Editing Tyburn

{{Short description|Former manor in Middlesex, England}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
[[File:Tyburn gallows 1746.jpg|right|thumb|Map of Tyburn [[gallows]] and immediate surroundings, from [[John Rocque's Map of London, 1746|John Rocque's map of London, Westminster and Southwark (1746)]]]]
'''Tyburn''' was a [[Manorialism|manor]] (estate) in [[London]], Middlesex, England, one of two which were served by the parish of [[Marylebone]].  Tyburn took its name from the [[Tyburn Brook]], a tributary of the [[River Westbourne]].{{efn|Tyburn Brook should not be confused with much larger [[River Tyburn, London|River Tyburn]], which is the next tributary of the [[River Thames]] to the east of the Westbourne.}} The name Tyburn, from Teo [[Bourne (stream)|Bourne]], means 'boundary stream'.<ref name="PNMiddx6">Gover, J. E. B., [[Allen Mawer]] and F. M. Stenton ''The Place-Names of Middlesex''. Nottingham: English Place-Name Society, The, 1942: 6.</ref>

The parish, and probably therefore also the manor, was bounded by Roman roads to the west (modern [[Edgware Road]]) and south (modern [[Oxford Street]]). The junction of these was the site of the famous '''Tyburn Gallows''' (known colloquially as the "Tyburn Tree"), now occupied by [[Marble Arch]]. So, for many centuries the name Tyburn was synonymous with [[capital punishment]]: it was the principal place for execution for London and Middlesex criminals and convicted [[Treason|traitors]], including many religious [[martyr]]s. In the 18th century it was also known as "God's Tribunal".<ref>Andrea McKenzie, Tyburn's martyres, preface pp. XV–XX.</ref> Hangings at Tyburn often included a sometimes raucous procession of the condemned from [[Newgate Gaol]] in the City—at the end of the 18th century, the hangings were moved to Newgate.

==History==
{{Location map|United Kingdom London Westminster
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The manor of Tyburn, and the neighbouring [[Lisson Grove|Lisson]], were recorded in the [[Domesday Book]] of 1086, and were together served by the [[parish]] of [[Marylebone]], itself named after the stream. The original name of the parish was simply Marybourne, the stream of St Mary; the French "le" appeared in the 17th century, under the influence of names like [[St Mary-le-Bow|Mary-le-Bow]].<ref>{{cite book|title=A Dictionary of London Place-Names|last=Mills|first=David|edition=2nd|date=2010|location=Oxford|publisher=The University Press|isbn=978-0-199-56678-5}}</ref> Domesday showed that the manor was held, both before and after the Norman Conquest, by the [[Barking Abbey]] nunnery. The Domesday survey records it as having eight households, suggesting a population of around 40.<ref>Domesday entry for Tyburn https://opendomesday.org/place/TQ2780/marylebone/</ref> In the 1230s and 1240s, the manor was held by Gilbert de Sandford, the son of [[John de Sandford]], who had been the [[Chamberlain (office)|chamberlain]] to [[Eleanor of Aquitaine]]. In 1236, the City of London contracted with Sir Gilbert to draw water from Tyburn Springs, which he held, to serve as the source of the first piped water supply for the city. The water was supplied in lead pipes that ran from where [[Bond Street station]] stands today, 800&nbsp;m east of [[Hyde Park, London|Hyde Park]], down to the hamlet of Charing ([[Charing Cross]]), along [[Fleet Street]] and over the Fleet Bridge, climbing [[Ludgate Hill]] (by gravitational pressure) to a public conduit at [[Cheapside]]. Water was supplied free to all comers.<ref>Stephen Inwood, A History of London (New York: Carroll and Graf Publishers, 1998), p. 125. Also see D. P. Johnson (ed.), English Episcopal Acta, Vol. 26: London, 1189–1228 (Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press for the British Academy, 2003), Doc. 88, pp. 85–86.</ref>

The junction of the two Roman roads had significance from ancient times, and was marked by a monument known as ''Oswulf's Stone'', which gave its name to the [[Ossulstone]] [[Hundred (division)|Hundred]] of [[Middlesex]]. The stone was covered over in 1851 when [[Marble Arch]] was moved to the area, but it was shortly afterwards unearthed and propped up against the Arch. It has not been seen since it was stolen in 1869.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bigthink.com/strange-maps/605-oswalds-stone-the-lost-palladium-of-middlesex/|title=Who Stole Oswald's Stone, the Magic Middlesex Monolith?|date=23 April 2013|publisher=The Big Think|access-date=10 October 2022}}</ref>

