Editing Turbot

{{Short description|Species of flatfish in the family Scophthalmidae}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Turbot
| image = Psetta_maxima_Luc_Viatour.jpg
| image_caption =
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Cardinale, M. |author2=Chanet, B. |author3=Martínez Portela, P. |author4=Munroe, T.A. |author5=Nimmegeers, S. |author6=Shlyakhov, V. |author7=Turan, C. |author8=Vansteenbrugge, L. |date=2021 |title=''Scophthalmus maximus'' |volume=2021 |page=e.T198731A144939322 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T198731A144939322.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
| taxon = Scophthalmus maximus
| authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]])
| synonyms = {{collapsible list|
* ''Pleuronectes cyclops'' <small>[[Edward Donovan|Donovan]], 1806</small>
* ''Pleuronectes maximus'' <small>Linnaeus, 1758</small>
* ''Pleuronectes turbot'' <small>[[Bernard Germain de Lacépède|Lacepède]], 1802</small>
* ''Psetta maxima'' <small>(Linnaeus, 1758)</small>
* ''Psetta maxima maxima'' <small>(Linnaeus, 1758)</small>
* ''Rhombus aculeatus'' <small>[[Carl Moritz Gottsche|Gottsche]], 1835</small>
* ''Rhombus magnus'' <small>Minding, 1832</small>
* ''Rhombus maximus'' <small>(Linnaeus, 1758)</small>
* ''Rhombus stellosus'' <small>[[Edward Turner Bennett|Bennett]], 1835</small>
* ''Scophthalmus ponticus'' <small>Ninni, 1932</small>
}}}}
[[File:Turbot total production thousand tonnes 1950-2022.svg|thumb|Capture (blue) and aquaculture (green) production of turbot (''Scophthalmus maximus'') in thousand tonnes from 1950 to 2022, as reported by the [[Food and Agriculture Organization|FAO]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fisheries and Aquaculture - Global Production |url=https://www.fao.org/fishery/en/collection/global_production?lang=en |access-date=2024-05-06 |website=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)}}</ref>]]
The '''turbot''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|ɜr|b|ə|t|}} {{respell|TUR|bət}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/turbot |title=turbot |publisher=dictionary.reference.com }}</ref>) ''Scophthalmus maximus'' is a relatively large species of [[flatfish]] in the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Scophthalmidae]]. It is a [[demersal fish]] native to [[marine (ocean)|marine]] or [[brackish]] waters of the Northeast Atlantic, [[Baltic Sea]] and the [[Mediterranean Sea]]. It is an important food fish.<ref name=FishBase>{{FishBase | genus=Psetta | species=maxima | year=2019 | month=December }}</ref> Turbot in the [[Black Sea]] were often included in this species, but are now generally regarded as separate &ndash; the [[Black Sea turbot]] or kalkan (''S. maeoticus'').<ref>{{FishBase genus | genus = Scophthalmus| month = December | year = 2019}}</ref> True turbot are not found in the Northwest Atlantic; the "turbot" of that region, which was involved in the so-called "[[Turbot War]]" between Canada and Spain, is the [[Greenland halibut]] or Greenland turbot (''Reinhardtius hippoglossoides'').<ref>{{cite book | author=Stephens, T. | year=2009 | title=International Courts and Environmental Protection | pages=212–214 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | isbn=978-0-521-88122-7 }}</ref>

==Etymology==
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The word comes from the [[Old French]] {{lang|fro|tourbout}}, which may be a derivative of the [[Latin]] {{lang|la|turbo}} ('spinning top'), a possible reference to its shape.<ref>{{cite web |title=turbot, n. |work=OED Online |date=December 2021 |publisher=Oxford University Press |url= https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/207569?redirectedFrom=turbot |access-date= January 11, 2022 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Another possible origin of the Old French word is from [[Old Swedish]] {{lang|non|törnbut}}, from {{lang|non|törn}} 'thorn' + {{lang|non|-but}} 'stump, butt, flatfish', which may also be a reference to its shape (compare native English [[halibut]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=turbot |title=turbot |work=Online Etymology Dictionary}}</ref> Early reference to the turbot can be found in a satirical poem ("[[Satires of Juvenal#Satire IV: The Emperor's Fish|The Emperor's Fish]]") by [[Juvenal]], a Roman poet of the late 1st and early 2nd centuries AD, suggesting this fish was [[Ancient Roman cuisine|a delicacy in the Roman empire]].

==Description==
The turbot is a large [[Flatfish#Characteristics|left eyed]] flatfish found primarily close to shore in sandy shallow waters throughout the [[Mediterranean]], the [[Baltic Sea]], the [[Black Sea]], and the [[North Atlantic]]. The European turbot has an asymmetric disk-shaped body, and has been known to grow up to {{convert|1|m|in|-1|spell=in|abbr=off}} long and {{convert|55|lb|kg|order=flip|abbr=off}} in weight.<ref name=FishBase/><ref>{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Turbot|volume=27}}</ref>

==Fisheries==
Turbot is highly prized as a food fish for its delicate flavour, and is also known as '''[[wiktionary:brat|brat]]''', '''breet''', '''britt''', or '''butt'''. It is a valuable commercial species, acquired through aquaculture and trawling. Turbot are farmed in [[Bulgaria]], [[Canada]], [[France]], [[Spain]], [[Portugal]], [[Romania]], [[Turkey]], [[Chile]], [[Norway]], and [[China]].<ref>[http://www.seafood-portal.com/Fish_Products/Psetta_maxima:Turbot ''Psetta Maxima''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110223200309/http://www.seafood-portal.com/Fish_Products/Psetta_maxima:Turbot |date=2011-02-23 }} Seafood Portal</ref>
Turbot has a bright white flesh that retains this appearance when cooked. Like all flatfish, turbot yields four [[Fillet (cut)|fillets]] with meatier topside portions that may be [[baked]], [[Poaching (cooking)|poached]], [[Steaming|steamed]], or [[Pan frying|pan-fried]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wiktionary|turbot}}
{{Commons category|Scophthalmus maximus|''Scophthalmus maximus''}}
* {{ITIS|id=616195|taxon=''Scophthalmus maximus'' (Linnaeus, 1758)}}

{{Flatfish}}
{{Commercial fish topics}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q217329}}

[[Category:Commercial fish]]
[[Category:Fish described in 1758]]
[[Category:Fish of the Mediterranean Sea]]
[[Category:Marine fish of Europe]]
[[Category:Scophthalmus]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]