Editing Turnstone

{{Short description|Genus of birds}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Arenaria interpres.jpg
| image_caption = Ruddy turnstone in nonbreeding plumage
| image2 = Arenaria melanocephala.jpg
| image2_caption = Black turnstone in winter plumage
| taxon = Arenaria (bird)
| synonyms = {{Species list
  |Arenarius|Dumont, 1805
  |Morinella|Meyer in Meyer & Wolf, 1810
  |Strepsialis|Hay, 1841
  |Strepsilas|Illiger, 1811
  |Strepsilus|Nuttall, 1834
  |Stripsilas|Stephens in Shaw, 1819
  |Stripselas|Stephens in Shaw, 1819
  }}
| authority = [[Mathurin Jacques Brisson|Brisson]], 1760
| subdivision_ranks = [[Species]]
| subdivision = 
''[[Arenaria interpres]]''<br/>
''[[Arenaria melanocephala]]''
| type_species = ''[[Ruddy turnstone|Tringa interpres]]''
| type_species_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758
}}

'''Turnstones''' are two [[bird]] [[species]] that constitute the [[genus]] '''''Arenaria''''' in the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Scolopacidae]]. They are closely related to [[calidrid]] sandpipers  and might be considered members of the [[tribe (biology)|tribe]] Calidriini<!-- subfamilies Calidriinae, Eroliinae, etc? -->.<ref name = thomasetal2004/>

The [[genus]] ''Arenaria'' was introduced by the French zoologist [[Mathurin Jacques Brisson]] in 1760 with the [[ruddy turnstone]] (''Arenaria interpres'') as the [[type species]].<ref>{{ cite book | last=Brisson | first=Mathurin Jacques | author-link=Mathurin Jacques Brisson | year=1760 | title=Ornithologie, ou, Méthode Contenant la Division des Oiseaux en Ordres, Sections, Genres, Especes & leurs Variétés | language=French, Latin | at=[https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/36010447 Vol. 1, p. 48], [https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/36294414 Vol. 5, p. 132] | place=Paris | publisher=Jean-Baptiste Bauche }}</ref><ref>{{ cite book | editor-last=Peters | editor-first=James Lee | editor-link=James L. Peters | year=1934 | title=Check-list of Birds of the World | volume=2 | publisher=Harvard University Press | place=Cambridge, Massachusetts  | page=271 | url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14483084 }}</ref>  The genus name ''arenaria'' is from [[Latin]] ''arenarius'', "inhabiting sand", from ''arena'', "sand".<ref name=job>{{cite book | last= Jobling | first= James A | year= 2010| title= The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | url= https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling | publisher= Christopher Helm | location = London | isbn = 978-1-4081-2501-4 | page=[https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling/page/n54 54]}}</ref>

The genus contains two species: the [[ruddy turnstone]] (''Arenaria interpres'') and the [[black turnstone]] (''Arenaria melanocephala'').<ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | year=2019 | title=Buttonquail, plovers, seedsnipe, sandpipers | work=World Bird List Version 9.1 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/buttonquail/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=2 April 2019 }}</ref> Both birds are [[wader]]s. Their length is typically between 20 and 25&nbsp;cm, with a wingspan between 50 and 60&nbsp;cm and a body mass between 110 and 130g. For waders their build is stocky, with short, slightly upturned, wedge shaped bills. They have white patches on the back, wings and tail. They are high [[Arctic]] breeders, and are [[bird migration|migratory]]. Their strong necks and powerful, slightly upturned bills are adapted to their feeding technique. As the name implies, these species overturn stones, seaweed, and similar items in search of [[invertebrate]] prey.<ref name= "ColinsBG">Svensson, Lars et al. Collins Bird Guide 2nd ed. Publisher: Collins 2010. {{ISBN|978-0007268146}}</ref> They are strictly coastal, prefer stony beaches to sand, and often share beach space with other species of waders such as [[purple sandpiper]]s.

