Editing Tungabhadra River

{{short description|River in southern India}}
{{About||the 2015 Telugu film|Tungabhadra (film)}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Tungabhadra River
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang = 
| name_other = 
| name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP -->
| image = Hampi, Tungabhadra River, India.jpg
| image_size = 
| image_caption = Tungabhadra River at [[Hampi]]
| map = Karnataka topo deu.png
| map_size = 
| map_caption = Tungabhadra River
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_map_size = 
| pushpin_map_caption = <!---------------------- LOCATION -->
| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[India]]<br/>
| subdivision_type2 = State
| subdivision_name2 = [[Karnataka]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type3 = 
| subdivision_name3 = 
| subdivision_type4 = 
| subdivision_name4 = 
| subdivision_type5 = Cities
| subdivision_name5 = [[Siruguppa]], [[Sringeri]], [[Hospet]], [[Hampi]], [[Kampli]], [[Mantralayam]], [[Kurnool]], [[Gangavathi]]
<!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS -->| length = {{convert|531|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| width_min = 
| width_avg = 
| width_max = 
| depth_min = 
| depth_avg = 
| depth_max = 
| discharge1_location = [[Krishna River]]
| discharge1_min = 
| discharge1_avg = 
| discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES -->
| source1 = [[Koodli]] (The place where the [[Thunga]] and [[Bhadra River|Bhadra]] rivers meet)
| source1_location = [[Koodli]], [[Bhadravathi, Karnataka|Bhadravathi]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
| source1_coordinates = {{coord|14|0|30|N|75|40|27|E|display=inline}}
| source1_elevation = {{convert|560|m|abbr=on}}
| mouth = [[Krishna River]]
| mouth_location = Murvakonda, [[Andhra Pradesh]], and [[Jogulamba Gadwal district|Jogulamba Gadwal District]], [[India]]
| mouth_coordinates = {{coord|15|53|19|N|78|09|51|E|display=inline,title}}
| mouth_elevation = {{convert|264|m|abbr=on}}
| progression = 
| river_system = 
| basin_size = {{convert|71417|km2|abbr=on}}
| tributaries_left = [[Tunga River]], Kumudvati River, [[Varada|Varada River]]
| tributaries_right = [[Bhadra River]], [[Vedavathi River]],
| custom_label = 
| custom_data = 
| extra = 
}}
<!--{{Infobox river
| river_name              = Tungabhadra River
| image_name              = Tungabhadra Hampi DK.jpg|100px
| caption                 = Tungabhadra River at [[Hampi]]
| origin                  = Koodali, [[Bhadravathi]], [[Karnataka]]
| mouth                   = [[Murvakonda]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Jogulamba Gadwal District]], [[Telangana]], [[India]]
| basin_countries         = [[India]]
| length                  =
| elevation               =
| discharge               =
| watershed               =
}}-->

The '''Tungabhadra River''' ({{IPA|kn|t̪uŋɡɐbʱɐd̪rɐ|lang}}) starts and flows through the state of [[Karnataka]], India, during most of its course, then through [[Andhra Pradesh]], and ultimately joins the [[Krishna River]] near Murvakonda in [[Andhra Pradesh]].

The river Tungabhadra derives its name from two streams, the Tunga, about {{convert|147|km|mi|abbr=on}} long, and the Bhadra, about {{convert|178|km|mi|abbr=on}} long, which rise in the Western Ghats(Sahyadri mountains). The river after the confluence of the two streams in Koodali near Shimoga runs for about {{convert|531|km|mi|abbr=on}} till it joins the river Krishna at Sangamaleshwaram in Andhra Pradesh. It runs for {{convert|382|km|mi|abbr=on}} in Karnataka, forms the boundary between Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh for {{convert|58|km|mi|abbr=on}} and further runs for the next {{convert|91|km|mi|abbr=on}} in Andhra Pradesh. The total catchment area of the river is {{convert|69,552|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} up to its confluence with the Krishna and it is {{convert|28,177|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} up to [[Tungabhadra Dam]]. It is influenced chiefly by the South-West monsoon. It is a perennial river, but the summer flows dwindle to as low as 2.83 to 1.42 cumec (100 to 50 cusec).<ref>{{Cite web |title=TUNGABHADRA RIVER {{!}} TUNGABHADRA BOARD |url=https://tbboard.gov.in/tungabhadra-river/ |access-date=2018-08-18 |website=tbboard.gov.in |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Etymology==
A compound of its 2 main tributaries from the Sanskrit words ''tunga'' "high" and ''bhadra'' "auspicious".