==Tyburn gallows==
{{Redirect|Tyburn Tree|Marc Almond album|The Tyburn Tree (Dark London)}}
[[File:Tyburn tree.jpg|right|thumb|The "Tyburn Tree"]]
Although executions took place elsewhere (notably on [[Tower Hill]], generally related to treason by gentlemen), the Roman road junction at Tyburn became associated with the place of criminal execution for the [[City of London]] and [[Middlesex]] after most were moved here from [[Smithfield, London|Smithfield]] in the 1400s.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Smith |first=Oliver |date=2018-01-25 |title='Strike, man, strike!' – On the trail of London's most notorious public execution sites |language=en-GB |work=The Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/united-kingdom/england/london/articles/Londons-most-notorious-execution-sites/ |access-date=2020-10-26 |issn=0307-1235}}</ref> In the 12th century, the [[Sheriff of London]] had been given the jurisdiction in Middlesex, as well as in the City of London.<ref name=vch_middlesex>{{cite book |author= Victoria County History |title= A history of the County of Middlesex |volume= 2 |pages= 15–60 ¶12 |url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=22153 |access-date= 2 April 2012|author-link= Victoria County History }}</ref> Prisoners were taken in public procession from [[Newgate Prison]] in the city, via [[St Giles, London|St Giles in the Fields]] and [[Oxford Street]] (then known as Tyburn Road).  From the late 18th century, when public executions were no longer carried out at Tyburn, they occurred at [[Newgate Prison]] itself and at [[Horsemonger Lane Gaol]] in [[Southwark]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.capitalpunishmentuk.org/horsemon.html|title=Horsemonger Lane Gaol|publisher=capitalpunishmentuk.org|accessdate=17 October 2020}}</ref>

The first recorded execution took place at a site next to the stream in 1196. [[William Fitz Osbert]], a populist leader who played a major role in an 1196 popular revolt in London, was cornered in the church of [[St Mary-le-Bow]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/chronicleofgreyf00londrich|title=Chronicle of the Grey friars of London|last1=London (England) Grey friars (Monastery)|last2=Nichols|first2=John Gough|date=1852|location=London|publisher=Camden Society|others=University of California Libraries|page=1|quote=...the yere of our lorde God M<sup>l</sup>clxxxxvj.  In this yere was one William with the long berde taken out of Bowe churche and put to dethe for herysey.}}</ref> He was dragged naked behind a horse to Tyburn, where he was [[hanged]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2024|reason=Preceding source does not describe manner or place of execution}}

In 1537, Henry VIII used Tyburn to execute the ringleaders of the [[Pilgrimage of Grace]], including Sir Nicholas Tempest, one of the northern leaders of the Pilgrimage and the King's own [[Bowbearer]] of the [[Forest of Bowland]].<ref>{{cite book |first=R. W. |last=Hoyle |title=The Pilgrimage of Grace and the Politics of the 1530s |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |date=2001}}</ref>

In 1571, the Tyburn Tree was erected near the junction of today's [[Edgware Road]], [[Bayswater Road]] and [[Oxford Street]], 200 m west of [[Marble Arch]]. The "Tree" or "Triple Tree" was a form of [[gallows]], consisting of a horizontal wooden triangle supported by three legs (an arrangement known as a "three-legged mare" or "three-legged stool"). Multiple criminals could be hanged at once, and so the gallows were used for mass executions, such as that on 23 June 1649 when 24 prisoners (23 men and 1 woman) were hanged simultaneously, having been conveyed there in eight carts.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rictornorton.co.uk/gu17.htm |title=The Underworld and Popular Culture. Chapter 17: The Georgian Underworld |first=Rictor |last=Norton |website=rictornorton.co.uk |access-date=18 March 2018}}</ref>

After executions, the bodies would be buried nearby or in later times removed for [[dissection]] by [[anatomy|anatomists]].<ref>{{cite journal | pmc = 3162231 | pmid=21496014 | doi=10.1111/j.1469-7580.2011.01381.x |volume=219 |title=The study of anatomy in England from 1700 to the early 20th century |journal=Journal of Anatomy |pages=91–9 |last1 = Mitchell |first1 = P. D. | last2 = Boston |first2=C. | last3 = Chamberlain | first3 = A. T. |last4=Chaplin | first4 = S. | last5 = Chauhan |first5=V. |last6 = Evans | first6 = J. | last7 = Fowler |first7=L. |last8 = Powers | first8 = N. |last9 = Walker |first9=D. |last10 = Webb | first10 = H. |last11 = Witkin |first11=A. |year=2011 |issue=2}}</ref> The crowd would sometimes fight over a body with surgeons, for fear that dismemberment could prevent the resurrection of the body on Judgement Day (see [[Jack Sheppard]], [[Dick Turpin]] or [[William Spiggot]]).<ref>{{Cite book|title = Tyburn's Martyrs, Executions in England 1675–1775|last = McKenzie|first = Andrea|publisher = Hambledon Continuum, Continuum Books|year = 2007|isbn = 978-1847251718|location = London, England|pages = 20–21}}</ref>

