}}</ref> The lorikeets are predominantly [[nectar]] feeders;<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Frankel |first=T. L. |last2=Avram |first2=D. |date=2001 |title=Protein requirements of rainbow lorikeets, Trichoglossus haematodus |url=http://www.publish.csiro.au/?paper=ZO01005 |journal=Australian Journal of Zoology |language=en |volume=49 |issue=4 |pages=425 |doi=10.1071/ZO01005 |issn=0004-959X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> many other parrots drink nectar, as well.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schweizer |first=Manuel |last2=Güntert |first2=Marcel |last3=Seehausen |first3=Ole |last4=Leuenberger |first4=Christoph |last5=Hertwig |first5=Stefan T. |date=2014 |title=Parallel adaptations to nectarivory in parrots, key innovations and the diversification of the L oriinae |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ece3.1131 |journal=Ecology and Evolution |language=en |volume=4 |issue=14 |pages=2867–2883 |doi=10.1002/ece3.1131 |issn=2045-7758 |pmc=4130445 |pmid=25165525}}</ref> Most Psittacidae are cavity-nesting birds which form monogamous pair bonds.

=== Evolution ===
It is believed that the breakup of the final remnants of Gondwana, when [[South America]] drifted away from [[Antarctica]] and [[Australia]] at the end of the Eocene, kickstarted the separate radiations of psittacids in South America and psittaculids in [[Australasia]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Selvatti |first=Alexandre Pedro |last2=Galvão |first2=Ana |last3=Mayr |first3=Gerald |last4=Miyaki |first4=Cristina Yumi |last5=Russo |first5=Claudia Augusta de Moraes |date=21 August 2022 |title=Southern hemisphere tectonics in the Cenozoic shaped the pantropical distribution of parrots and passerines |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jbi.14466 |journal=[[Journal of Biogeography]] |language=en |volume=49 |issue=10 |pages=1753–1766 |doi=10.1111/jbi.14466 |issn=0305-0270 |access-date=4 March 2025 |via=Wiley Online Library|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

===Distribution and habitat===
The true parrots are distributed throughout the tropical and subtropical regions of the world, mostly in the [[Southern Hemisphere]], covering many different [[habitat]]s, from the humid tropical [[forest]]s to [[desert]]s in [[Australia]], [[India]], [[Southeast Asia]], [[sub-Saharan Africa]], [[Central America|Central]] and [[South America]], and two species, one extinct (the [[Conuropsis carolinensis|Carolina parakeet]]), formerly in the United States. However, the larger populations are native to [[Australasia]], [[South America]], and [[Central America]].

==Conservation status==
Many species are classified as [[threatened]] by the [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] (see [[IUCN Red List]] of birds), as well as national and nongovernmental organizations. Trade in birds and other wild animals is governed by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES).  Nearly all parrots are listed on CITES appendices, trade limited or prohibited. [[Animal trapping|Trapping]] wild parrots for the [[wildlife trade|pet trade]], [[hunting]], [[habitat loss]], and [[competition]] from [[invasive species]] have diminished wild populations, with parrots being subjected to more exploitation than any other group of birds.<ref>Snyder, N; McGowan, P;  Gilardi, J;  & A Grajal (2000), ''[http://www.parrots.org/index.php/ourpublication/papfiles/ Parrots: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan, 2000-2004]''. Chapter 1. vii. [[IUCN]] {{ISBN|2-8317-0504-5}}. Chapter 1. vii.</ref>  Of the animals removed from the wild to be sold, very few survive during capture and transport, and those that do often die from poor conditions of captivity, poor diet, and stress.  Measures taken to conserve the habitats of some high-profile [[charismatic megafauna|charismatic species]] have also protected many of the less charismatic species living in the same [[ecosystem]]s.<ref name="Chapter2p12">Snyder, N; McGowan, P; Gilardi, J; & A Grajal (2000), ''[http://www.parrots.org/index.php/ourpublication/papfiles/ Parrots: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan, 2000-2004]''. Chapter 1. vii. [[IUCN]] {{ISBN|2-8317-0504-5}}. Chapter 2. page 12.</ref>

About 18 species of parrots have gone extinct since 1500 (see [[List of extinct birds#Psittaciformes]]), nearly all in superfamily Psittacoidea.

