Editing Turn-On

{{short description|American surreal sketch comedy series}}
{{other uses|Turn On (disambiguation)}}
{{Use American English|date=October 2019}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image                = Turn-On Title Card.jpg
| caption              = Title card from first episode
| genre                = {{plainlist|
* [[Sketch comedy]]
*[[Science fiction]]
*[[Surreal humour|Surreal comedy]]}}
| creator              = {{Plainlist|
*[[Digby Wolfe]]
*[[George Schlatter]]
}}
| producer             = Digby Wolfe
| executive_producer   = {{Plainlist|
*[[Ed Friendly]]
*[[George Schlatter]]
}}
| num_episodes         = 2 (1 episode unaired)
| starring             = {{Plainlist|
*Tim Conway
*[[Teresa Graves]]
*[[Hamilton Camp]]
*[[Mel Stewart]]
*[[Chuck McCann]]
*Bonnie Boland
*Maxine Greene
*Ken Greenwald
*Debbie Macomber
*[[Maura McGiveney]]
*Robert Staats
}}
| runtime              = 30 minutes
| company              = George Schlatter-Ed Friendly Productions
| country              = United States
| language             = English
| network              = [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]
| first_aired          = {{Start date|1969|02|05}}
| presenter            = [[Tim Conway]] (guest host)
}}

'''''Turn-On''''' is an American [[Surreal humour|surreal]] [[sketch comedy]] series created by [[Digby Wolfe]] and [[George Schlatter]] that aired once on [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] on Wednesday, February 5, 1969. Only one episode was shown partially before [[List of television series canceled after one episode|being pulled]] from ABC's airing schedule, leaving another episode unaired. The show has since been considered one of the most infamous [[List of television series notable for negative reception|flop]]s in TV history, with significantly low initial ratings and negative critical reception.

''Turn-On'''s sole broadcast episode replaced the Wednesday episode of ''[[Peyton Place (TV series)|Peyton Place]]'' - in fact, it was even referenced on the show itself, where, in the opening, Tim Conway refers to the show as "Peyton Re-Place". Among the cast were [[Teresa Graves]] (who would join the ''Laugh-In'' cast that fall), [[Hamilton Camp]], and [[Chuck McCann]]. The writing staff included [[Albert Brooks]]. The guest host for the first episode was [[Tim Conway]], who also participated in certain sketches. Schlatter and [[Ed Friendly]], who had previously been the producers of ''[[Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In]]'', were contracted by [[Bristol-Myers Squibb|Bristol-Myers]] to develop the show, and provided it to [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] for a projected 13-week run after it was rejected by [[NBC]] and [[CBS]].

==Premise==
[[File:Turn-On Episode 1.webm|thumb|The first and only aired episode of ''Turn-On'']]
''Turn-On'''s premise was that it was "the first computerized TV show", according to its opening sequence; the show had no sets except for a clinical white backdrop, where sketches generated by an artificially intelligent computer would be acted out. Unlike the generally appealing humor of ''Laugh-In'', ''Turn-On'' was oriented around [[off-color humor]] and "focused almost exclusively on sex as a comedic subject",<ref name="levine2007">{{cite book | title=Wallowing in Sex: The New Sexual Culture of 1970s American Television | publisher=Duke University Press | author=Levine, Elana | year=2007 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0B1y4YV5ji8C&q=turn-on+abc+19691&pg=PA173 | pages=173 | isbn=978-0-8223-3919-9}}</ref> using various rapid-fire jokes and risqué [[skits]]. Co-creator and production executive Digby Wolfe described it as a "visual, comedic, sensory assault involving [[animation]], [[videotape]], [[stop-action]] film, electronic distortion, [[computer graphics]]—even people."<ref name="Bob">{{Cite news|last=MacKenzie|first=Bob|date=February 11, 1969|title=On Television... It's Fast, Wasn't It?|page=B-24|work=[[Oakland Tribune]]|publisher=The Tribune Publishing Corporation|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/76335359/its-fast-wasnt-it/|access-date=April 23, 2021|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> Sounds created with [[Moog synthesizer]]s were used in lieu of a [[laugh track]], representing the computer's laughter. The program was also filmed instead of presented live or on videotape; in a style of presentation that was novel for the time, several sketches and jokes were presented with the screen divided into four squares resembling [[Comic strip|comic strip panels]]. The production credits of the episode were inserted at random intervals after the first commercial break, instead of conventionally at the beginning or end.

