Editing Tuscan order

{{short description|Architectural order}}
[[Image:Regola delli cinqve ordini d'architettvra (1563) (14778998914).jpg|thumb|right|The Tuscan order illustrated in ''Regola delli cinqve ordini d'architettvra'' (1563), by [[Jacopo Barozzi da Vignola]]]]
[[Image:Vignolafiveorders.jpg|thumb|The five orders, engraving from [[Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola|Vignola]]'s ''Regola delli cinque ordini d'architettura'', 1562; Tuscan on the left.]]
[[File:ARCHITECTURE ORDERS Greeks Etruscan Roman (Doric Ionic Corinthian Tuscan Composite) by Paolo Villa ENG edition.pdf|thumb|Comparison of the [[Doric order|Doric]], Tuscan, [[Ionic order|Ionic]], [[Corinthian order|Corinthian]] and [[Composite order|Composite]] orders]]
[[Image:St. Paul's Church, Covent Garden, London.jpg|thumb|[[St Paul's, Covent Garden]] by [[Inigo Jones]] (1633), "the handsomest barn in England"]]

The '''Tuscan order''' (Latin ''Ordo Tuscanicus'' or ''Ordo Tuscanus'', with the meaning of '''Etruscan order''') is one of the two [[classical order]]s developed by the Romans, the other being the [[composite order]]. It is influenced by the [[Doric order]], but with un-[[fluting (architecture)|fluted columns]] and a simpler [[entablature]] with no [[triglyph]]s or [[guttae]]. While relatively simple columns with round capitals had been part of the [[vernacular architecture]] of Italy and much of Europe since at least [[Etruscan architecture]], the Romans did not consider this style to be a distinct [[Classical order|architectural order]] (for example, the Roman architect [[Vitruvius]] did not include it alongside his descriptions of the Greek Doric, [[Ionic order|Ionic]], and [[Corinthian order|Corinthian]] orders). Its classification as a separate formal order is first mentioned in [[Isidore of Seville]]'s 6th-century ''[[Etymologiae]]'' and refined during the [[Italian Renaissance]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=of Seville|first=Isidore|title=The Etymologies of Isidore of Seville|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2006|isbn=9780521837491|location=Cambridge|pages=312}}</ref>

[[Sebastiano Serlio]] described five orders including a "Tuscan order", "the solidest and least ornate", in his fourth book<ref>The first one published.</ref> of ''Regole generali di architettura sopra le cinque maniere<!--maniere in original--> de gli edifici'' (1537).  Though [[Fra Giocondo]] had attempted a first illustration of a Tuscan capital in his printed edition of Vitruvius (1511), he showed the capital with an [[egg and dart]] enrichment that belonged to the Ionic.  The "most rustic" Tuscan order of Serlio was later carefully delineated by [[Andrea Palladio]].

In its simplicity, the Tuscan order is seen as similar to the Doric order, and yet in its overall proportions, intercolumniation and simpler entablature, it follows the ratios of the Ionic. This strong order was considered most appropriate in military architecture and in docks and warehouses when they were dignified by architectural treatment. Serlio found it "suitable to fortified places, such as city gates, fortresses, castles, treasuries, or where artillery and ammunition are kept, prisons, seaports and other similar structures used in war."

==Italian writers on architecture==
From the perspective of these writers, the Tuscan order was an older primitive Italic architectural form, predating the Greek [[Doric order|Doric]] and [[Ionic order|Ionic]], associated by Serlio with the practice of [[Rustication (architecture)|rustication]] and the architectural practice of [[Tuscany]].<ref>James S. Ackerman, "The Tuscan/Rustic Order: A Study in the Metaphorical Language of Architecture", ''Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians'' '''42'''.1 (March 1983:15-34).</ref> [[Giorgio Vasari]] made a valid argument for this claim by reference to [[Simone del Pollaiolo|Il Cronaca]]'s graduated rustication on the facade of [[Palazzo Strozzi]], Florence.<ref>"la bellezza di fuori, con ordine toscana".</ref> Like all [[architectural theory]] of the Renaissance, precedents for a Tuscan order were sought for in [[Vitruvius]], who does not include it among the three canonic orders, but peripherally, in his discussion of the [[Etruscan architecture|Etruscan]] temple (book iv, 7.2–3). Later Roman practice ignored the Tuscan order,<ref>Ackerman was unaware of any exception (Ackerman 1983:16), and [[Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola|Vignola]] reported that he had not found Tuscan ornaments among Roman remains ("non havendo<!--havendo in original--> io fra le antichità di Roma trovato ornamento toscano" [quoted in Ackerman 1983:17 note 11]); Ackerman identifies some plausibly Tuscan elements in several early 16th-century architectural drawings of unidentified Roman remains.</ref> and so did [[Leon Battista Alberti]] in ''[[De re aedificatoria]]'' (shortly before 1452).