==Taxonomy==
{{Further|Parrot#Taxonomy}}
<div class="noprint">
{{cladogram|width=300|cladogram=
{{clade|style=font-size:75%;line-height:75%
|label1=[[Psittaciformes]]
|1={{clade
   |label1=
   |1={{clade
      |label1='''[[Psittacoidea]]'''
      |1={{clade
         |1={{clade
            |label1=[[Psittaculidae]]
            |1={{clade
               |1={{clade
                  |1={{clade
                     |1={{clade
                            |1=[[Agapornithinae]]
                            |2=[[Loriinae]]
                        }}
                     |2=[[Platycercinae]]
                     }}
                  |2=[[Psittacellinae]]
                  }}
               |2=[[Psittaculinae]]
               }}
            |label2=[[Psittrichasiidae]]
            |2={{clade
               |1=[[Psittrichasinae]]
               |2=[[Coracopsinae]]
               }}
            }}
         |label2=
         |2={{clade
            |label1=[[Psittacidae]]
            |1={{clade
               |1=[[Arinae]]
               |2=[[Psittacinae]]
               }}
            }}
         }}
      |2=[[Cacatuoidea]]
      }}
   |2=[[Strigopoidea]]
   }}
}}
|caption=Phylogeny and relationships of Psittacoidea<ref name=Joseph2012/>
}}
</div>

The parrot family Psittacidae (along with the family Cacatuidae comprising the order Psittaciformes) was traditionally considered to contain two [[subfamily|subfamilies]], the [[Psittacinae]] (typical parrots and allies) and the Loriinae ([[lories and lorikeets]]).<ref name="Collar, N.">{{cite book|last=del Hoyo|title=Handbook of Birds of the World, Vol.4|year=1997|publisher=Lynx Editions|page=281}}</ref>  However,  the tree of the parrot family now has been reorganized under the superfamily Psittacoidea: family Psittacidae has been split into three families, tribes Strigopini and Nestorini split out and placed under superfamily Strigopoidea and a new monotypic superfamily Cacatuoidea created containing family Cacatuidae.<ref name=Joseph2012/>

The following classification is based on the most recent proposal, which in turn is based on all the relevant recent findings.<ref name=Joseph2012>{{cite journal | last1 = Joseph | first1 = Leo | last2 = Toon | first2 = Alicia | last3 = Schirtzinger | first3 = Erin E. | last4 = Wright | first4 = Timothy F. | last5 = Schodde | first5 = Richard | year = 2012 | title = A revised nomenclature and classification for family-group taxa of parrots (Psittaciformes) | journal = Zootaxa | volume = 3205 | pages = 26–40 | doi = 10.11646/zootaxa.3205.1.2 }}</ref><ref name="White">{{cite journal|title=The evolutionary history of cockatoos (Aves: Psittaciformes: Cacatuidae)|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|year=2011|volume=59|pages=615–622|author1= Nicole E. White|author2=Matthew J. Phillips|author3=M. Thomas P. Gilbert|author4=Alonzo Alfaro-Núñez|author5=Eske Willerslev|author6=Peter R. Mawson|author7=Peter B.S. Spencer|author8=Michael Bunce|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2011.03.011|pmid=21419232|issue=3|url=http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/4397/1/history_of_cockatoos.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Schweizer2011">{{cite journal|title=Macroevolutionary patterns in the diversification of parrots: effects of climate change, geological events and key innovations|year=2011|author1=Manuel Schweizer, Ole Seehausen  |author2=Stefan T. Hertwig |name-list-style=amp |journal=Journal of Biogeography |volume=38|issue=11|pages=2176–2194|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2699.2011.02555.x|url=https://www.dora.lib4ri.ch/eawag/islandora/object/eawag%3A8824}}</ref><ref name="Joseph2011">{{cite journal|title=Molecular systematics of two enigmatic genera ''Psittacella'' and ''Pezoporus'' illuminate the ecological radiation of Australo-Papuan parrots (Aves: Psittaciformes)|author1=Leo Joseph |author2=Alicia Toon |author3=Erin E. Schirtzinger |author4=Timothy F. Wright |year=2011|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=59|pages=675–684|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2011.03.017|pmid=21453777|issue=3}}</ref><ref name="Wright">{{cite journal|title=A Multilocus Molecular Phylogeny of the Parrots (Psittaciformes): Support for a Gondwanan Origin during the Cretaceous|journal=Mol Biol Evol|year=2008|first=T.F. |last=Wright |author2=Schirtzinger E. E. |author3=Matsumoto T. |author4=Eberhard J. R. |author5=Graves G. R. |author6=Sanchez J. J. |author7=Capelli S. |author8=Muller H. |author9=Scharpegge J. |author10=Chambers G. K.  |author11=Fleischer R. C.|volume=25|issue=10|pages=2141–2156|pmid=18653733|doi=10.1093/molbev/msn160|pmc=2727385}}</ref><ref name="Schweizer2010">{{cite journal|title=The evolutionary diversification of parrots supports a taxon pulse model with multiple trans-oceanic dispersal events and local radiations|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|year=2009|first=M. |last=Schweizer |author2=Seehausen O |author3=Güntert M |author4=Hertwig ST|volume=54|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2009.08.021 |pmid=19699808 |issue=3 |pages=984–94}}</ref><ref name=deKloet>{{cite journal|last=de Kloet|first=RS|author2=de Kloet SR |year=2005|title=The evolution of the spindlin gene in birds: Sequence analysis of an intron of the spindlin W and Z gene reveals four major divisions of the Psittaciformes|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=36|pages=706–721|pmid=16099384|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2005.03.013|issue=3}}</ref>

