Editing Tsat language

{{short description|Austronesian language spoken in Hainan, China}}
{{lead extra info|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox language
| name             = Tsat
| states           = [[China]]
| region           = [[Hainan]]
| ethnicity        = [[Utsul]]
| speakers         = 4,500
| date             = 2007
| ref              = e18
| familycolor      = Austronesian
| fam2             = [[Malayo-Polynesian languages|Malayo-Polynesian]]
| fam3             = [[Malayo-Sumbawan languages|Malayo-Sumbawan]] (?)
| fam4             = [[Chamic languages|Chamic]]
| fam5             = Highlands
| fam6             = Northern Chamic
| iso3             = huq
| glotto           = tsat1238
| glottorefname    = Tsat
| altname          = Hainan Cham
}}

'''Tsat''', also known as '''Utsat''', '''Utset''', '''Hainan Cham''', or '''Huihui''' ({{zh|s=回辉语|t=回輝語|p=Huíhuīyǔ}}), is a [[Tone (linguistics)|tonal]] [[Austronesian language]] spoken by 4,500 [[Utsul]] people in the Huihui and Huixin villages near the city of [[Sanya]] in [[Hainan]], [[China]]. Tsat is a member of the [[Malayo-Polynesian languages|Malayo-Polynesian]] group within the Austronesian language family, and is one of the [[Chamic languages]] originating on the coast of present-day [[Vietnam]]. It is thus closely related to [[Acehnese language|Acehnese]], [[Cham language|Cham]] and [[Jarai language|Jarai]].

==Phonology==

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" |
![[Labial consonant|Labial]]
![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! rowspan="3" |[[Plosive consonant|Plosive]]
!<small>[[Voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>
|{{IPA link|p}}
|{{IPA link|t}}
|
|{{IPA link|k}}
|{{IPA link|ʔ}}
|-
!<small>[[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]</small>
|{{IPA link|pʰ}}
|{{IPA link|tʰ}}
|
|{{IPA link|kʰ}}
|
|-
!<small>[[Implosive consonant|implosive]]</small>
|{{IPA link|ɓ}}
|{{IPA link|ɗ}}
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Affricate]]
|
|{{IPA link|ts}}
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
!<small>[[Voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>
|
|{{IPA link|s}}
|
|
|{{IPA link|h}}
|-
!<small>[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
|{{IPA link|v}}
|{{IPA link|z}}
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|{{IPA link|m}}
|{{IPA link|n}}
|{{IPA link|ɲ}}
|{{IPA link|ŋ}}
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
|
|{{IPA link|l}}
|
|
|
|}

*Sounds /ts, s/ may also be pronounced as [tɕ, ɕ] when before /i/.

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!
![[Front vowel|Front]]
![[Central vowel|Central]]
![[Back vowel|Back]]
|- align="center"
![[Close vowel|Close]]
|{{IPA link|i}}
|
|{{IPA link|u}}
|- align="center"
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]
|{{IPA link|e}}
|{{IPA link|ə}}
|{{IPA link|o}}
|- align="center"
![[Open vowel|Open]]
|
|{{IPA link|a}} {{IPA link|aː}}
|
|}

* Final glide sounds [j, w] may also occur as a realization of /i/, /u/ at the end of falling diphthongs.<ref>Thurgood & Li (2014)</ref>