The first victim of the "Tyburn Tree" was [[John Story (martyr)|John Story]] on 1 June 1571. Story was a [[Roman Catholic]] who was tried for and convicted of treason.<ref name="auto">{{Cite book|title = Tyburn's Martyrs, Executions in England 1675–1775|last = McKenzie|first = Andrea|publisher = Hambledon Continuum, Continuum Books|year = 2007|isbn = 978-1847251718|location = London, England|page = 6}}</ref> There is a plaque to the Catholic martyrs executed at Tyburn in the period 1535–1681 at 8 Hyde Park Place, the site of Tyburn convent.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.westminster.gov.uk/services/leisureandculture/greenplaques/ |title=City of Westminster green plaques |access-date=2011-07-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716210428/http://www.westminster.gov.uk/services/leisureandculture/greenplaques/ |archive-date=16 July 2012}}</ref><ref>[https://www.tyburnconvent.org.uk/site.php?id=225 Tyburn Convent]</ref> Among the more notable individuals suspended from the "Tree" in the following centuries were [[John Bradshaw (judge)|John Bradshaw]], [[Henry Ireton]] and [[Oliver Cromwell]], who were already dead but were disinterred and hanged at Tyburn in January 1661 on the orders of the [[Cavalier Parliament]] in an act of posthumous revenge for their part in the beheading of King [[Charles I of England|Charles I]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.asp?compid=26189#s10 |title=Journal of the House of Commons: volume 8: 1660–1667 |year=1802 |pages=26–7 |author=House of Commons |author-link=British House of Commons }} Attainder predated to 1 January 1649 (It is 1648 in the document because of [[Old Style and New Style dates|old style year]])</ref>

The gallows seem to have been replaced several times, probably because of [[wear]], but in general, the entire structure stood all the time in Tyburn. After some acts of [[vandalism]], in October 1759 it was decided to replace the permanent structure with new moving gallows. These remained until the last execution in Tyburn, probably carried out in November 1783.<ref name="auto" /> On the night of Wednesday, 28 March 1759, part of the gallows was blown down.<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 March 1759 |title=LONDON |page=2 |work=[[Jackson's Oxford Journal]] |publisher=[[W. Jackson]] |issue=309 |publication-date=31 March 1759 |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/ |access-date=9 September 2023}}</ref> Further evidence of the fixed gallows's disrepair was noted on Friday, 22 June 1759 with the execution of Katharine Knowland, "When she came to Tyburn, all the crossbeams were pulled down; so she was tied up on the top of one of the upright posts, and hung with her back to it."<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 June 1759 |title=LONDON |page=2 |work=[[Jackson's Oxford Journal]] |publisher=[[W. Jackson]] |issue=321 |publication-date=23 June 1759 |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/ |access-date=9 September 2023}}</ref> One of the first mentions of the gallows being used again was on 7 October 1759, when four people were executed on the "new moving gallows" which afterwards was "carried off in a cart".<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 October 1759 |title=LONDON |volume=XVIII |page=2 |work=[[Aris's Birmingham Gazette]] |issue=933 |publication-date=8 October 1759 |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/ |access-date=9 September 2023}}</ref>
[[File:William Hogarth - Industry and Idleness, Plate 11; The Idle 'Prentice Executed at Tyburn.png|right|thumb|[[William Hogarth]]'s ''The Idle 'Prentice Executed at Tyburn'', from the ''[[Industry and Idleness]]'' series (1747)]]

The executions were public spectacles which attracted crowds of thousands. Spectator stands provided deluxe views for a fee. On one occasion, the stands collapsed, reportedly killing and injuring hundreds of people. A hanging as public spectacle was depicted by [[William Hogarth]] in his satirical print ''The Idle 'Prentice Executed at Tyburn'' (1747).

Tyburn was commonly invoked in [[euphemism]]s for capital punishment: for instance, to "take a ride to Tyburn" (or simply "go west") was to go to one's hanging, "Lord of the Manor of Tyburn" was the public hangman, "dancing the Tyburn jig" was the act of being hanged.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Clarke|first=Stephanie|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ouAI1bTNZhEC&dq=take+a+ride+to+Tyburn&pg=PA139|title=Down, Dirty and Divine: A Spiritual Ride Through London's Underground|date=2012-08-16|publisher=Troubador Publishing Ltd|isbn=978-1-78088-299-4|language=en}}</ref> Convicts would be transported to the site in an open ox-cart from Newgate Prison. They were expected to put on a good show, wearing their finest clothes and going to their deaths with [[wikt:insouciance|insouciance]].{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}

[[File:TyburnStone.jpg|thumb|right|Stone marking the site of the Tyburn tree on the traffic island at the junction of [[Edgware Road]], [[Bayswater Road]] and [[Oxford Street]]]]

On 19 April 1779, clergyman [[James Hackman]] was hanged there following his 7 April murder of [[courtesan]] and [[socialite]] [[Martha Ray]], the mistress of [[John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich]]. The Tyburn gallows were last used on 3 November 1783, when [[John Austin (highwayman)|John Austin]], a [[highwayman]], was hanged;<ref>{{cite book |last1=Slee |first1=Christopher |title=The Guinness Book of Lasts |date=1994 |publisher=Guinness Publishing Ltd |location=Enfield, England |isbn=0851127835 |pages=192}}</ref> for the next eighty-five years, hangings were staged outside [[Newgate]] prison. Then, in 1868, due to public disorder during these public executions, it was decided to execute the convicts inside the prison.<ref name="oldbaileyonline.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.oldbaileyonline.org/static/Punishment.jsp#death|title=Crime and Justice – Punishment Sentences at the Old Bailey – Central Criminal Court|website=oldbaileyonline.org|access-date=18 March 2018}}</ref>