Following Serlio's interpretation of Vitruvius (who gives no indication of the column's capital), in the Tuscan order the column had a simpler base—circular rather than squared as in the other orders, where Vitruvius was being followed—and with a simple torus and collar, and the column was unfluted, while both capital and entablature were without adornments. The [[Vitruvian module|modular proportion of the column]] was 1:7 in Vitruvius, and in Palladio's illustration for  [[Daniele Barbaro]]'s commentary on Vitruvius), in [[Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola|Vignola]]'s ''[[The Five Orders of Architecture|Cinque ordini d'architettura]]'' (1562), and in Palladio's ''[[I quattro libri dell'architettura]]'' (1570).<ref>Palladio, Book I. 13.15–21.</ref> Serlio alone gives a stockier proportion of 1:6.<ref>Ackerman 1983 offers a comparative table of components given by each theorist, figure 1 p. 16.</ref> A plain astragal or taenia ringed the column beneath its plain cap.

Palladio agreed in essence with Serlio: 
<blockquote>The Tuscan, being rough, is rarely used above ground except in one-storey buildings like villa barns or in huge structures like [[Amphitheatre]]s and the like which, having many orders, can take this one in place of the Doric, under the Ionic.<ref>''The Four Books on Architecture'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=BNBva2kKm0wC&pg=PA17 Chapter 12]</ref></blockquote>

Unlike the other authors Palladio found Roman precedents, of which he named the [[Verona Arena|arena of Verona]] and the [[Pula Arena]], both of which, [[James S. Ackerman|James Ackerman]] points out,<ref>Ackerman 1983:22.</ref> are [[arcuated]] buildings that did not present columns and entablatures. A striking feature is his rusticated frieze resting upon a perfectly plain entablature<ref>Ackerman 1983:21 and fig. 9 (of Palladio's woodcut).</ref>

Examples of the use of the order are the [[Palazzo Massimo alle Colonne]] in Rome, by Baldassarre Peruzzi, 1532–1536, and the [[pronaos]] portico to [[Santa Maria della Pace]] added by [[Pietro da Cortona]] (1656–1667).

==Later spread==
A relatively rare church in the Tuscan order is [[St Paul's, Covent Garden]] by [[Inigo Jones]] (1633).  According to an often repeated story, recorded by [[Horace Walpole, 4th Earl of Orford|Horace Walpole]], Lord Bedford gave Jones a very low budget and asked him for a simple church "not much better than a barn", to which the architect replied "Then you shall have the handsomest barn in England".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=daFrAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA275|page=275|title=Anecdotes of painting in England|first1=Horace|last1= Walpole|first2=George|last2= Vertue|publisher=J. Dodsley|year=1782|location=London|volume=2|edition=3rd}}</ref>  [[Christ Church, Spitalfields]] in London (1714–29) by [[Nicholas Hawksmoor]], uses it outside, and Corinthian within.

In a typical usage, at the very grand [[Palladian]] house of [[Wentworth Woodhouse]] in Yorkshire, which is mainly Corinthian, the stable court of 1768 uses Tuscan.  Another English house, [[West Wycombe Park]], has a [[loggia]] facade in two storeys with Tuscan on the ground floor and Corinthian above. This recalls Palladio's [[Palazzo Chiericati]], which uses Ionic over Doric.

The [[Neue Wache]] is a Greek Revival guardhouse in [[Berlin]], by [[Karl Friedrich Schinkel]] (1816).  Though in most respects the Greek temple frontage is a careful exercise in revivalism, there are minimal plain bases to the thick fluted columns and, despite having [[metope (architecture)|metope]] reliefs and a large group of sculpture in the pediment, there are no triglyphs or guttae.  Nonetheless, despite these "Tuscan" aspects, the overall impression is strongly Greek and it is rightly always described as "Doric".