==Species==
{{Species table |genus= Arenaria |authority-name=Brisson |authority-year=1760 |species-count=two|no-note=y|narrow-percent=75}}

{{Species table/row
|name=[[ruddy turnstone]] |binomial=[[Arenaria interpres]]
|image=File:Arenaria interpres (habitus).jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt=|image-caption= Breeding plumage
|image2 =File:Arenaria interpres SK.jpg|image2-caption=Non-Breeding plumage
|authority-name=Linnaeus |authority-year=1758 |authority-not-original=yes
|range= circumpolar distribution, and is a very long distance migrant, wintering on coasts as far south as [[South Africa]] and [[Australia]].
|range-image=File:Arenaria interpres map.svg
|range-image-size=180px
|size=It is one of the species to which the ''Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds'' ([[AEWA]]) applies. In breeding [[plumage]], this is a showy bird, with a black-and-white head, chestnut back, white underparts and red legs. The drabber winter plumage is basically brown above and white below. 
|habitat=On coasts almost everywhere in the world
|hunting=This is a generally tame bird and is an opportunist feeder. Unlike most waders, it will scavenge, and has a phenomenal list of recorded food items, including human corpses and [[coconut]]. The call is a staccato ''tuck- tuck- tuck''.
|iucn-status=NT
|population=
|direction=
|subspecies=
}}

{{Species table/row
|name=[[black turnstone]] |binomial=[[Arenaria melanocephala]]
|image=File:Arenaria melanocephala1.jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt=
|authority-name=Vigors |authority-year=1829 |authority-not-original=yes
|range= Breeding in western [[Alaska]], and wintering mainly on the [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] coast of the [[United States]].
|range-image=File:Arenaria melanocephala map.svg
|range-image-size=180px
|size=Black upperparts and chest, and white below.
|habitat=
|hunting=
|iucn-status= LC
|population=
|direction=
|subspecies=
}}

{{Species table/end}}


There exists a [[fossil]] bone, a [[Anatomical terms of location#Proximal and distal|distal]] piece of [[tarsometatarsus]] found in the [[Edson Beds]] of [[Sherman County, Kansas]]. Dating from the mid-[[Blancan]] some 4-3 million years ago, it appears to be from a calidriid somewhat similar to a [[pectoral sandpiper]], but has some traits reminiscent of turnstones.<ref name=Wetmore/> Depending on which traits are [[apomorph]]ic and [[plesiomorph]]ic, it may be an ancestral representative of either lineage.

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=thomasetal2004>{{cite journal|author1=Thomas, Gavin H. |author2=Wills, Matthew A. |author3=Székely, Tamás  |name-list-style=amp |year=2004|doi=10.1186/1471-2148-4-28|pmid=15329156|journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology|volume=4|pages=28|title=A supertree approach to shorebird phylogeny|pmc=515296 |doi-access=free }} [http://www.pubmedcentral.org/articlerender.fcgi?artid=515296#supplementary-material-sec Supplementary Material] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130802041856/http://www.pubmedcentral.org/articlerender.fcgi?artid=515296%23supplementary-material-sec#supplementary-material-sec |date=2013-08-02 }}</ref>
<ref name=Wetmore>{{cite journal|author=Wetmore, Alexander|year=1937|title= The Eared Grebe and other Birds from the Pliocene of Kansas|journal=[[Condor (journal)|Condor]]|volume=39|issue=1|pages= 40|url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/condor/v039n01/p0040-p0040.pdf|doi=10.2307/1363487|jstor=1363487 }}</ref>
}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikispecies|Corvus capensis}}
* Ruddy turnstone = turnstone - [http://sabap2.adu.org.za/docs/sabap1/262.pdf Species text in ''The Atlas of Southern African Birds'']
* [http://www.birds.cornell.edu/AllAboutBirds/BirdGuide/Ruddy_Turnstone.html Ruddy turnstone] – Cornell Lab of Ornithology
* [http://www.mbr-pwrc.usgs.gov/id/framlst/i2830id.html Ruddy turnstone ''Arenaria interpres''] – USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dbBzJ8xLpSY Turnstones feeding and bathing]

{{Scolopacidae|1}}
{{Charadriiformes|S.|state=collapsed}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q4865776}}

[[Category:Sandpipers]]
[[Category:Birds of the Arctic| ]]
[[Category:Native birds of Alaska| ]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Mathurin Jacques Brisson]]