Editing Turban

{{Short description|Type of headwear}}
{{About||the millinery fashion|Draped turban|other uses}}
{{Redirect-distinguish|Double Patti|Double Patty}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
A '''turban''' (from [[Persian language|Persian]] دولبند‌, ''dolband''; via [[Middle French]] ''turbant'') is a type of [[headwear]] based on cloth winding. Featuring many variations, it is worn as customary headwear by people of various cultures.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Turbans.aspx|title=Turbans Facts, information, pictures {{!}} Encyclopedia.com articles about Turbans|website=encyclopedia.com|access-date=19 April 2016|archive-date=3 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403054847/http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Turbans.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> Communities with prominent turban-wearing traditions can be found in, [[Punjabis|the Punjabis]], the [[Indian subcontinent]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kanti Ghosh |first=Sumit |date=2023-05-18 |title=Body, Dress, and Symbolic Capital: Multifaceted Presentation of PUGREE in Colonial Governance of British India |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14759756.2023.2208502 |journal=Textile |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=334–365 |doi=10.1080/14759756.2023.2208502 |s2cid=258804155 |archive-date=21 May 2023 |access-date=21 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521193415/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14759756.2023.2208502 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Southeast Asia]], the [[Middle East]], the [[Balkans]], the [[Caucasus]], [[Central Asia]], [[North Africa]], [[West Africa]], [[East Africa]], and amongst some [[Turkic peoples]] in [[Russia]].

{{Multiple image
| image1            = Harjit Sajjan - 2023 - P060539-646377 (cropped).jpg
| caption1          = [[Sikh]] style
| image4            = Mohammad Daud Miraki.jpg
| caption4          = [[Pashtun]] style
| image2            = Traditional turban of Rajasthan.jpg
| caption2          = [[Rajasthan]]i style
| image3            = Rugova Man.jpg
| caption3          = [[Albanians|Albanian]] style
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A '''keski''' is a type of turban Majorly worn by female Sikhs, a long piece of cloth roughly half the length of a traditional "single turban", but not cut and sewn to make a double-width "Double Turban" (or '''Double Patti''').<ref>{{cite web |url=https://turbanandbeard.com/products/beige-turban |website=turbanandbeard.com |access-date=25 August 2019 |title=Oxford Beige Turban |archive-date=25 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825043027/https://turbanandbeard.com/products/beige-turban |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Wearing turbans is common among [[Sikh]] men ([[Dastar]]), and infrequently women.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sikhanswers.com/sikh-articles-of-faith-identity/sikh-women-turban-dastaar/|title=Do Sikh women have to wear a Turban (Dastaar) as well as men?|website=Sikh Answers|access-date=19 April 2016|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225222552/http://www.sikhanswers.com/sikh-articles-of-faith-identity/sikh-women-turban-dastaar/|url-status=dead}}</ref> They are also worn by [[Hinduism|Hindu]] monks. The headgear also serves as a religious observance, including among [[Shia Islam|Shia Muslims]], who regard turban-wearing as ''Sunnah mu'akkadah'' (confirmed tradition).<ref name="Haddad">{{cite web|last=Haddad|first=Sh. G. F.|title=The turban tradition in Islam|url=http://www.livingislam.org/k/tti_e.html|website=Living Islam|access-date=5 August 2013|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225222558/http://www.livingislam.org/k/tti_e.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The turban is also the traditional headdress of [[Sufism|Sufi]] scholars. Muslim men might wear the turban ([[Ammama|Imama]]) during prayer. Additionally, turbans have often been worn by nobility, regardless of religious background.

Turbans come in a variety of styles, and the method of wrapping can vary. Some turbans are simple and functional, while others are elaborate and serve ceremonial or formal purposes. The way a turban is tied can indicate the wearer's social or marital status, religious affiliation, or regional identity. Aside from cultural and religious significance, turbans are also practical headwear. They provide protection from the sun, dust, and wind. In some regions with hot climates, turbans can help keep the head cool.

==History==
The earliest depiction of a turban can be found on a Mesopotamian sculpture dating back to 2350 BCE.<ref>''Ethnic Dress in the United States: A Cultural Encyclopedia'', page [https://books.google.com/books?id=tiEvBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA293&dq= 293], Annette Lynch, Mitchell D. Strauss, Rowman & Littlefield</ref><ref>''India: The Ancient Past: A History of the Indian Subcontinent from C. 7000 BCE to CE 1200'', page [https://books.google.com/books?id=WTaTDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA58&dq= 58], Burjor Avari, Routledge</ref><ref name="Perseus-Tufts">{{cite web|title=P. Ovidius Naso, Metamorphoses, Book 11, line 146|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0028%3Abook%3D11%3Acard%3D146 |publisher=[[Perseus Digital Library]] |access-date=21 January 2017}}</ref><ref name="GBooks-Norma">{{cite book|last1=Goldman|first1=Norma|author1-link=Norma Goldman |last2=Nyenhuis|first2=Jacob E.|title=Latin Via Ovid: A First Course|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fORWW12AoTAC&q=ovid+turban+midas&pg=PA158|publisher=Wayne State University Press|access-date=21 January 2017|language=en|date=1 January 1982|isbn=0814317324}}</ref> A style of turban called a ''phakeolis'' continued to be worn in that region by soldiers of the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] army in the period 400–600,<ref name="GBooks-D'Amato">{{cite book|last1=D'Amato|first1=Raffaele|title=Roman Military Clothing (3): AD 400–640 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q0J78geiNrYC&q=phakeolis+turban&pg=PA4|publisher=Bloomsbury USA|access-date=21 January 2017|language=en|date=10 August 2005|isbn=9781841768434}}{{Dead link|date=May 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> as well as by Byzantine civilians as depicted in Greek frescoes from the 10th century in the province of [[Cappadocia]] in modern Turkey,<ref name="GBooks-Condra">{{cite book|last1=Condra|first1=Jill|title=The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Clothing Through World History: 1801 to the present |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q6FI2czFz6MC&q=phakeolis+turban&pg=PA269 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|access-date=21 January 2017|language=en|date=1 January 2008|isbn=9780313336652}}</ref> where it was still worn by their [[Cappadocian Greeks|Greek-speaking descendants]] in the early 20th century. The [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|Islamic prophet]], [[Muhammad]], who lived 570–632, wore an [[Ammama|Imama]] turban. The style of turban he introduced was a cap with a cloth tied around it; this headwear is known as ''[[Ammama|Imama]]'' and was emulated by [[Muslim]] kings and scholars throughout history. Shia clerics today wear white turbans unless they are descendants of Muhammad or [[sayyid]], in which case they wear a black turban. Many Muslim men choose to wear green, because it represents paradise, especially among followers of [[Sufism]]. In parts of [[North Africa]], where blue is common, the shade of a turban can signify the tribe of the wearer.<ref>Hughes, Thomas Patrick. ''A Dictionary of Islam: Being a Cyclopedia of the Doctrines, Rites, Ceremonies and Customs Together with the Technical and Theological Terms of the Muhammadan Religion''. WH Allen & Company, 1895.</ref>