The site of the gallows is now marked by three young oak trees that were planted in 2014 on a [[traffic island]] in the middle of Edgware Road at its junction with Bayswater Road. Between the trees is a [[roundel]] with the inscription "The site of Tyburn Tree".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://rcdow.org.uk/vocations/news/tyburn-tree-memorial-renewed/ |title='Tyburn Tree' Memorial Renewed |publisher=Diocese of Westminster |date=23 October 2014 |access-date=17 September 2022}}</ref> It is also commemorated by the Tyburn Convent,<ref name="tyconvlnk">[https://www.tyburnconvent.org.uk/ Tyburn Convent website]. Retrieved 10/8/07</ref> a Catholic convent dedicated to the memory of martyrs executed there and in other locations for the Catholic faith.

Although most historical records and modern science agree that the Tyburn gallows were situated where Oxford Street meets Edgware Road and Bayswater Road, in the January 1850 issue of ''[[Notes and Queries]]'', the book collector and musicologist [[Edward Francis Rimbault]] published a list of faults he had found in [[Peter Cunningham (writer, born 1816)|Peter Cunningham's]] 1849 ''Handbook of London'', in which he claimed that the correct site of the gallows is where 49 [[Connaught Square]] was later built, stating that "in the lease granted by the Bishop of London, this is particularly mentioned".<ref>[https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/11575 ''Notes and Queries'', Number 12, 19 January 1850 by Various] accessed 30 May 2007</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=The Site of Tyburn Gallows|journal=The Athenaeum|issue=4164|date=17 August 1907|pages=181–183|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=__I_PcOFSw8C&pg=PA181}}</ref>

== Process of executions ==
Tyburn was primarily known for its gallows, which functioned as the main execution site for London-area prisoners from the 16th through to the 18th centuries. For those found guilty of capital crimes who could not obtain a pardon, which accounted for about 40%, a probable destiny was to be hanged at Tyburn. Other contemporary methods of punishment that may have been used as alternatives to Tyburn included execution, followed by being hung in chains at the place where the crime was committed; or burning at the stake; and being [[Hanged, drawn and quartered|drawn and quartered]], of which the latter two were common in cases of [[treason]].

The last days of the condemned were marked by religious events. On the Sunday before every execution, a sermon was preached in [[Newgate]]'s chapel, which those unaffiliated with the execution could pay to attend. Furthermore, the night before the execution, around midnight, the sexton of [[St Sepulchre-without-Newgate|St Sepulchre's church]], adjacent to Newgate, recited verses outside the wall of the condemned. The following morning, the convicts heard prayers, and those who wished to do so received the [[Eucharist|sacrament]].

On the day of execution, the condemned were transported to the Tyburn gallows from Newgate in a horse-drawn open cart. It was about {{convert|3|mi|km|0|spell=in}} from Newgate to Tyburn, but as the streets were often crowded with onlookers, the journey could last up to three hours. The cart usually stopped at the "Bowl Inn" public house in [[St Giles, London#History|St Giles]] High Street. This was the "halfway house". Here the condemned were allowed to drink strong liquors, wine or [[strong ale]].<ref>Tales from the Hanging Court, Tim Hitchcock & Robert Shoemaker, Bloomsbury, p. 306</ref>

:"Here [[Jack Ketch]] and the criminal who was about to expiate his offence on the scaffold were wont to stop on their way to the gallows for a 'last glass'. Mr. W. T. Purkiss, the proprietor, however, was prevailed upon to stay the work of demolition for a time".<ref name="british-history.ac.uk">{{Cite web |title=St Giles-in-the-Fields {{!}} British History Online |url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/old-new-london/vol3/pp197-218 |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=british-history.ac.uk}}</ref>

The draught itself was described in a 19th-century ballad as being of a "nutty [[brown ale]] drunk from a [[Mazer (drinking vessel)|'broad wooden bowl']]".<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Tankard of Ale – 120 Drinking Song Lyrics – songbook P0240 |url=https://www.traditionalmusic.co.uk/tankard-ale/tankard-ale%20-%200240.htm |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=traditionalmusic.co.uk}}</ref> At various times the St Giles Bowl appears to have been administered at a number of inns (or perhaps one inn under a number of names) in St Giles, each successively being referred to as "The Bowl".<ref name="british-history.ac.uk"/> According to [[George Walter Thornbury|Walter Thornbury]] in his classic ''London Old and New'', "The Bowl" would appear to have become associated with the [[The Angel, St Giles High Street|"Angel Inn"]] on St Giles High Street. In 1873, the ''[[City Press (London)|City Press]]'' feared that the Angel Inn, another memorial of ancient London, was about to pass away. The Angel was remodelled in 1898 and stands to this day.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Angel – Pub Heritage |url=https://pubheritage.camra.org.uk/pubs/2109 |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=pubheritage.camra.org.uk}}</ref>