==Reaction==
When initially presented to CBS, a network official stated that ''Turn-On'' was "so fast with the cuts and chops that some of our people actually got physically disturbed by it."{{r|ap19690210}} Tim Conway has stated that ''Turn-On'' was [[List of television series canceled after one episode|canceled midway through its only episode]], so that the party that the cast and crew held for its premiere as the show aired across the United States also marked its cancellation.<ref name="conway">{{cite video|people= Conway, Tim |title= PIONEERS OF TELEVISION: Tim Conway on "Turn-On" (#104) |url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tWvQ0zjjNjc | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022072447/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tWvQ0zjjNjc| archive-date=October 22, 2013 | url-status=dead|medium=Web |publisher= [[Public Broadcasting Service]] |access-date= February 23, 2009}}</ref><ref name="ap19750706">{{cite news | url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=sIYsAAAAIBAJ&pg=7282%2C886685 | title=Comedian Tim Conway Will Join 'The Carol Burnett Show' As Regular Member | date=July 6, 1975 | access-date=April 19, 2011 | agency=Associated Press}}</ref> A native of [[Cleveland|Cleveland, Ohio]], Conway later claimed that the Cleveland ABC affiliate, [[WEWS-TV]], replaced the show after the first commercial break and utilized an "emergency protocol" of a black screen with live organ music.{{r|conway}}

Ten minutes into ''Turn-On'', WEWS general manager Donald Perris called ABC's headquarters by telephone to notify that they would no longer air the show<ref name="Turn-On Yelps">{{Cite news |last=Mitchell |first=Gee |date=February 7, 1969 |title=Laugh-In Copy Turns-On Yelps |page=59 |work=Dayton Daily News |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/76320049/laugh-in-copy-turns-on-yelps/ |access-date=April 23, 2021 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> and sent to ABC president [[Elton Rule]]{{r|Turn-On WAKR}} an angry [[Telegraphy|telegram]]: "If your naughty little boys have to write dirty words on the walls, please don't use our walls. ''Turn-On'' is turned off, as far as WEWS is concerned."<ref name="ap19690208">{{cite news | url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=oDVWAAAAIBAJ&pg=3738,1405503 | title=Stations Turn Off 'Turn On' | date=February 8, 1969 | access-date=April 19, 2011 | agency=Associated Press}}</ref><ref>[http://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10150594213819327&set=a.246096739326.141367.245324499326&type=1&ref=nf The Plain Dealer: "WEWS-TV Turns Off 'Turn On'", February 6, 1969, via Cleveland Classic Media's Facebook page.]</ref> After the program aired, a WEWS spokesman claimed that the station's [[Switchboard operator|switchboard]] was "lit up" with protest calls, and Perris derided ''Turn-On'' as being "in excessive poor taste".<ref name="Turn-On WAKR">{{Cite news |last=Shippy |first=Dick |date=February 6, 1969 |title=WEWS Drops It: 'Turn-On' Quickly Turned Off |page=A-2 |work=Akron Beacon Journal |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/76319225/turn-on-quickly-turned-off/ |access-date=April 23, 2021 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> George Schlatter would later accuse Perris of actively lobbying other affiliates ''prior'' to the broadcast to force a network cancellation after objecting to it replacing ''[[Peyton Place (TV series)|Peyton Place]]'' on the Wednesday night schedule.<ref>{{Cite web|date=December 10, 2015|title='Turn-On' was the shortest lived show in TV history, and one of the most fascinating|url=https://www.metv.com/stories/turn-on-was-the-shortest-lived-show-in-tv-history-and-one-of-the-most-fascinating|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151212010357/https://www.metv.com/stories/turn-on-was-the-shortest-lived-show-in-tv-history-and-one-of-the-most-fascinating|archive-date=December 12, 2015|access-date=April 23, 2021|website=[[Me-TV Network]]|publisher=[[Weigel Broadcasting]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gbz3irCcMEo|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/Gbz3irCcMEo|archive-date=December 12, 2021|url-status=live|title=Turn-On George Schlatter tells the true story|date=February 4, 2010|language=en|publisher=LaughInNow|access-date=April 23, 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref> At the same time, [[WVPX-TV|WAKR-TV]] in [[Akron, Ohio]]—the Cleveland market's other primary ABC affiliate—did not receive any negative phone calls but their general manager criticized the show's "questionable taste".{{r|Turn-On WAKR}}