<gallery class="center" widths="200" heights="200">
File:Marble Portrait Bust of a Woman with a Scroll MET DP345057.jpg|Late fourth century [[Byzantine dress|Byzantine woman]], wearing a phakeolis.
File:Chora Church interior March 2008.JPG|14th century Byzantine, [[Theodore Metochites]], presenting a model of the renovated [[Chora Church]], while wearing a striped turban.
File:EmperorSuleiman.jpg|16th century, [[Suleiman the Magnificent|Suleiman I]], wearing the Ottoman imperial turban, known as ''kavuk''.([[:tr:kavuk|tr]])
File:Sultan Abdillahi Sultan Deria.jpg|Sultan [[Abdillahi Deria]], fourth Grand Sultan of the [[Somalis|Somali]] [[Isaaq Sultanate]], wearing a turban.
File:II Selim.jpg|16th century [[sultan of the Ottoman Empire]] [[Selim II]] wearing the Ottoman imperial turban, known as ''kavuk''
File:Humayun (left) with his father Babur (right), painted circa 1640 (Late Shah Jahan Album).jpg|16th century [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Babur]] and his heir [[Humayun]] wearing turbans (ca 1640).
File:Maharaj Ranjit Singh.jpg|[[Ranjit Singh|Maharaja Ranjit Singh]], founder of the [[Sikh Empire]], wearing a decorated turban (1830).
File:Shivaji British Museum.jpg|Late 17th century [[Maratha Confederacy|Maratha]] [[Chhatrapati|emperor]] [[Shivaji]] wearing a turban and its ornaments.
File:Sultan Mohamoud Ali Shire 2.jpg|[[Sultan]] [[Mohamoud Ali Shire]] of the [[Somalis|Somali]] [[Warsangali]] clan wearing a turban (1905).
File:Guercino Abramo ripudia Agar (cropped).jpg|[[Baroque]] depiction of [[Abraham]] wearing a turban, by [[Guercino]], oil on canvas (1657).
File:Pythagoras in the Roman Forum, Colosseum.jpg|[[Roman Republic|Roman]] copy of a [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] bust featuring [[Pythagoras of Samos]] wearing a turban (2nd–1st century BCE).
</gallery>

==National styles==

=== South Asia ===
==== Afghanistan ====
[[File:Flickr - The U.S. Army - Turban presentation.jpg|thumb|[[Afghan people|Afghan]] Lungee presentation]]
Turbans are part of the national dress in [[Afghanistan]]. In the Uruzgan Province, male government employees are required to wear the [[Ammama|Imama]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Azadi |first=RFE/RL's Radio |title=Regional Taliban Officials Ban Beard Trimming, Impose Turbans For Male Employees |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/taliban-beard-trimming-turbans/31658539.html |access-date=2024-03-29 |work=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty |language=en |archive-date=29 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329065533/https://www.rferl.org/a/taliban-beard-trimming-turbans/31658539.html |url-status=live }}</ref> They are used more widely than elsewhere in the Muslim world, and are worn in a wide range of styles and colours. In the country's south-east, turbans are wrapped loosely and largely, whereas in [[Kabul]] the garment tends to be smaller and tighter. In traditional Afghan society, a related piece of extra cloth called a ''patu'' serves practical purposes, such as for wrapping oneself against the cold, to sit on, to tie up an animal or to carry water in the cap. Different ethnic groups in Afghanistan wear different lungees with different patterns, way of styling it, fabric, stripes, lengths and colouration. Males of all ethnic backgrounds generally avoid wearing bright-coloured turbans that draw attention to oneself and prefer wearing simple colors that are white, off white, gray, dark blue and black.{{Citation needed|date=November 2023}}

==== Indian subcontinent ====
{{Main|Pagri (turban)|l1 = Pagri}}

In India, the turban is referred to as a ''pagri'', meaning the [[headdress]] that is worn by men and is manually tied.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sikhs Must Wear Turbans to Maintain and Honor Their Hair |url=https://www.learnreligions.com/why-do-sikhs-wear-turbans-2993352 |access-date=2024-02-23 |website=Learn Religions |language=en |archive-date=23 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223151727/https://www.learnreligions.com/why-do-sikhs-wear-turbans-2993352 |url-status=live }}</ref> There are several styles, which are specific to the wearer's region or religion, and they vary in shape, size and colour. For example, the [[Mysore Peta]], the [[Pheta (turban)|Marathi pheta]], and the [[Puneri Pagadi]]. The pagri is a symbol of honour and respect everywhere it is worn. It is a common practice to honour important guests by offering them one to wear.{{fact|date=April 2025}}

Colours are often chosen to suit the occasion or circumstance: for example saffron, associated with [[Courage|valour]] or sacrifice (martyrdom), is worn during rallies; white, associated with [[peace]], is worn by elders; and pink, associated with spring, is worn during that season or for marriage ceremonies.{{fact|date=April 2025}}{{stack|[[File:Indian sikh soldiers in Italian campaign.jpg|thumb|Indian [[Sikh]] soldiers in [[Italian campaign (World War II)|Italian campaign]] with a [[Bren gun]].]]}}In World War II, some soldiers in the [[British Indian Army|Indian Army]] were required to wear a turban.<ref>{{cite web |title=From Mesopotamia to West London, a 4,000-year history of the turban |url=https://www.cnn.com/style/article/turbans-tales-history/index.html |publisher=[[CNN]] |date=15 February 2019 |access-date=27 September 2020 |archive-date=6 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006161952/https://www.cnn.com/style/article/turbans-tales-history/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the Indian state of [[Rajasthan]] a turban, known as ''pagri'' or ''safa'', is a traditional headwear that is an integral part of the state's cultural identity. It is typically made from cotton, silk, or a blend of fabrics and can vary in length. The safa (Parna) is usually around {{convert|1|to|4.5|m|sp=us}} long, while the pagri can be about {{convert|10|m|sp=us}}. Some of the most popular turbans in Rajasthan include Jodhpuri safa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Studio |first=Rajasthan |date=2021-01-15 |title=Facts about Rajasthani Pagri - The Unique Headgear of the State - |url=https://rajasthanstudio.com/facts-about-rajasthani-pagri-the-unique-headgear-of-the-state/ |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=Rajasthan Studio |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PM's Choice of Turban: The Jodhpuri Safa |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pms-choice-of-turban-the-jodhpuri-safa-649349 |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