Having arrived at Tyburn, the condemned found themselves in front of a crowded and noisy square; the wealthy paid to sit on the stands erected for the occasion, in order to have an unobstructed view. Before the execution, the condemned were allowed to say a few words; the authorities expected that most of the condemned, before commending their own souls to [[God]], would admit their guilt. It is reported that the majority of the condemned did so. A noose was then placed around their neck and the cart pulled away, leaving them hanging.

Instances of [[pickpocketing]] have been reported in the crowds of executions, a mockery of the deterrent effect of [[capital punishment]], which at the time was considered proper punishment for theft.<ref name="oldbaileyonline.org" /><ref>Tales from the Hanging Court, Tim Hitchcock & Robert Shoemaker, Bloomsbury, pp. 301, 307</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oldbaileyonline.org/search.jsp?form=searchHomePage&_divs_fulltext=&kwparse=and&_persNames_surname=&_persNames_given=&_persNames_alias=&_offences_offenceCategory_offenceSubcategory=&_verdicts_verdictCategory_verdictSubcategory=&_punishments_punishmentCategory_punishmentSubcategory=death%7ChangingInChains&_divs_div0Type_div1Type=&fromMonth=&fromYear=&toMonth=&toYear=&ref=&submit.x=22&submit.y=5&submit=Search|title=Results – Central Criminal Court|website=oldbaileyonline.org|access-date=18 March 2018}}</ref>

== Social aspects ==
Sites of public executions were significant gathering places and executions were public spectacles. Scholars have described the executions at Tyburn as "carnivalesque occasion[s] in which the normative message intended by the authorities is reappropriated and inverted by an irreverent crowd" that found them a source of "entertainment as well as conflict." This analysis is supported by the presence of shouting street traders and food vendors and the erection of seating for wealthier onlookers.<ref>Tales from the Hanging Court, Tim Hitchcock & Robert Shoemaker, Bloomsbury, pp. 305, 306;</ref><ref>McKenzie, Andrea (2007). Tyburn's Martyrs, Executions in England 1675–1775. London, England: Hambledon Continuum, Continuum Books. pp. 21, 24. {{ISBN|978-1847251718}}.</ref> Additionally, a popular belief held that the hand of an executed criminal could cure cancers, and it was not uncommon to see mothers brushing their child's cheek with the hand of the condemned.<ref name=":0">Tales from the Hanging Court, Tim Hitchcock & Robert Shoemaker, Bloomsbury, pp. 309, 316;</ref> The gallows at Tyburn were sources of cadavers for surgeons and anatomists.{{when|date=July 2020}}<ref name=":0" />

==Executioners==
<!-- These are all hangmen in the Tyburn line.
  The earliest I could find is Cratwell, then Derrick  please add any that are missing.
  There is a gap between Pearse and Price – please fill in if you have references
  There is uncertainty about some of the dates or they are unknown. Please correct any you can.
  The last hanging at Tyburn was in 1783.
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* "The hangman of London", Cratwell, {{circa|1534}}<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Old Bailey and its trials|date=1950}}</ref> – 1 September 1538<ref>''A Chronicle of England During the Reigns of the Tudors, from A.D. 1485 to 1559'' Wriothsley</ref><ref>Tyburn Tree: Its History and Annals</ref><ref>{{Blockquote|
And the Sonday after [[Bartelemew daye]], was one Cratwell, hangman of London, and two persones more hanged at the wrestlying place on the backesyde of [[Clarkenwell]] besyde London}}
Hall. Hen. VIII an. 30, cited in ''A New Dictionary of the English Language'', Charles Richardson (1836) William Pickering, London. Vol 1 p. 962, col 1</ref>
* [[Thomas Derrick]], {{circa|1608}}
* Gregory Brandon, 1625 (or earlier) – ?, after whom the phrase the "Gregorian tree" was coined<ref name="Brewer">Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable</ref>
* Robert Brandon – 1649, "Young Gregory" alongside his father at least part of the period<ref name="Brewer" />
* [[Edward Dun]]
* [[Jack Ketch]], 1663 – early 1686, reinstated briefly in late 1686
* [[Paskah Rose]], 1686 – 28 May 1686
* Richard Pearse, (?) 1686–?
* Unknown or unknowns
* [[John Price (executioner)|John Price]], 1714–16
* [[William Marvell]], 1716 – November 1717
* John Price, 1717–18
* William Marvell, (?) 1718
* Bailiff Banks, ?–1719
* Richard Arnet, 1719 – {{circa|1726}}
* John Hooper, ? – March 1735
* John Thrift March 1735 – May 1752
* Thomas Turlis, 1754– 6 February 1771<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 February 1771 |title=LONDON |page=2 |work=[[The Stamford Mercury]] |issue=2102 |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/ |access-date=9 September 2023}}</ref>
* Edward Dennis, 1771 – 21 November 1786