==Course==
The Tungabhadra River is formed by the confluence of the [[Tunga River]] and the [[Bhadra River]] at [[Koodli]] which flow down the eastern slope of the [[Western Ghats]] in the state of [[Karnataka]]. The two rivers originate in Mudigere Taluk of [[Chikmagalur District]] of Karnataka along with the [[Nethravathi]] (west-flowing river, joining the [[Arabian Sea]] near [[Mangalore]]), the Tunga and the Bhadra rise at [[Gangamoola]], in Varaha Parvatha in the Western Ghats at an elevation of 1458&nbsp;metres (near Samse Village). 

After emerging from the same source, the Bhadra river flows through Kudremukh mountain region, Tarikere Taluk and the industrial city of Bhadravathi, while the Tunga river flows through Sringeri Taluk, Thirthahalli Taluk and Shimoga Taluk. More than 100 tributaries, streams, creeks, rivulets and the like contribute to the two rivers. The journey of the Tunga and the Bhadra is {{convert|147|and|171|km|mi|abbr=on}} respectively, till they join at Koodli, at an elevation of about 560&nbsp;metres near Holehonnur, about {{convert|15|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Shivamogga, areca granary of the country. Though both Tunga and Bhadra rivers start at same source (Gangamoola), they flow separately for some distance and then they later unite with each other at Koodli village. Hence from there, the composite name Tungabhadra was given. From there, the Tungabhadra meanders through the plains to a distance of {{convert|531|km|mi|abbr=on}}. After confluence, the Tungabhadra river flows through Honnali and Harihara taluks of [[Davangere district]]. Then it flows through Harapanahalli, Hoovina Hadagali, Hagaribommanahalli, Hospet and Siruguppa Taluks of [[Bellary district]]. In Siruguppa Taluk of Bellary district, it receives its tributary [[Vedavathi River]]. The river forms a natural boundary between Bellary and Koppal districts and then between Bellary and Raichur districts along its course. After entering Andhra Pradesh, it flows through Mantralaya and then through Kurnool. It receives its tributary Handri river near Kurnool. Then it joins the [[Krishna River|Krishna]] near Gundimalla Village of [[Jogulamba Gadwal]] district of Telangana state.  The Varada flowing through [[Shimoga]], [[Uttara Kannada]] and [[Haveri]] districts and [[Vedavathi]] in [[Chikkamagalur]], [[Chitradurga]] and [[Bellary district]]s in Karnataka and the Handrail in [[Kurnool district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] are the main tributaries of the Tungabhadra. Many [[rivulet]]s and streams join these tributaries. There is a popular saying in Kannada "Tunga Paana, Ganga Snana", which means "Drink Tunga River water, which is tasty & sweet, and bath in Ganga River, which is holy".{{citation needed|date=April 2019}}


An important feature of the river banks is the flood protection walls all along the rivers, constructed by [[Sri Krishna Devaraya]] between 1525 and 1527&nbsp;AD. They are found wherever there is a possibility of land erosion during the floods. It starts at [[Sringeri]] and ends at [[Kurnool]], just few kilometres from its mouth. They are stone constructions and still intact. Very large boulders of 3' x 4' x 5' are also used in its construction.{{citation needed|date=April 2019}}

[[File:Two Coracles and Tungabhadra River.jpg|251x251px|thumbnail|left|Two [[coracle]]s in the river ]]