Tuscan is often used for doorways and other entrances where only a pair of columns are required, and using another order might seem pretentious.  Because the Tuscan mode is easily worked up by a carpenter with a few planing tools, it became part of the [[vernacular architecture|vernacular]] [[Georgian architecture|Georgian style]] that lingered in places like [[New England]] and [[Ohio]] deep into the 19th century. In gardening, "carpenter's Doric" which is Tuscan, provides simple elegance to gate posts and fences in many traditional garden contexts.

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
File:2010.05.13.173939 Iglesia San Francisco Antigua Guatemala.jpg|[[Baroque architecture|Baroque]] [[Solomonic column|Solomonic]] Tuscan columns of the [[Iglesia de San Francisco, Antigua Guatemala|Monastery of San Francisco]], [[Antigua]], [[Guatemala]], unknown architect, early 17th century<ref>{{cite book|last1=Grube|first1=Nikolai|last2=Eggebrecht|first2=Eva|last3=Seidel|first3=Matthias|title=Maya - Divine Kings of the Rain Forest|date=2012|publisher=h.f.ullmann|isbn=978-3-8480-0034-0|page=385|url=|language=en}}</ref>

File:Brera Patio 04.JPG|Baroque Tuscan columns in the courtyard of the [[Palazzo Brera]], [[Milan]], by [[Francesco Maria Richini]], 17th century

File:Christ Church exterior, Spitalfields, London, UK - Diliff.jpg|Baroque Tuscan columns of the [[Christ Church, Spitalfields|Christ Church]], London, by [[Nicholas Hawksmoor]], 1714–1729

File:Paris - Hôtel du Châtelet - 127 rue de Grenelle - 001.jpg|[[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]] Tuscan columns of the [[Hôtel du Châtelet]] (Rue de Grenelle no. 127), Paris, by [[Mathurin Cherpitel]], 1776<ref>{{cite book|last1=Larbodière|first1=Jean-Marc|title=L'Architecture de Paris des Origins à Aujourd'hui|date=2015|publisher=Massin|isbn=978-2-7072-0915-3|page=105|url=|language=fr}}</ref>

File:Église Saint-Louis (façade droite) - La Roche-sur-Yon.jpg|Neoclassical Tuscan columns of the [[Église Saint-Louis de La Roche-sur-Yon]], [[La Roche-sur-Yon]], France, by [[Simon Vallot]], 1809–1859

File:Morbihan Auray Champs Martyrs - panoramio.jpg|Neoclassical Tuscan columns of the [[Chapelle expiatoire du Champ-des-Martyrs]], [[Brech]], France, by [[Auguste Caristie]], 1824<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pop.culture.gouv.fr/notice/merimee/PA00091053|website=pop.culture.gouv.fr|title=Chapelle expiatoire du Champ-des-Martyrs|access-date=9 May 2024}}</ref>

File:Interior of the Neues Museum (13).jpg|Neoclassical Tuscan columns in the [[Neues Museum]], [[Berlin]], by [[Friedrich August Stüler]], 1845–1850<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bertram|first1=Marion|title=Egyptian Museum and Papyrus Collection; Museum of Prehistory and Early History|date=2020|publisher=Prestel|isbn=978-3-7913-4262-7|page=118|url=|language=en}}</ref>

File:5 Strada Scaune, Bucharest (01).jpg|[[Beaux-Arts architecture|Beaux-Arts]] Tuscan pilasters of Strada Scaune no. 5, [[Bucharest]], [[Romania]], unknown architect, {{circa}}1900

File:Eingang uni Bibliothek Heidelberg 2020-08-30 1.jpg|[[Art Nouveau]] reinterpretation of the Tuscan order at the entrance of the [[Heidelberg University Library]], [[Heidelberg]], Germany, by [[Josef Durm]], 1901-1905

File:The war memorial in Abingdon - geograph.org.uk - 4262210.jpg|Neoclassical Tuscan columns of the [[Abingdon War Memorial]], [[Abingdon-on-Thames]], UK, by [[John George Timothy West]], 1921<ref>{{NHLE|num=1437436 |desc=Abingdon-on-Thames War Memorial|accessdate=9 May 2024}}</ref>
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Classical order]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://ah.bfn.org/a/DCTNRY/t/tuscan.html "Buffalo as an Architectural Museum"]: Tuscan
*[http://www.institute-of-traditional-architecture.org/self-study/classical-elements/ Classical orders and elements]

{{Classical orders}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Orders of columns]]