== Notable executions ==
<!--Note to editors: sorted chronologically, earliest first-->
{| class=wikitable
!width=250px| Name !!width=130| Date !! Cause
|-
| [[William Fitz Osbert]] ||align=right| 1196 || Citizen of London executed for his role in a popular uprising of the poor in the spring of 1196.<ref>''Historia rerum anglicarum'', [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/williamofnewburgh-five.html#20 Book 5 Ch. 20]</ref>
|-
| [[Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March|Roger Mortimer,<br /> 1st Earl of March]] ||align=right| 29 November 1330 || Accused of assuming royal power; hanged without trial.<ref>Ian Mortimer ''The Greatest Traitor'' (2003)</ref>
|-
|Sir [[Thomas Browne (died 1460)|Thomas Browne]], MP, Sheriff of Kent
|align=right|20 July 1460
|Convicted of treason and immediately hanged. Had been knighted by [[Henry IV of England|Henry IV]] and served as [[Chancellor of the Exchequer]] between 1440 and 1450 and as [[Justice of the peace]] in [[Surrey]] from 1454 until his death.
|-
| Sir [[Humphrey Stafford (died 1486)|Humphrey Stafford]] of [[Grafton, Worcestershire|Grafton]]||align=right| 8 July 1486 || Accused of siding with [[Richard III of England|Richard III]]; hanged without trial on orders of [[Henry VII of England|Henry VII]].
|-
| [[Michael An Gof]] and [[Thomas Flamank]] ||align=right| 27 June 1497<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cornwall-calling.co.uk/famous-cornish-people/michael-an-gof.htm|title=Michael An Gof, the Cornish Blacksmith|website=cornwall-calling.co.uk|access-date=18 March 2018}}</ref> || Leaders of the 1st [[Cornish Rebellion of 1497]].
|-
| [[Perkin Warbeck]] ||align=right| 23 November 1499 || [[Treason]]; [[pretender]] to the throne of Henry VII of England by passing himself off as Richard IV, the younger of the two [[Princes in the Tower]]. Leader of the 2nd [[Cornish Rebellion of 1497]].<ref>Ann Wroe ''Perkin: A Story of Deception.'', Vintage: 2004 ({{ISBN|0-09-944996-X}})</ref>
|-
| [[Elizabeth Barton]]<br /> <small>"The Holy Maid of Kent"</small> ||align=right| 20 April 1534 || [[Treason]]; a nun who unwisely prophesied that King [[Henry VIII]] would die within six months if he married [[Anne Boleyn]].<ref>Alan Neame: ''The Holy Maid of Kent: The Life of Elizabeth Barton: 1506–1534'' (London, Hodder and Stoughton, 1971) {{ISBN|0-340-02574-3}}</ref>
|-
| [[Saint John Houghton|John Houghton]] ||align=right| 4 May 1535 || [[Prior (ecclesiastical)|Prior]] of the [[London Charterhouse|Charterhouse]] who refused to swear the oath condoning King [[Henry VIII]]'s divorce of [[Catherine of Aragon]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08465a.htm|title=Blessed John Houghton|encyclopedia=[[Catholic Encyclopedia]]| access-date=31 May 2007}}</ref>
|-
|[[Thomas FitzGerald, 10th Earl of Kildare]] ||align=right| 3 February 1537 || Rebel who renounced his allegiance to Henry VIII. On 3 February 1537, the Earl, after being imprisoned for sixteen months, along with five of his uncles, were all executed as traitors at Tyburn, by being hanged, drawn and quartered.  The Irish Government, not satisfied with the arrest of the Earl, had written to [[Thomas Cromwell]] and it was determined that the five uncles (James, Oliver, Richard, John and Walter) should be arrested also.<ref>"The Earls of Kildare and their Ancestors." by the Marquis of Kildare, 3rd edition 1858</ref>
The sole male representative to the Kildare Geraldines was then smuggled to safety by his tutor at the age of twelve. [[Gerald FitzGerald, 11th Earl of Kildare]] (1525–1585), also known as the "Wizard Earl".
|-
|[[Francis Bigod|Sir Francis Bigod]] ||align=right| 2 June 1537 || Leader of [[Bigod's Rebellion]]. Between June and August 1537, the rebellion's ringleaders and many participants were executed at Tyburn, Tower Hill and many other locations. They included Sir John Bigod, [[Thomas Percy, knight|Sir Thomas Percy]], Sir Henry Percy, Sir John Bulmer,<ref>Emerson, Kathy Lynn [http://www.kateemersonhistoricals.com/TudorWomenSo-Sy.htm A Who's Who of Tudor Women] (2011) gives Bulmer's death date as 25 August 1537</ref> Sir Stephan Hamilton, Sir Nicholas Tempast, Sir William Lumley, Sir Edward Neville, Sir [[Robert Constable]], the abbots of Barlings, Sawley, Fountains and Jervaulx Abbeys, and the prior of Bridlington. In all, 216 were put to death in various places; lords and knights, half a dozen abbots, 38 monks, and 16 parish priests.<ref>[http://www.geni.com/people/SIr-Thomas-Percy/6000000006444687803 Thomas Percy, Sir Knight] at geni.com (citing as source Adams, Arthur, and Howard Horace Angerville. ''Living Descendants of Blood Royal'' London: World Nobility and Peerage, 1959. Vol. 4, p. 417.</ref>