Piles of granite in varying shades of grey, ochre and pink dominate the landscape. The river has cut through weaker rocky substrata of the Hampi landscape and created a narrow gorge where granite hills confine the river in a deep ravine.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vijayanagara.org/HTML/Phy_Land.html |title=Physical landscape of Vijayanagara |access-date=20 September 2006 |archive-date=29 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629080013/http://www.vijayanagara.org/HTML/Phy_Land.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In this setting the ruins of [[Vijayanagara]] and [[Hampi]], the seat of power of the [[Vijayanagar empire]], overlook this [[holy river]], creating a mythological landscape merging sacred traditions about a multitude of significant divinities.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.penn.museum/sites/VRP/default.html |title=Vijayanagara Site
|access-date=18 June 2014}}</ref>

The granite outcrops slowly disappear as the river flows south and the land opens into a long, broad plain ending at the rising slopes of the Sandur hills, rich in iron and [[manganese]], beyond which is the town of [[Hosapete]]. The Tungabhadra Dam was constructed at Hosapete in the middle of the 20th century to harness the river water, aiding the growth of agriculture and industry in the region.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pyati |first=Anandateertha |date=29 February 2024 |title=A riverside harvest |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/a-riverside-harvest-2914701 |access-date=4 October 2024 |website=Deccan Herald |language=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kamath |first=Vijesh |date=29 November 2014 |title=State may build balancing reservoir downstream TB dam |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/state-may-build-balancing-reservoir-2226845 |access-date=4 October 2024 |website=Deccan Herald |language=}}</ref>

The Tungabhadra River then flows east, joining the Krishna in [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]] border. From here the Krishna continues east to empty into the [[Bay of Bengal]]. The wedge of land between the Tungabhadra and the Krishna is known as the [[Raichur Doab]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=H |first=Pavan Kumar |date=5 October 2020 |title=Raichur, once a preferred destination of birds, not any more |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/raichur-once-a-preferred-destination-of-birds-not-any-more-896591.html |access-date=4 October 2024 |website=Deccan Herald |language=}}</ref>

==Cultural significance==
According to a Hindu mythological legend, after killing the demon Hiranyaksha, Varaha Swamy (the third incarnation of [[Vishnu]]) felt very tired. He took rest on the region now known as Varaha Parvatha. When he sat on that peak, sweat began flowing from his scalp. The sweat which flowed from the left side of his scalp became the Tunga river, and the sweat which flowed from his right side became Bhadra River.

The confluence of Tungabhadra and Krishna River is a holy pilgrimage site - The Sangameswaram Temple. The Jogulamba Temple(dedicated to Devi) is present near Alampur village. The Sangameswaram Temple (Dedicated to Shiva) is present in Kurnool District, Andhra Pradesh.

There are many holy places all along the rivers, primarily the temples of Saiva cult on the banks of the Bhadra and all the cults on the banks of the Tunga. [[Sringeri Sharada Peetham]] established by the Adi Shankaracharya is the most famous one on the left bank of the Tunga, about {{convert|50|km|mi|abbr=on}} downstream of its origin. The earlier Shringeri Sharada Peetham established by Adi Shankaracharya is at Koodli, the place of confluence of Tunga and Bhadra rivers. Hampi one of the important heritage locations being listed by UNESCO is on the banks of the Tunga Bhadra River. Nava Brindavan, an island where the final resting location of nine holy Madhva saints is in the midst of the Tunga Bhadra River. One can view the Tunga Bhadra River from famous Yantroddaraka Hanuman Temple at Hampi. Virupaksha Temple is also on the banks of the Tunga Bhadra River. The resting spot of Vasudendra Teertha is also on the banks of Tunga Bhadra River at Kenchangudda, Siruguppa. Manthralayam Sree Raghavendra Swamy Muth in Kurnool District and [[Alampur, Jogulamba Gadwal district|Alampur]] District, Jogulamba is the presiding deity at this holy place of Alampur- known as Dakshina Kashi, are the other important pilgrimage centres. There is a cluster of Nava Brahma temples constructed by the early Chalukyas.{{citation needed|date=April 2019}}