In Pakistan, the turban is in widespread use, especially among the rural population. It is worn in different styles and colours across the country, varying by region. For example, in the north of the country, black and white turbans are preferred. The turban most commonly found in Pakistan is white and crestless, and worn commonly in the Pashtun belt, while in rural Punjab and Sindh, it is mostly worn by elders or feudal lords. The turban is called either a ''[[Pagri (turban)|pagri]]'' or ''pag'' by Punjabis, while the Pashtuns and Sindhi's call it ''patkay/patko''.{{fact|date=April 2025}}

The [[Baloch people]] are famous for their large turbans that are worn with both ends hanging from the sides or as a loop that rests above the chest. These turbans are made with many feet of cloth that are wrapped around a cap and are mostly made with white cloth.{{fact|date=April 2025}}

In [[Bangladesh]], the turban is known as ''pagri'', or ''fagri'' in [[Chittagong Division|Chittagong]] and [[Sylhet Division|Sylhet]]. The most common colour worn is white, and generally it is the [[Sufi]]s that wear green turbans. It is also worn by elders in rural areas as a symbol of honour and respect.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ghosh |first=Sumit Kanti |date=2021 |title='পাগড়ি হঠাও': শরীর, পোশাক ও ব্রিটিশ ভারতের ঔপনিবেশিক পরিচালন |url=https://journals.juniv.edu/index.php/an/article/view/320 |journal=Nirvijnana Patrika, Jahangirnagar University |number=26 |pages=1–14 |via=Jahangirnagar University}}</ref>

The turban in Nepal is commonly worn in rural areas by males. The rural turban is called either a [[Pagri (turban)|Pagdi]] or [[Pheta]]. It is common among farmers. All types of coloured clothes were used for Pheta. Historically, Gorkhali nobleman used to wear white turban called '''Shirpau''' awarded by the [[King of Nepal]]. For example; ''[[Sardar]]'' [[Ram Krishna Kunwar]] was awarded with 22 pairs of headgear called '''Shirpau''' by the Gorkhali monarch ''[[Maharajadhiraj]]'' [[Prithvi Narayan Shah]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Hamal |first=Lakshman B. |year=1995 |title=Military history of Nepal |publisher=Sharda Pustak Mandir |page=125 |oclc=32779233}}</ref> It was common among aristocrats in other contemporary kingdoms. Rulers and vassal lords also adapted a crest to the white turban.{{fact|date=April 2025}}

<gallery class="center" widths="200" heights="200">
File:Paag-mithila6.jpg|Paag of Mithilalok
File:Rajput (Jodhpur) (8411728143).jpg|A man from India, wearing a [[Rajasthan]]i ''paggar'' style of turban
File:Tribe of Madhya Pradesh wearing Turban 01.jpg|A man from Madhya Pradesh wearing a turban
File:Prince Malik Ata.jpg|[[Malik Ata Muhammad Khan]], [[Nawab]] of [[Kot Fateh Khan]] in Pakistan, wearing a turban made from {{convert|6.4|m|yd|abbr=off}} of cloth
File:Bhakti Thapa.jpg|Nepalese ''[[Sardar]]'' [[Bhakti Thapa]], a Gorkhali nobleman wearing aristocratic white ''Shirpau'' turban
</gallery>

=== Southeast Asia ===
==== Indonesia ====
[[File:Diponegoro.jpg|thumb|150px|Prince [[Diponegoro]] wearing turban]] [[File:Portret van Tuanku Imam Bonjol.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Tuanku Imam Bonjol]].]]

In [[Indonesia]], the turban-styled headdress for men is traditionally called ''iket''  (from Javanese and Sundanese language). It literally means 'to tie', the main way to attach the fabric over the head of the wearer. It is made of a square or rectangular [[batik]] cloth that is folded diagonally to form a triangle. Although there are different ways of folding and tying the fabric over the head, and therefore different shapes of ''iket'', they can in general show the social level of the wearer and the area of origin. Its origin is not yet clearly identified, however many sources{{citation needed|date=September 2021}} seemed to conclude that the Javanese might be influenced by turban-wearing [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] traders who came to Indonesia more than 500 years ago.{{fact|date=April 2025}}

In other parts of [[Java]], for practicality the iket has developed into fixed-form headdresses, called ''[[blangkon]]'' in [[Central Java]] and [[Yogyakarta]] and ''bendo'' in [[West Java]]. In [[East Java]] and [[Bali]], the headdress is still made in traditional way and it is called ''udeng''. The batik cloth is made stiff through a process of molding, attaching to stiff paper, and sewing. Similar to ''iket, blangkon'' and ''bendo'' come with some variations of shapes based on the areas of origin and the wearer's social rank.{{fact|date=April 2025}}

==== Philippines ====
In the Philippines, the turban has a long history associated with native [[Austronesian peoples|Austronesian]] (Malayo-Polynesian) cultures, and reinforced with significant cultural influences from the rest of [[Maritime Southeast Asia]] (especially [[Java]], [[Borneo]] and [[Sumatra]]), India, Arabia, China, and Persia, through the different epochs of Philippine history.{{fact|date=April 2025}}