Several stations in the eastern time zones refused to air ''Turn-On'' before its premiere, including [[Memphis, Tennessee]]'s [[WHBQ-TV]] who refused to air due to the management calling the show "too sexy and was not up to our broadcast standards for that time of evening". The station quickly replaced it with an episode of ''[[The Real McCoys]]''.<ref name="WHBQ Turn-On">{{Cite news |last=Lee|first=Mary Ann|date=February 6, 1969 |title=Channel 13 Refused To Air Turn-On in Memphis Primetime |page=27 |work=Memphis Press-Scimitar|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/799957319/|access-date=November 30, 2024|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> After seeing the episode, several stations in the later western time zones decided not to broadcast the show at all, including [[Portland, Oregon]]'s [[KATU (TV)|KATU]], [[Seattle|Seattle, Washington]]'s [[KOMO-TV]], and [[Denver|Denver, Colorado]]'s [[KUSA (TV)|KBTV]], which stated: "We have decided, without hesitation, that it would be offensive to a major segment of the audience."<ref name="erg19690206">{{cite news | url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=njVWAAAAIBAJ&pg=4894,1001606 | title='Turn On' Turned Off | work=[[Eugene Register-Guard]] | date=February 6, 1969 | access-date=May 5, 2011 | pages=3A}}</ref> Viewers of [[Little Rock, Arkansas]]'s [[KATV]], which disliked the show but decided to air it, "jam[med] the station's switchboard" with complaints.{{r|ap19690208}} [[Dallas|Dallas, Texas]] ABC affiliate [[WFAA]] elected to air the show on the following Sunday night at 10:30 local time, to an overwhelmingly negative response.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dmagazine.com/publications/d-magazine/1978/july/is-mike-shapiro-getting-soft/|title=Is Mike Shapiro Getting Soft?|magazine=[[D Magazine]]|date=July 1978}}</ref>

Both ''The New York Times'' and the Associated Press gave the show poor reviews.{{r|ap19690208}} An ABC executive stated that "creatively, ''Turn-On'' didn't work". He compared the show negatively to the comedy of [[Dean Martin]], ''Laugh-In'', and the [[Smothers Brothers]], which the executive described as "absolutely beyond belief ... awfully [[Ribaldry|blue]]", but were popular and less controversial because unlike ''Turn-On'', "they're funny".<ref name="buck19690214">{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=X0tSAAAAIBAJ&pg=5536%2C2457430|title='Turn On' Producer Denies Bad Taste|last=Buck|first=Jerry|date=February 14, 1969|work=[[St. Petersburg Times]]|access-date=February 20, 2012|agency=Associated Press|pages=13–D}}</ref> After ''Turn-On''{{'}}s cancellation ''[[TV Guide]]'' called the show "The biggest bomb of the season". It stated that both CBS and NBC had rejected the show due to its perceived lack of quality, and that its sexual content was an important reason why viewers rejected the show.<ref>{{Cite news|title=The Show That Died After One Night: The Inglorious History of 'Turn-On,' a $1,000,000 TV Disaster|last1=Doan|first1=Richard K.|date=May 17–23, 1969|work=[[TV Guide]]|last2=Finnigan|first2=Joseph|page=6}}</ref> The magazine quoted a source who lamented ''Turn-On'''s lack of a regular host or interlocutor: "(T)here wasn't any sort of identification with the audience -- just a bunch of strangers up there insulting everything you believe in."

Conway said in 2008 that ''Turn-On'' was "way ahead of its time. I'm not sure even if you saw it today that maybe that time has also passed."{{r|conway}} Bart Andrews, in his 1980 book ''The Worst TV Shows Ever'', stated that ''Turn-On'' was actually quite close to the original concept for ''Laugh-In''. "It wasn't that it was a bad show, it was that it was an awkward show," concluded author [[Harlan Ellison]], a fan of [[Counter-culture|counter-cultural]] comedy and a TV critic for the ''Los Angeles Free Press'' in 1969.

On February 7, ABC announced that ''Turn-On'' would go on hiatus. Instead of the scheduled February 12 episode, the ''ABC Wednesday Night Movie'' (''[[The Oscar (film)|The Oscar]]'', itself an infamous flop) would start 30 minutes early.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1969/02/08/archives/-turn-on-is-switched-off-while-abc-reconsiders.html|title=Turn-On Is Switched Off While ABC Reconsiders|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=February 8, 1969}}</ref> This announcement came after the following week's ''TV Guide'' went to press; it published a listing for the scheduled February 12 episode, which would have starred [[Robert Culp]] and then-wife [[France Nuyen]] as hosts.{{r|ap19690208}}<ref name=Bob/> Finally, on February 10, the show was formally canceled. By this time, WEWS, KBTV, and KATV all told ABC that they would not air the show again; with several other affiliates having already turned it down, it no longer made financial sense to air it.{{r|ap19690208}} ABC received 369 calls of complaint during the show and 20 calls that supported it;{{r|ap19690210}} by comparison, the network received 1,800 protest calls several weeks earlier after preempting the ''Wednesday Night Movie'' for an address by [[Richard Nixon|President Richard Nixon]] introducing [[Presidency of Richard Nixon|his cabinet appointees]].<ref name="Turn-On Yelps" /> Network officials told sponsor [[Bristol-Myers]] that the show was unacceptable and Bristol-Myers ordered Schlatter and Friendly to end production.<ref name="ap19690210">{{cite news | url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=TuNKAAAAIBAJ&pg=2528,1721666 | title='Turn-On' Turned Off By ABC | agency=Associated Press | work=[[The Daily Gazette|The Schenectady Gazette]] | date=February 10, 1969 | access-date=May 5, 2011 | pages=16}}</ref> Many assumed the show's title was itself an implicit reference to [[Timothy Leary]]'s pro-drug maxim, "[[Turn on, tune in, drop out]]".