==Temples==
{{main|Hampi|Kishkindha}}
* The Huligema Temple on the banks of the Tungabhadra River at [[Koppal district]], [[Karnataka]].
* The Markendeshwara Temple to Lord Shiva on the banks of the Tungabhadra river at Shivapur village, [[Koppal district]], [[Karnataka]].
* [[Shringeri|Sri Shringeri Sharadamba Temple]] and [[Sringeri Sharada Peetham|Dakshinamnaya Sringeri Sharada Peetham]] on the banks of the Tunga River in [[Chikmagalur]] district, [[Karnataka]].
* [[Bidarahalli|Bidarallamma Temple]] to Goddess Renuka on the banks of the Tunga River in [[Gadag]] district, Mundaragi taluk [[Karnataka]].
* Pampapati Temple in Kampli of Ballari district, [[Karnataka]].
* Harihareshwara Temple on the banks of the Tungabhadra River at [[Harihara]].
* Surrounding the modern town of [[Hampi]] are the ruins of [[Vijayanagara]], the site of the powerful [[Vijayanagara Empire]]'s capital city and now a [[World Heritage Site]]. The site includes the [[Vijayanagara]] temple complex ruins.
* The Moola Brindavana of Guru [[Raghavendra|Raghavendra Swamy]] on the banks of the Tungabhadra river at [[Mantralayam]], [[Kurnool district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]].
* Sri Dakshina Shirdi Sai Baba Temple to Shirdi Sai Baba, known as ''Dakshina Shirdi'', on the banks of the Tungabhadra River at [[Kurnool]], [[Kurnool district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]].
* Sri Jogulamba Temple to Goddess Parvathi, known as ''Dakshina Kashi'', in [[Alampur, Jogulamba Gadwal district|Alampur]] about 25&nbsp;km from [[Kurnool]].
* The early Chalukyas built a cluster of temples on the left northern banks of the Tungabhadra river.
* The Nava Brahma Temples complex, one of the earliest models of temple architecture in India.
* The Sangameswaram Temple to Lord Shiva at the place where several holy rivers meet in [[Sangameswaram]], [[Kurnool district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]. According to myth, the Pandavas of Mahabharata once came to [[Kurnool]] during their exile. They decided to install a Shiva Linga in this region after visiting [[Srisailam]] Mallikarjuna Temple. So, Dharmaraya (Yudhishtira) told his brother Bhima to bring a Shiva Linga from [[Varanasi|Kashi]]. Later, they consecrated the Linga at the confluence of the [[Krishna River]] and the Tungabhadra River along with 5 other tributaries. Hence, the Linga was named Sangameshwaram (Sangama means "where rivers meet"). Tunga Bhadra River Pushkara (festival) is held once in 12 years.

==Recent dams==
A dam was constructed about {{convert|15|km|mi}} upstream from Shimoga at Gajanur across the River Tunga. Another dam was constructed at Lakkavalli about {{convert|15|km|mi}} upstream of Bhadravati across the River Bhadra. They are multipurpose dams (multipurpose dams help in generation of electricity, [[irrigation]] of land, prevention and control of floods, etc.) and irrigate lands in Shimoga, Chikkamagalur, Davanagere and Haveri.

[[Tungabhadra Dam]] (TB Dam), also considered a multipurpose dam, is across the river [[Tungabhadra]]. The dam is near the town of [[Hosapete]] in [[Karnataka]]. Its storage capacity is 135 [[Tmcft]]. Owing to siltation, the capacity has come down by about 30 tmcft. If there are seasonal and late rains, an estimated 235 tmcft is released. It is filled when water is let into the canals during the rainy season. The main architect of the dam was Thirumalai Iyengar, an engineer from [[Madras]]. A general-purpose hall was named after him. It has become a [[picnic]] or tourist spot over the years. TB Dam is near the [[cultural heritage|heritage]] site [[Hampi]]. One of the major problems and concerns associated with TB Dam is that it has been undergoing a lot of [[siltation]]. Because of silt deposition in the dam, the storage capacity of the dam is coming down. Another major problem associated with TB Dam is increased pollution, resulting in decreasing fish population. This is seriously affecting fishermen, who are solely dependent on the river for their livelihood.