The most common turban worn by Muslim Filipino women is called the ''kombong'', the traditional style of [[hijab]] by Muslim women in the [[Davao City|Davao]] area of Mindanao (associated with [[Maranao]], [[Maguindanao]], and [[Iranun]] speakers). The kombong is worn as a headwrap-turban, and is paired with the [[tudong]] or headscarf, which is ordinarily draped over the chest or shoulder, but worn over the top of the kombong for Islamic prayer, or for providing extra veiling when out of the house or barangay. A white kombong signifies that its wearer has been on the pilgrimage to [[Makkah]], known as [[Hajj]]. The wearer of the white kombong will hence be referred to as [[Hajji|Hadja]], a title given to any Muslim woman who has been on the [[Hajj]].{{fact|date=April 2025}}

For men, the most common turban worn is called a ''putong'', ''potong'' or ''pudong''. The ''putong'' was historically worn by men of nearly all major ethnolinguisitc groups in the country, such as the [[Bisaya people|Bisaya]], [[Tagalog people|Tagalog]] and [[Ilocano people|Ilocano]], before the mid-17th century, but had waned in lieu of the western hat since the coming of Catholicism in the north and subsequent colonization under Spanish and then American rule. In the precolonial period, pudong were dyed into different distinct colors to signify the social [[caste]] of its wearer. Blue was worn for the [[maginoo]] nobility class only, red putong for the [[maharlika]] warrior class, and other colors like yellow or natural hue for the [[timawa]] freeman/raiding caste, and [[alipin]] slave castes, respectively.{{fact|date=April 2025}}

Today, the turban is worn primarily by Muslim Filipino men, especially by [[Imam]]s and members of the [[ulama]] (Islamic scholars), but is also worn by non-Muslim groups too. Among Muslims, the putong can signify the status of its wearer. Muslim men and imams who have been on the Hajj pilgrimage have traditionally opted to wear the [[keffiyeh]] as a putong instead. This is usually bought in Saudi Arabia before returning to the Philippines, in order to signify that they are [[Hajji]]. This practice has waned in recent years due to younger jihadist militant groups in the south of the country using keffiyeh as signifiers that they are members of the extremist [[takfiri]] groups.{{fact|date=April 2025}}

The pre-colonial item of clothing is also worn by non-Muslim [[Lumad]] and [[Igorot|Cordilleran]] chiefs and upper class individuals in times of celebration or for specific rituals. These putong or turbans can be ornately woven or designed, and act as a status symbol for the wearer.{{fact|date=April 2025}}

In the southern part of the country, in the [[Sulu archipelago]], [[Tausūg people|Tausug]] and [[Yakan people|Yakan]] men wear the [[pis syabit]], an ornate headscarf worn in a manner similar to a turban or bandana. Larger pis syabit are turban like, whereas smaller pis resemble bandanas. As with the other putong found in the Philippines, the size or visual design of the pis indicates the social-status or caste of its wearer.{{fact|date=April 2025}}

On some Babuyan islands in the far north of the country, the head of the household wears a white turban, the younger males wear a red turban after their 13th birthday. The three chiefs all wear yellow turbans. It no longer has religious significance and the origin dates back to the end of the Tondo era (circa 900s – 1589). Most Babuyan settlers fled the Philippines in 1589 when Spain began to invade the Philippines. The turban was made from a type of bark cloth but now is made from cotton or silk brought over from the Philippines mainland. The turban style head dress is then cut and wrapped around the head, then tucked in front.{{fact|date=April 2025}}

==== Vietnam ====
{{Main|Khăn vấn}}
{{stack|
[[File:Viet Nam - Tonkin Hanoi Election d´un Chef de Rue.jpg|thumb|Postcard depicting people wearing turbans during election day in Hanoi during French Indochina (around 1910).]]
[[File:Aodaicuacungdinh.jpg|thumb|Vietnamese women wearing a version of áo nhật bình with [[khăn vấn]] turban.]]
}}
Alongside a variety of hats, turbans were also worn by the majority ethnic [[Vietnamese people|Vietnamese]], called ''[[khăn vấn]]'' or ''khăn đóng'' in Vietnamese. Initially, they were pieces of fabric that had to be coiled every time, but starting in the 20th century, they were replaced with ready-to-wear versions already coiled. The khăn vấn was believed to have been influenced by the [[Chams|Cham]] sometime [[Nam tiến|during the 18th century]] though similar turbans are worn by surrounding ethnic groups in [[Northern Vietnam]] and [[Southern China]], such as the [[Zhuang people|Zhuang]], [[Hmong people|Hmong]], and [[Yi people]].{{fact|date=April 2025}}

=== Europe ===
==== United Kingdom ====
[[File:Turban MET 85.68 CP3.jpg|left|thumb|alt=A British turban from ca. 1820|The "à la turque" style of this British headdress from c. 1820, influenced and inspired by the popular interest in Eastern cultures, was popular in the 1820s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Turban {{!}} British {{!}} The Met |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/157012 |website=The Met}}</ref>]]
In the United Kingdom, turbans have been worn by men and women since the sixth century without ever becoming very common. Poet [[Alexander Pope]] is sometimes depicted wearing a turban, as were other notable men seen in contemporary paintings and illustrations. The common use of turbans on less formal occasions, among gentlemen at the time, reflects that their heads were closely cropped, or shaved, to allow the wearing of the elaborate wigs that were the fashion in Europe in the century from about 1650 to 1750, and when wigs were off, some kind of head cover was useful. Hence, the turban.{{fact|date=April 2025}}

Now that hats are infrequently worn, turbans too are relatively uncommon. They are worn primarily by women of West Indian descent, Karinas. Some women wear them to make a statement of individuality, such as the British [[social entrepreneur]] [[Camila Batmanghelidjh]], who usually wore a colourful matching turban and robe.{{fact|date=April 2025}}