The network eventually replaced ''Turn On'' with a revival of ''[[The King Family Show]]'' focusing on the [[Four King Cousins]]. The controversy led ABC to reject a pilot written by [[Norman Lear]], stating that the [[Archie Bunker|lead character]] was "foul-mouthed, and bigoted", out of fear that it might anger its affiliates again. CBS liked the pilot, picked it up as ''[[All in the Family]]'', and began airing it during the 1970-71 midseason.<ref name="gitlin2000">{{cite book | title=Inside Prime Time | publisher=University of California Press | author=Gitlin, Todd | year=2000 | url=https://archive.org/details/insideprimetime00gitl_1 | url-access=registration | quote=turn-on abc 1969. | pages=[https://archive.org/details/insideprimetime00gitl_1/page/212 212] | isbn=0-520-21785-3}}</ref><ref name="neuwirth2006">{{cite book | title=They'll never put that on the air: an oral history of taboo-breaking TV comedy | publisher=Allworth Communications, Inc. | author=Neuwirth, Allan | year=2006 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q47DAe8GN-AC&pg=PA132 | pages=132–133 | isbn=1-58115-417-8}}</ref>

In 2002, ''Turn-On'' was ranked number 27 on ''TV Guide's'' 50 Worst TV Shows of All Time.<ref>{{cite magazine |year=2002 |title=50 Worst Shows of All Time |magazine=[[TV Guide]] }}</ref> ''What Were They Thinking?: The 100 Dumbest Events in Television History'' ranked it at number 25.<ref name="hofstede">{{cite book|last=Hofstede|first=David |title=What Were They Thinking: The 100 Dumbest Events in Television History|publisher=Back Stage Books|pages=150–151|year=2004|isbn=0-8230-8441-8}}</ref>

Both completed episodes are available for public viewing at the [[Paley Center for Media]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bramesco |first=Charles |date=April 4, 2019 |title=The '60s Sketch-Comedy Show That Crashed and Burned Into TV Infamy |url=https://www.vulture.com/2019/04/turn-on-sketch-comedy-tv-history.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405222725/https://www.vulture.com/2019/04/turn-on-sketch-comedy-tv-history.html |archive-date=April 5, 2019 |access-date=July 31, 2023 |website=Vulture |language=en-us}}</ref>  They were also made available for viewing on YouTube on October 9, 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Haring |first=Bruce |date=October 6, 2023 |title= Infamous 'Turn-On' To Air On YouTube, Fastest Cancellation In TV History |url=https://deadline.com/2023/10/infamous-turn-on-to-air-youtube-fastest-cancellation-in-tv-history-1235566393 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006232827/https://deadline.com/2023/10/infamous-turn-on-to-air-youtube-fastest-cancellation-in-tv-history-1235566393/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 6, 2023 |access-date=October 7, 2023 |website=Deadline |language=en-us}}</ref> On February 4, 2024, a third episode was released on YouTube, composed of unused footage from Conway's episode as well as footage from an episode guest-starring [[Sebastian Cabot (actor)|Sebastian Cabot]] of ''[[Family Affair]]''.

==See also==
{{Portal|1960s}}
* [[List of television series canceled after one episode]]
* [[List of television shows notable for negative reception]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{YouTube|sDpum0Jp7Gw|Episode 1}}
* {{YouTube|XwRYpqTpCU4|Episode 2}}

[[Category:American Broadcasting Company original programming]]
[[Category:1960s American sketch comedy television series]]
[[Category:Television series canceled after one episode]]
[[Category:Television controversies in the United States]]
[[Category:Surreal comedy]]
[[Category:Television series about artificial intelligence]]
[[Category:1969 American television series debuts]]
[[Category:1969 American television series endings]]
[[Category:Rediscovered television shows]]