|-
|[[Thomas Fiennes, 9th Baron Dacre]] ||align=right| 29 June 1541 || Lord Dacre was convicted of murder after being involved in the death of a gamekeeper whilst taking part in a poaching expedition on the lands of Sir Nicholas Pelham of [[Laughton, East Sussex|Laughton]].<ref>Luke MacMahon, ''Fiennes, Thomas, ninth Baron Dacre'', [[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]] [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/9414] accessed 30 May 2007</ref>
|-
| [[Francis Dereham]] and [[Thomas Culpeper|Sir Thomas Culpeper]] ||align=right| 10 December 1541 || Courtiers of King [[Henry VIII]] who were sexually involved with his fifth wife, Queen [[Catherine Howard]]. Culpeper and Dereham were both sentenced to be '[[hanged, drawn and quartered]]' but Culpeper's sentence was commuted to beheading at Tyburn on account of his previously good relationship with Henry. (Beheading, reserved for nobility, was normally carried out at [[Tower Hill]].) Dereham suffered the full sentence.
|-
| William Leech of [[Fulletby]] ||align=right| 8 May 1543 || A ringleader of the rebellion called the [[Pilgrimage of Grace]] in 1536, Leech escaped to Scotland. He murdered the [[Somerset Herald]], [[Thomas Trahern (officer of arms)|Thomas Trahern]], at [[Dunbar]] on 25 November 1542, causing an international incident, and was delivered for hanging in London.<ref>''Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer of Scotland'', vol. 8, 170.</ref>
|-
| [[Humphrey Arundell]] ||align=right| 27 January 1550 ||rowspan=1| Leader of the Western Rebellion in 1549 – sometimes known as the [[Prayer Book Rebellion]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tudorplace.com.ar/Bios/HumphreyArundell.htm|title=Humphrey Arundell of Helland|work=Tudor Place| access-date=31 May 2007}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|certain=y|self published website; and Jorge H. Castelli is not an expert|date=January 2015}}
|-
| [[Saint Edmund Campion]]<ref>[[Evelyn Waugh]]'s biography, ''Edmund Campion'' (1935)</ref> ||align=right rowspan=3| 1 December 1581 ||rowspan=6| [[Roman Catholic]] [[priest]]s.
|-
| [[Ralph Sherwin (priest)|Ralph Sherwin]]
|-
| [[Alexander Briant]]
|-
| [[John Adams (Catholic martyr)|John Adams]]<ref>Godfrey Anstruther, ''Seminary Priests'', St Edmund's College, Ware, vol. 1, 1968, pp. 1–2</ref> ||align=right rowspan=3| 8 October 1586
|-
| [[Robert Dibdale]]<ref>''ibid'' p. 101</ref>
|-
| [[John Lowe (martyr)|John Lowe]]<ref>''ibid'' pp. 214–215</ref>
|-
|[[Brian O'Rourke]] ||align=right| 3 November 1591 || Irish lord, harboured and aided the escape of [[Spanish Armada]] shipwreck survivors in the winter of 1588. Following a short rebellion he fled to [[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]] in 1591, but became the first man extradited within Britain on allegations of crimes committed in Ireland and was sentenced to death for treason.
|-
| [[Robert Southwell (jesuit)|Robert Southwell]]<ref>[[Richard Challoner|Bishop Challoner]], ''Memoirs of Missionary Priests and other Catholics of both sexes that have Suffered Death in England on Religious Accounts from 1577 to 1684'' (Manchester, 1803) vol. I, pp. 175ff</ref> ||align=right| 21 February 1595 ||[[Roman Catholic]] [[priest]].
|-
| [[John Felton (assassin)|John Felton]] ||align=right| 29 November 1628 || Lieutenant in the English army who murdered [[George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham]], a courtier, statesman, and favorite of [[James VI and I|King James I]].
|-
| [[Philip Powel]]||align=right| 30 June 1646  ||rowspan=3| [[Roman Catholic]] [[priest]]s.
|-
| [[Peter Wright (Jesuit)|Peter Wright]]||align=right| 19 May 1651
|-
| [[John Southworth (martyr)|John Southworth]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14165a.htm|title=St. John Southworth|encyclopedia=[[Catholic Encyclopedia]]| access-date=31 May 2007}}</ref> ||align=right| 28 June 1654