==== Albania ====
{{stack|[[File:Rugova Man.jpg|thumb|225x225px|Albanian [[Rugova (region)|Rugova]] man in ''shall'' turban.]]}}
In Northern Albania and some regions of Kosovo, particularly among [[Albanian tribes|highlanders]], men traditionally wear a long, white turban-like cloth known as a ''shall'' or ''shalla''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-16 |title=The ensemble and traditional games of Rugova under the protection of the state |url=https://www.koha.net/en/kulture/ansambli-dhe-lojerat-tradicionale-te-rugoves-nen-mbrojtje-te-shtetit |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=KOHA.net |language=en}}</ref> It is over three meters long and is worn from age 7 onwards, then used as a burial shroud after death.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-11 |title=Veshjet tradicionale të Rugovës, detaje që s'i keni ditur... - POPULLI.MK |url=https://populli.mk/veshjet-tradicionale-te-rugoves-detaje-qe-si-keni-ditur/ |access-date=2025-03-18 |language=sq}}</ref> It is often worn over the ''[[qeleshe]]'' (plis), the traditional Albanian felt cap, to protect from the elements. The ''shall'' is most commonly worn in the [[Malësia]] regions and the [[Rugova (region)|Rugova]] highlands of Kosovo, though it is only seen in traditional folk attire and cultural ceremonies.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vatovci |first=Isa |date=2020-09-15 |title=Tradita folklorike e Rugovës shpallet trashëgimi e mbrojtur nga shtetit |url=https://kallxo.com/lajm/tradita-folklorike-e-rugoves-shpallet-trashegimi-e-mbrojtur-nga-shtetit/ |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=Raporto Korrupsionin! KALLXO.com |language=en}}</ref>

==== Greece ====
In Greece, specifically the island of [[Crete]], the men traditionally wear a lightly knitted turban known as a ''sariki''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-04-16 |title=Sariki - headgear of the Cretan men with dense fringes like tears |url=https://www.meetcrete.com/sariki-cretan-headscarf/ |access-date=2023-09-27 |website=Meet Crete |language=en-GB |archive-date=6 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006171911/https://www.meetcrete.com/sariki-cretan-headscarf/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Moustakia Sarikia and Stivania; three very Cretan traditions |url=https://www.we-love-crete.com/moustakia-sarikia-and-stivania.html |access-date=2023-09-27 |website=www.we-love-crete.com |archive-date=1 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201165517/https://www.we-love-crete.com/moustakia-sarikia-and-stivania.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The headwrap's name is borrowed from ''sarık'', the [[Turkish language|Turkish]] word for turban. Today, it may be more commonly known as a ''kritiko mandili'' (Cretan kerchief). It is only found in the folklore Cretan dress and not amongst the population, with the exception of older men in remoter, mountainous villages.{{fact|date=April 2025}}

===Fiji===
{{main|I-sala}}

[[Fijians|iTaukei]] indigenous chiefs and priests were known to have worn [[Masi (Fiji)|''masi'']] (barkcloth) coverings around their head similar to a turban, called an ''i-sala''. However, most of the bulk and shape of the ''i-sala'' came from the bushy hair under the cloth.<ref name="Me2004">{{cite book|last=Me|first=Rondo B. B.|title=Fiji Masi: An Ancient Art in the New Millennium|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=itGBAAAAMAAJ|year=2004|publisher=Catherine Spicer and Rondo B.B. Me|location=Burleigh Heads|isbn=978-0-646-43762-0|page=40}}</ref><ref name="CochraneQuanchi2014">{{cite book|editor-last1=Cochrane|editor-first1=Susan|editor-last2=Quanchi|editor-first2=Max|title=Hunting the Collectors: Pacific Collections in Australian Museums, Art Galleries and Archives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lOqmBgAAQBAJ|year=2014|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-1-4438-7100-6|page=58}}</ref>

===Armenia===
[[File:Gagik I Bagratuni.jpg|thumb|upright|Statue of [[Gagik I of Armenia]] wearing a turban.]]
Though not common in daily apparel, turbans are sometimes worn by men ceremonially (often with beards), as a symbol of national identity during celebrations and festivals.  However, before [[Armenia]] became a [[Armenian Apostolic Church|Christian]] nation, turbans were a common part of the daily apparel, just as in other Middle Eastern countries.{{fact|date=April 2025}}

===Other===
On the [[Swahili Coast]], turbans were frequently worn by the ruling [[Oman]]i [[List of Sultans of Zanzibar|Sultans of Zanzibar]] and their retinue.{{fact|date=April 2025}}

[[Tuareg people|Tuareg Berbers]], and some northern [[Berber people|Berbers]], [[Sahrawi people|Sahrawi]], [[Songhai people|Songhai]], [[Wodaabe]], [[Fula people|Fulani]], and [[Hausa people|Hausa]] peoples of [[North Africa|North]] and [[West Africa]] wear varieties of turbans. Tuareg Berbers often veil the face to block dust. This Tuareg-Berber turban is known as a [[tagelmust]], and is often blue. The Bedouin tribes in [[North Africa]] sometimes wear brown-beige, white or orange turbans. [[Colombia]]n politician [[Piedad Cordoba]] was known to wear turbans (or a similar headgear). Her use of turbans had made her so distinguishable to the point of having earned the nickname "the lady with the turban" in Colombian popular culture.{{fact|date=April 2025}}

[[Kurdish people]] wear a turban, which they call a ''jamadani''. It is worn in many different ways across [[Iraqi Kurdistan]] depending on the style of the locality; e.g. the [[Barzani Kurds]] are a tribe which wears the turban in a colour (red and white) and style which is typical of their clan. In most parts of [[Iraqi Kurdistan|South Kurdistan]] a black-white pattern is used for Jamadani. Mostly, Kurdish turbans consist of a length of striped cloth known as ''kolāḡī'' which is wound around a conical hat; the tassels that border the kolāḡī are allowed to hang down over the face. In modern times, many Kurds use black and white [[Ghutra]] and roll them into turbans.{{fact|date=April 2025}}

Turbans have also been a type of headwear worn by women in Western countries. The wearing of such turbans by women in Western societies is less common than it was earlier in the 20th century. They are usually sewn to a foundation, so that they can be donned or removed easily. Turbans are also sometimes donned to protect hair or as a headwrap for women following [[Chemotherapy|cancer treatments]] that cause hair loss.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alternative Wig Idea: Cover Hair Loss With a Cute Cap Instead |url=http://breastcancer.about.com/od/Free-Stuff-Cancer/p/Free-Caps-During-Cancer-Treatment.htm |access-date=19 April 2016 |website=About.com Health |archive-date=6 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906102209/http://breastcancer.about.com/od/Free-Stuff-Cancer/p/Free-Caps-During-Cancer-Treatment.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> They can also be tied together to form a rope in emergency rescue situations.<ref>{{cite news |date=14 October 2021 |title=Turbans used to rescue hiker above waterfall in Golden Ears park |work=Maple Ridge News |url=https://www.mapleridgenews.com/news/turbans-used-to-rescue-hiker-above-waterfall-in-golden-ears-park |access-date=14 October 2021 |archive-date=14 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211014171245/https://www.mapleridgenews.com/news/turbans-used-to-rescue-hiker-above-waterfall-in-golden-ears-park/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In popular culture, turbans are also sometimes worn as a fashion statement. For example, American rapper [[Yeat]] wears turbans often while being photographed and filmed in public. He also has a song titled "Turban".{{fact|date=April 2025}}

==In religion==
===Sikhism===
{{Main|Dastar|}}
[[File:Akali Turban with quoits.JPG|thumb|upright=0.7|[[Khalsa|Akali]] turban cotton over a wicker frame, steel overlaid with gold. Lahore Mid-19th century, "A tall conical turban provided convenient transportation for a number of sharp steel [[chakram]]s – edged weapons hurled to lethal effect by the practised hand of the Akalis."]]