Family [[Psittacidae]], New World and African parrots
*Subfamily [[African parrot|Psittacinae]]: Two African genera, ''[[Psittacus]]'' and ''[[Poicephalus]]''
*Subfamily [[Neotropical parrot|Arinae]]
**Tribe [[Arini (tribe)|Arini]]: 17 genera, and one extinct genus
**Tribe [[Androglossini]]: seven genera
**clade (proposed tribe ''Amoropsittacini'') four genera
**clade (proposed tribe ''Forpini'') one genus
**(other tribes) five genera
Family [[Psittrichasiidae]], Indian Ocean island parrots
*Subfamily [[Pesquet's parrot|Psittrichasinae]]: one species, [[Pesquet's parrot]]
*Subfamily [[Vasa parrot|Coracopsinae]]: one genus with several species
Family [[Psittaculidae]], Asian and Australasian parrots, and lovebirds
*Subfamily [[Platycercinae]]
** Tribe [[Pezoporini]]: ground parrots and allies
** Tribe [[Broad-tailed parrot|Platycercini]]: broad-tailed parrots
*Subfamily [[Tiger parrot|Psittacellinae]]: one genus (''[[Tiger parrot|Psittacella]]'') with several species
*Subfamily [[Loriinae]]
** Tribe [[Lories and lorikeets|Loriini]]: lories and lorikeets
** Tribe [[Budgerigar|Melopsittacini]]: one species, the [[budgerigar]]
** Tribe [[Fig parrot|Cyclopsittini]]: fig parrots
*Subfamily [[Agapornithinae]]: three genera
*Subfamily [[Psittaculinae]]
** Tribe [[Polytelini]]: three genera
** Tribe [[Psittaculini]]: Asian psittacines
** Tribe [[Pygmy parrot|Micropsittini]]: [[pygmy parrot]]s

==Species lists==
*[[list of parrots|Species list sortable alphabetically by common or scientific name]]
*[[list of parrots (family)|Species list in taxonomic order]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Bruce Thomas Boehner - ''Parrot Culture. Our 2,500-year-Long Fascination with the World's Most Talkative Bird'' (2004)

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=Notes}}

==External links==
{{Commons|Psittacidae}}
{{Wikispecies|Psittacidae}}
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*{{EOL|1591}}
*{{ITIS |id=177405 |taxon=Psittacidae}}
*[http://ibc.lynxeds.com/family/parrots-psittacidae Parrot videos] on the Internet Bird Collection

{{Taxonbar|from=Q13624220}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:True Parrots}}
[[Category:Parrots|*]]
[[Category:Psittacidae|*]]