The [[Sunkesula|Sunkesula Barrage]] near [[Kurnool]] city, a long [[Barrage (dam)|barrage dam]], was constructed across the Tungabhadra River around 1860 by the British engineer, hailed as ''Bhagiratha'' for [[Rayalaseema]], [[Sir Arthur Cotton]]. Originally, it was intended to be used for navigation during the [[British Raj]]. The barrage was reconstructed by Kotla Vijayabhaskara Reddy as [[Sunkesula|Tungabhadra Barrage]], to provide irrigation for [[Kadapa district]]. As road and rail transportation increased, it is now supplying water for Kurnool and Kadapa districts, through the [[K. C. Canal]]. It impounds about 15 billion cuft of water and irrigates about {{convert|300000|acre|km2}} amount of land in Kurnool and Kadapa districts.

==Problems==

Industrial pollution has damaged the Tungabhadra River. Industry and mining on its banks in the Chikkamagaluru, Shimoga, Davangere, Haveri, Vijayanagara, Bellary, Koppal and Raichur districts of Karnataka and in the Kurnool district of Andhra Pradesh generate enormous amounts of effluents. Nearly 30 million liters of effluents are released into the Tunga from [[Shimoga]] each year."<ref>''The Hindu'', 6 June 2008</ref> This is the contribution of just one city which, unlike Bhadravathi and Hospet, cannot boast of being an industrial city. As a result of the effluents, Tungabhadra is one of [[List of most-polluted rivers|the most polluted rivers]] in the country.

Downriver from the industries, the water has turned dark brown and has a pungent odor. Tungabhadra river's pollution has affected 1 million people in the sub-basin as most villages use the river water for drinking, bathing, irrigating crops, fishing and livestock water, previously obtained through an ancient [[Irrigation tank|tank]] system. The livelihood of village fishermen has been harmed by regular [[fish kill]]s that have exhausted Tungabhadra's fisheries.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/Crisis/river-krishna.htm |title=River Krishna |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226013942/http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/Crisis/river-krishna.htm|archive-date=26 February 2020|url-status=dead|website=rainwaterharvesting.org|publisher=Centre for Science and Environment}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery .widths="240" heights="150">
File:Hampi, India, Banks of the Tungabhadra River, Rocky hills of Hampi.jpg
File:Contemplating the river in Hampi.jpg|Contemplating the river, in Hampi
File:1 River Tungabhadra Karnataka India.jpg|Near [[Hampi]]
File:Tungabhadra River.jpg|Tungabhadra Basin
File:TungabhadraRiver Dam 1.jpg|Tungabhadra Reservoir
File:TungabhadraRiver Dam.jpg| [[Tungabhadra Dam]] in Hosapete
File:Sunkesula barrage.jpg|[[Sunkesula|Sunkesula Barrage]] in Kurnool
File:Railway Bridge on Tungabhadra river.jpg|Dried up river during January 2020
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[List of dams and reservoirs in India]]
*[[List of most-polluted rivers]]
*[[Tungabhadra Pushkaralu]]
*[[Kishkindha]]
*[[Sunkesula]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Tungabhadra River}}
*[http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/Crisis/river-krishna.htm River Krishna] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227125944/http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/crisis/river-krishna.htm |date=27 December 2010 }}
*[http://www.museum.upenn.edu/new/research/Exp_Rese_Disc/Asia/vrp/HTML/Phy_Land.shtml Physical landscape] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090727100419/http://www.museum.upenn.edu/new/research/Exp_Rese_Disc/Asia/vrp/HTML/Phy_Land.shtml |date=27 July 2009 }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20081211071401/http://www.shaktipeethas.org/tungabhadra-river-map-t77.html Temples on the banks of Tungabhadra river]
<!--{{coord|15.888697|78.164291|format=dms|type:river|display=title}}-->

{{Krishna basin|state=expanded}}
{{Hydrology of Karnataka}}
{{Hydrography of Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Hydrography of Telangana}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Dams in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Rivers of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Tributaries of the Krishna River]]
[[Category:Rivers of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rivers of Telangana]]
[[Category:Hampi]]
[[Category:Places in the Ramayana]]
[[Category:Geography of Vijayanagara district]]
[[Category:Geography of Ballari district]]
[[Category:Geography of Shimoga district]]
[[Category:Geography of Davanagere district]]
[[Category:Geography of Kurnool district]]