The [[Sikh]] turban, known mainly as the ''[[dastar]]'' but also the ''[[dumalla]]'', is used to show others that they represent the embodiment of Sikh teachings, the love of the Guru and dogma to do good deeds.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sidhu|first=Dawinder|title=Civil Rights in Wartime: The Post-9/11 Sikh Experience|year=2009|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=9781409496915|page=48}}</ref> The Gurus ensured that both men and women are able to wear a turban, which shows another action of equality. Other Purposes of the turban include protecting Sikhs' long unshorn hair and keeping it clean.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-06 |title=Underneath the Turban: Uncovering Sikh Identity and Resilience |url=https://www.sikhnet.com/news/underneath-turban-uncovering-sikh-identity-and-resilience |access-date=2024-04-03 |website=SikhNet |language=en}}</ref>

Sikhs do not cut their hair, as a religious observance. The turban protects the hair and keeps it clean. As Sikhs form 1.7% of India's population and 1.5% of Canada's population, their turbans help identify them. When he institutionalized the turban as a part of the Sikh identity, Guru Gobind Singh said, "My Sikh will be recognized among millions".

Turbans were formerly associated with the upper class, and many men in the cultural elite still wear turbans. This distinction between the turban-wearing upper class ([[Sardar]]s) and commoners promoted segregation and elitism. In order to eliminate the class system associated with turbans, Guru Gobind Singh declared each and every Sikh a Sardar.

Modern Sikh men mainly wear four kinds of turban: Vattan Wali Turban, Amritsar Shahi Turban, Barnala Shahi and Taksali Dumala. The more traditional Turban styles are the Darbara Singh Dummala, [[Dastar bunga|Dastar Bunga]] (the original turban of the Khalsa) and the Puratan Nok Pagg.

The most common turban colors worn by Sikhs are blue, white and black, although other colors are popular as well. Blue and yellow are particularly prestigious and tend to be worn on religious events such as [[Vaisakhi]]. Meanings of the turbans are that the white turban means a saintly person leading an exemplary life, and an off-shade color of white means someone is learning in the Sikh religion. The blue turban signifies a mind as broad as the sky with no place for prejudice. The black turban serves as a reminder of the [[Jallianwala Bagh massacre]] in 1919, and represents humility. The Basanti or yellow turbans are associated with the revolutionary movement, Sardar Bhagat Singh also wore a yellow turban for this reason. Royal blue is usually worn by those who are learned in the Sikh religion and are patriotic about their traditions and culture. The colour green signifies farmers. The orange turban means courage and wisdom.{{citation needed|date=November 2016}} The colour Gold symbolizes a sense of calm and healing that helps with anxiety and clearing the mind which significance derives from the Golden temple.
Akali Nihang Sikhs decorate their blue turbans or [[Dumalla]] by wearing small weapons known as shastars in them. The turban's color may reflect association with a particular group of Sikhs, although none of the popular turban colors are exclusive to any particular group. The preferred color of the Sikh wedding is pink. All shades of this color from magenta to baby pink is used by families for the joyful occasion. Some prefer red, maroon or orange turbans for the weddings, but pink is so far the most popular. Turban colors are generally a matter of personal choice in Sikhism, with many Sikh men choosing colors based on fashion or taste, sometimes to match clothes. There are traditions associated with some colours, for instance orange and black are often worn at political protest rallies whilst red and pink turbans are worn at weddings and other celebratory events.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://testa0.blogspot.ca/2013/06/the-orange-turban-and-their-importance.html|title=design: The Orange Turban And Their Importance|website=testa0.blogspot.ca|date=12 June 2013|access-date=4 March 2016|archive-date=7 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307080518/http://testa0.blogspot.ca/2013/06/the-orange-turban-and-their-importance.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sikhism.about.com/od/religioustolerance/a/Sikh_Turban.htm|title=Why Do Sikhs Wear Turbans?|website=About.com Religion & Spirituality|access-date=4 March 2016|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303181152/http://sikhism.about.com/od/religioustolerance/a/Sikh_Turban.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sikhwomen.com/turban/Color.htm|title=Significance of color/colour of turban/pug/pag/dastaar/pagri/pagree in Sikhism|website=www.sikhwomen.com|access-date=4 March 2016|archive-date=11 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311164554/http://www.sikhwomen.com/turban/Color.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

<gallery class="center" widths="200" heights="200">
File:Gen Bikram Singh.jpg|[[Bikram Singh (general)|Bikram Singh]], former [[Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee]] of India
File:Fauja Singh.jpg|[[Fauja Singh]], a [[centenarian]] [[marathon]] runner
File:Diljit Dosanjh at Colors Golden Petal Awards.jpg|[[Diljit Dosanjh]], an actor, singer, television presenter and social media celebrity
File:Harjit Sajjan February 2016.jpg|[[Harjit Singh Sajjan]], [[Member of Parliament (Canada)|Member of Parliament]] and [[Minister of Emergency Preparedness]] of Canada
File:A Sikh Hooper Western 1860s.jpg|An Orthodox Sikh Nihang with a Dastar Bunga
File:OCdt. Sarabjot Anand, OCdt. Sarbjeet Nijher and OCdt. Saajandeep Sarai represent Royal Military College of Canada at Sikh Remembrance Day 2013.jpg|Cdt. Sarabjot Anand, OCdt. Sarbjeet Nijher and OCdt. Saajandeep Sarai represent Royal Military College of Canada at Sikh Remembrance Day 2013
File:Sikh woman.jpg|A Sikh Woman with a turban
File:Portrait Painting of Mewa Singh.jpg|Mewa Singh, the man who spearheaded the [[Ghadar Movement]]
File:Biggest Turban Ever.jpg|A Sikh with a darbara Singh dumala
File:Its relatives from sikh community weddings.png|A Sikh man and woman both with turbans
</gallery>