== Tonogenesis ==
Hainan Cham tones correspond to various [[Proto-Chamic]] sounds.<ref name="Thurgood 1993">{{Cite book |last=Thurgood |first=Graham |title=Tonality in Austronesian Languages |date=1993 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |editor-last=Edmondson |editor-first=Jerold A. |series=Oceanic Linguistics Special Publication, 24 |location=Honolulu |pages=91–106 |language=en |chapter=Phan Rang Cham and Utsat: Tonogenetic Themes and Variants |editor-last2=Gregerson |editor-first2=Kenneth J. |author-link=Graham Thurgood}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+Hainan Cham Tonogenesis
!c=01| Tone value<br>(Hainan Cham)
!c=02| Type of tone<br>(Hainan Cham)
!c=03| Proto-Chamic final sound
|-
|c=01| 55
|c=02| High
|c=03| '''*-h, *-s'''; [[Proto-Austronesian language|PAN]] *-q
|-
|c=01| 42
|c=02| Falling
|c=03| '''*-p, *-t, *-k, *-c, *-ʔ'''<br>Voiceless final: voiced stop / affricate (pre-)initial{{efn|name=fn1|if a voiced pre-initial is present, its voicing determines the tone even if the main syllable has a voiceless initial<ref name="Thurgood 1993"/>
}}<br>'''*-ay, *-an'''{{efn|The finals '''*-ay''' and '''*-an''' turn into falling 42 regardless of initial voicing<ref name="Thurgood 1993"/>}}
|-
|c=01| 24
|c=02| Rising
|c=03| '''*-p, *-t, *-k, *-c, *-ʔ'''<br>Voiceless final: default
|-
|c=01| 11
|c=02| Low
|c=03| '''Vowels and nasals, *-a:s'''<br>Voiced final: voiced stop / affricate (pre-)initial{{efn|name=fn1}}
|-
|c=01| 33
|c=02| Mid
|c=03| '''Vowels and nasals, *a:s'''<br>Voiced final: default
|}

== History ==
Unusually for an Austronesian language, Tsat has developed into a [[Tone (linguistics)|tonal]] language, probably as a result of areal linguistic effects and contact with the diverse tonal languages spoken on Hainan including [[Sinitic languages]] such as [[Hainanese]] and [[Standard Chinese]], [[Tai–Kadai languages]] such as the [[Hlai languages]], and [[Hmong–Mien languages]] such as [[Kim Mun language|Kim Mun]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Thurgood|first=Graham|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MBGYb84A7SAC&q=tsat+li&pg=PA230|title=From Ancient Cham to Modern Dialects: Two Thousand Years of Language Contact and Change: With an Appendix of Chamic Reconstructions and Loanwords|date=1999|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=0-8248-2131-9|page=239|access-date=2011-05-15}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{notelist-la}}
{{Reflist}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Edmondson |first=Jerold A. |title=Tonality in Austronesian Languages |location=Honolulu |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |year=1993 |isbn=0-8248-1530-0 |edition=illustrated |language=en}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Thurgood |first1=Graham |last2=Li |first2=Fengxiang |date=2002 |title=Contact Induced Variation and Syntactic Change in the Tsat of Hainan |journal=Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=149 |doi=10.3765/bls.v28i2.1033 |doi-access=free |language=en|hdl=1885/254195 |hdl-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Thurgood |first=Graham |date=2010 |title=Hainan Cham, Anong, and Eastern Cham: Three Languages, Three Social Contexts, Three Patterns of Change |journal=Journal of Language Contact |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=39–65 |doi=10.1163/19552629-90000019 |doi-access=free |language=en }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Thurgood |first1=Graham |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fSgABwAAQBAJ |title=A Grammatical Sketch of Hainan Cham: History, Contact, and Phonology |last2=Thurgood |first2=Ela |last3=Li |first3=Fengxiang |date=2014 |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |isbn=978-1-61451-877-8 |series=Pacific Linguistics |via=Google Books |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Zheng |first=Yiqing 郑贻青 |title=Huíhuīhuà yánjiū  |date=1997 |publisher=Shanghai yuandong chubanshe |location=Shanghai |language=zh |script-title=zh:回辉话研究 |trans-title=A Study of the Huihui Language}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* {{Cite web |last=Pérez Pereiro |first=Alberto |title=Tonality in Phan Rang Cham and Tsat |url=http://www.public.asu.edu/~aperez7/TONALITY.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060320070439/http://www.public.asu.edu/~aperez7/TONALITY.html |archive-date=2006-03-20 |access-date=2006-12-22 |language=en}}
*[http://www.csuchico.edu/~gthurgood/Papers/SEAPapers.html Recent papers on Tsat] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051055/http://www.csuchico.edu/~gthurgood/Papers/SEAPapers.html |date=2016-03-04 }}

{{Languages of China}}
{{Chamic languages}}
{{Nuclear Malayo-Polynesian languages}}

[[Category:Languages of Hainan]]
[[Category:Chamic languages]]
[[Category:Tonal languages in non-tonal families]]