===Christianity===
[[File:USAFIS.JPG|thumb|right|upright|A Christian ''mukurinu'' (singular form of ''[[akurinu]]'') on the [[Swahili Coast]] wearing a turban]]

In [[Kenya]], the [[Akurinu]], a Christian denomination, wear turbans as religious headgear. The official name of the denomination is The Kenya Foundation of the Prophets Church, or else Holy Ghost Church. Both men and women wear white turbans; children wear tunics. Some Oriental Orthodox churches such as the [[Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria|Coptic Orthodox Church]] and the [[Syriac Orthodox Church]] include turbans in the [[vestment]]s for the priest.

The origin of the word ''akurinu'' is not clear. It is said by some to come from the Kikuyu question '''Mukuri-ni''' which translates to 'who is the redeemer?'. Others say that it comes from the growling sounds made by early adherents to the sect when possessed by the spirit, an act described as ''gukurina''. In his book ''Facing Mt. Kenya'', [[Jomo Kenyatta]] states that the ''akurinu'' referred to themselves as Arooti(dreamers), people of God.

The ''akurinu'' identify Joseph Ng'ang'a as the founder of the sect. It was Ng'ang'a who ascended [[Mount Kenya]] (then known as Mount Kirinyaga) with the first four akurinu prophets - Joseph Kanini, Henry Maina, Philip Mukubwa, and Lilian Njeru. It was on this ascension that the ''akurinu'' say Njeru was instructed to remove all adornments she had worn, throw them into River Nyamindi, and cover her hair. They also claim to have been instructed by God to lift their hands in the air as they pray. These two practices form an integral part of ''akurinu'' religious beliefs today.

===Islam===
In [[Islamic]] cultures, some men wear a turban-style headdress in emulation of [[Muhammad]] who is believed to have worn a black or white turban.<ref name="NYT Rubin 15 October 2011">{{cite news|last=Rubin|first=Alyssa J.|title=Afghan Symbol of Identity Is Subject to Search|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/16/world/asia/afghans-are-rattled-by-rule-on-searching-turbans.html|access-date=16 October 2011|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=15 October 2011|archive-date=15 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015222908/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/16/world/asia/afghans-are-rattled-by-rule-on-searching-turbans.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Haddad"/><ref name="inter-islam">{{cite web|url=http://www.inter-islam.org/Actions/kurta.html|title=The turban, topee and kurta – in the light of Ahadith and the practice of our pious predecessors|author=Inter Islam|publisher=inter-islam.org|access-date=10 February 2014|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225222554/http://www.inter-islam.org/Actions/kurta.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="sunnah">{{cite web|url=http://sunnah.org/fiqh/islamic_dress.htm|title=Islamic Dress and Head-dress for men|publisher=sunnah.org|access-date=10 February 2014|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225222557/http://sunnah.org/fiqh/islamic_dress.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="seekersguidance">{{cite web|url=http://seekersguidance.org/ans-blog/2009/11/19/can-anyone-wear-a-turban-are-there-styles-specific-for-scholars/|title=SeekersGuidance – Can Anyone Wear a Turban? Are There Styles Specific for Scholars? – Answers|date=19 November 2009|publisher=seekersguidance.org|access-date=10 February 2014|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225222601/http://seekershub.org/ans-blog/2009/11/19/can-anyone-wear-a-turban-are-there-styles-specific-for-scholars/|url-status=live}}</ref> It is sometimes called an [[Ammama|Imama]]. The head wraps are worn in different ways and called by different names depending on the region and culture. Examples include ({{langx|ar|عمامة}} ''`emãmah'') in Arabic, and the Dastar ({{langx|fa|دستار}}) in Persian. The most preferred style is the elliptic cylindrical headwrap, with the tail hanging behind.

In [[Shi'a Islam]], a black head wrap around a small white cap is worn by descendants of Muhammad called [[Sayyid]]s, and white turbans by other well-educated persons and scholars. Sufi Muslims often wear a green head wrap around a small cap or the green head wrap alone. Members of the [[Dawat-e-Islami]] movement wear green turbans,<ref name=Gugler/> whereas members of [[Sunni Dawate Islami]] (which broke away from Dawat-e-Islami in 1992) wear white turbans.<ref name=Gugler>{{Cite journal|url=http://crossasia-repository.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/142/|title=Parrots of Paradise - Symbols of the Super-Muslim: Sunnah, Sunnaization and Self-Fashioning in the Islamic Missionary Movements Tablighi Jama'at, Da'wat-e Islami and Sunni Da'wat-e Islami|first=Thomas K.|last=Gugler|date=22 April 2008|website=crossasia-repository.ub.uni-heidelberg.de|doi=10.11588/xarep.00000142|access-date=9 May 2020|archive-date=1 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201154221/http://crossasia-repository.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/142/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In [[Sudan]], large white headdresses connote high social status.{{Citation needed|date=October 2011}} In India and Pakistan the cap is called a [[Taqiyah (cap)|topi]]. Women of Islam typically do not wear turbans, as it is typically considered part of a man's dress, while women do typically cover their hair as part of [[hijab]].

However, just as some Muslim women wear no headcovering, some modern Muslim women wear a turban style covering. Although it is still not as widely accepted by the more conservative Islamic communities.

<gallery class="center" widths="200" heights="200">
File:Statue of Averroes (Córdoba) - BAE09705.jpg|[[Averroes|Ibn Rushd (Averroes)]] [[Muslim]] [[polymath]] from Spain
File:Ralamb-40.jpg|In the [[Ottoman Empire]], [[Muhammad]]'s numerous descendants formed a kind of nobility with the privilege of wearing green turbans
File:Habib umar with imam zaid shakir.jpg|[[Habib Umar bin Hafiz]] (left) of [[Yemen]] wearing a white turban
</gallery>

===Judaism===
{{main|Priestly turban}}

The traditional Jewish turban is known as a [[Sudra (headdress)|sudra]]. When the Jewish High Priest served in the Tabernacle and the Temple in Jerusalem, he wore a head covering called ''mitznefet'' מִצְנֶפֶת. This word has been translated as ''mitre'' (KJV) or ''headdress''. It was most likely a turban, as the word comes from a root meaning 'to wrap'.

In the [[Hebrew Bible]], the turban worn by the High Priest was much larger than the head coverings of the priests and wound to make a broad, flat-topped shape resembling the blossom of a flower. The head covering of the priests was different, being wound to form a cone, called a ''migbahat''.

The priestly crown (Hebrew ''tzitz'' צִיץ "blossom", "flower") was attached to the turban by means of two sets of blue cords: one going over the top of the head and the other around the sides of the head at the level of the ears (Exodus 39:31).

According to the [[Talmud]], the wearing of the turban atoned for the sin of haughtiness on the part of the Children of Israel (B. Zevachim 88b).

The Jews who lived under Arab rule during the Middle Ages, notably in Islamic Spain, wore turbans and headwear not too different from their Muslim counterparts.

The [[Sephardic Jews|Sephardi]] [[Chief Rabbinate of Israel|Chief Rabbi of Israel]], also known as [[Rishon LeZion (title)|Rishon LeZion]] customarily wears a [[Priestly turban|turban]] (mitznefet).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ottoman Chief Rabbi's official dress |url=https://www.imj.org.il/en/collections/516306-0 |archive-date=7 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007091332/https://www.imj.org.il/en/collections/516306-0 |url-status=live |publisher=[[Israel Museum]], Jerusalem |access-date=20 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rabbi Ya'akov Meir |url=https://www.imj.org.il/en/collections/667142-0 |publisher=[[Israel Museum]], Jerusalem |access-date=20 January 2025}}</ref>

Some married Jewish women wear [[Head covering for Jewish women#Mitpaḥat|mitpaḥats]] as an act of modesty.

=== Mandaeism ===
{{main|Burzinqa}}
[[File:Mandaeans celebrating the Creation Day (Brunaya), Maysan, Iraq - Mar 17, 2019 03.jpg|thumb|right|350px|Two [[Mandaeans|Mandaean]] men wearing ''[[burzinqa]]'' turbans]]
[[Mandaean priest]]s wear white turbans called ''[[burzinqa]]''.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/sikh-leader-forced-to-remove-turban-in-dubai/articleshow/47152934.cms?from=mdr | title=Sikh leader 'forced to remove turban' in Dubai | newspaper=The Times of India | date=4 May 2015 | archive-date=8 January 2024 | access-date=8 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108130247/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/sikh-leader-forced-to-remove-turban-in-dubai/articleshow/47152934.cms?from=mdr | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Buckley 2002">{{cite book|last=Buckley|first=Jorunn Jacobsen|title=The Mandaeans: ancient texts and modern people|url=http://mandaeannetwork.com/Mandaean/books/english/2The_Mandaeans_Ancient_Texts_and_Modern_People_American_Academy_of_Religion_Books_Jorunn_Jacobsen_Buckley.pdf?bcsi_scan_955b0cd764557e80=0&bcsi_scan_filename=2The_Mandaeans_Ancient_Texts_and_Modern_People_American_Academy_of_Religion_Books_Jorunn_Jacobsen_Buckley.pdf|publisher=Oxford University Press|publication-place=New York|year=2002|isbn=0-19-515385-5|oclc=65198443|archive-date=11 October 2017|access-date=3 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011181602/http://mandaeannetwork.com/Mandaean/books/english/2The_Mandaeans_Ancient_Texts_and_Modern_People_American_Academy_of_Religion_Books_Jorunn_Jacobsen_Buckley.pdf?bcsi_scan_955b0cd764557e80=0&bcsi_scan_filename=2The_Mandaeans_Ancient_Texts_and_Modern_People_American_Academy_of_Religion_Books_Jorunn_Jacobsen_Buckley.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Hinduism ===
In Hinduism, many peoples wear it due to culture. It is called a [[Pheta]]. It is a cultural practice driven by the harsh summer months in India especially in the state of [[Rajasthan]]. Apart from turban; there are several other headgears and also different types of turbans used in different parts of India and people wear them when going out especially in villages.

===Rastafari===
Members of the [[Bobo Ashanti]] mansion of the [[Rastafari movement]] keep their hair and beards, mainly with their hair in [[dreadlocks]], and they have been wearing turbans over their dreadlocks, which are not to be removed publicly or even not at all, so as to protect and keep their dreadlocks clean. This is called a [[Rasta headwrap]]. Along with the turban, they have also been wearing robes since their founding in the 1950s,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20040711/ent/ent1.html |title=ROOTS RASTA RUNWAY |access-date=3 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211102956/http://www.jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20040711/ent/ent1.html |archive-date=11 December 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Since they are a relatively small population, it makes them more distinctive in appearance in [[Jamaica]] and elsewhere.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/rastafari/subdivisions/boboshanti.shtml|title=Rastafari: Bobo Shanti|access-date=15 January 2010|archive-date=5 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205095014/https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/rastafari/subdivisions/boboshanti.shtml|url-status=live |publisher=BBC Religions}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Turban knocking]]
* [[Turban training centre]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons and category|Turban|Turbans}}
*[http://www.sikhcoalition.org/sikh-theology-why-sikhs-wear-a-turban Why Sikhs wear a turban]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20151019000636/http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/asia/s/sikh_fortress_turban.aspx Sikh Fortress Turban]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8kphlX9gcX0 Tutorial on how to make a Turban (Pagri)]
*[http://www.sikhnet.com/s/WhyTurbans Information on why Sikhs wear Turbans]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050619082341/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/news/lifestyles/links/turbans_27.html Understanding Turbans]
*[https://nitnemsahib.com/significance-of-turban-in-sikhism-turban-infographic/ Significance of Turban Infographic]
*[https://www.tandfonline.com/eprint/AHU8XHCDERZ3EQVF4QXT/full?target=10.1080/14759756.2023.2208502 Body, Dress, and Symbolic Capital: Multifaceted Presentation of PUGREE in Colonial Governance of British India] 
{{Headgear}}
{{Folk costume}}
{{Sufism terminology}}
{{Authority control}}

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