|-
|[[Daniel Axtell]]
|19 October 1660
|Colonel in the [[New Model Army|Parliamentarian army]] and was in charge of security during [[Trial of Charles I|the trial of Charles I]]. For his role in the trial, he was excluded from the [[Indemnity and Oblivion Act|Act of Indemnity and Oblivion]]. After being tried as a regicide, he was hanged, drawn, and quartered.
|-
| [[Oliver Cromwell]] ||align=right| 30 January 1661 || [[Posthumous execution]] following exhumation of his body from [[Westminster Abbey]].
|-
| [[Robert Hubert]] ||align=right| 28 September 1666 || Falsely confessed to starting the [[Great Fire of London]].<ref>[[:File:London-gazette.gif|"The London Gazette"]], 10 September 1666</ref>
|-
| [[Claude Duval]] ||align=right| 21 January 1670 || [[Highwayman]].<ref>[http://www.stand-and-deliver.org.uk/highwaymen/claude_duval.htm ''Claude Du Vall: The Gallant Highwayman'' Stand and Deliver] accessed 30 May 2007</ref>
|-
| [[Saint Oliver Plunkett]] ||align=right| 1 July 1681 || [[Primate of All Ireland|Lord Primate of All Ireland]], [[Archbishop of Armagh (Roman Catholic)|Lord Archbishop of Armagh]] and [[martyr]].<ref>''Blessed Oliver Plunkett: Historical Studies'', Gill, Dublin (1937)</ref>
|-
|[[Jane Voss]] ||align=right| 19 December 1684 || Robbing on the highway, high treason, murder, and felony.
|-
| [[William Chaloner]] ||align=right| 23 March 1699 || Notorious coiner and counterfeiter, convicted of high treason partly on evidence gathered by [[Isaac Newton]].
|-
| [[Jack Hall (thief)|Jack Hall]] ||align=right| 1707 || A chimney-sweep, hanged for committing a burglary. There is a folk-song about him, which bears his name (now better known by the name [[Sam Hall (song)|Sam Hall]]).
|-
| [[Henry Oxburgh]] ||align=right| 14 May 1716 || One of the [[Jacobitism|Jacobite]] leaders of the [[Jacobite rising of 1715|1715 Rebellion]].
|-
| [[Jack Sheppard]]<br /> <small>"Gentleman Jack"</small> ||align=right| 16 November 1724 || Notorious thief<ref name=Moore>Moore, Lucy. ''The Thieves' Opera.'' Viking (1997) {{ISBN|0-670-87215-6}}</ref> and multiple escapee.
|-
| [[Jonathan Wild]] ||align=right| 24 May 1725 || [[Organized crime]] lord.<ref name=Moore/>
|-
| [[Arthur Gray (Hawkhurst Gang)|Arthur Gray]] ||align=right| 11 May 1748 ||One of the leaders of the notorious [[Hawkhurst Gang]], a criminal organisation involved in smuggling throughout southeast England from 1735 until 1749.<ref>Old Bailey Proceedings Online 1674–1913. [https://www.oldbaileyonline.org/record/OA17480511 Execution of Arthur Gray. Ordinary's Account, 11 May 1748. Reference Number: OA17480511 Version 6.0 ]  Retrieved 15 December 2018</ref>
|-
| [[James MacLaine]]<br /> <small>"The Gentleman Highwayman"</small> ||align=right| 3 October 1750 || [[Highwayman]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stand-and-deliver.org.uk/highwaymen/newgate_maclaine.htm |title=James Maclane |work=The Newgate Calendar |access-date=31 May 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070819071802/http://www.stand-and-deliver.org.uk/highwaymen/newgate_maclaine.htm |archive-date=19 August 2007}}</ref>
|-
| [[Laurence Shirley, 4th Earl Ferrers]] ||align=right| 1 May 1760 || The last peer to be hanged for murder.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.exclassics.com/newgate/ng355.htm|title=Laurence Shirley, Earl Ferrers |work=The Newgate Calendar| access-date=31 May 2007}}</ref>
|-
| [[Elizabeth Brownrigg]]||align=right| 13 September 1767|| Murdered Mary Clifford, a domestic servant.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oldbaileyonline.org/record/OA17670914?text=brownrigg|title=Ordinary's Account, 14th September 1767. |website=The Proceedings of the Old Bailey, 1674–1913|date=September 1767 |access-date=2012-10-13}}</ref>
|-
| [[John Rann]]<br /> <small>"Sixteen String Jack"</small> ||align=right| 30 November 1774 || [[Highwayman]].
|-
| Rev. [[James Hackman]] ||align=right| 19 April 1779 || Hanged for the murder of [[Martha Ray]], mistress of [[John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.exclassics.com/newgate/ng355.htm|title=James Hackman |work=The Newgate Calendar| access-date=31 May 2007}}</ref>
|-
| [[John Austin (highwayman)|John Austin]] ||align=right| 3 November 1783 || A [[highwayman]], the last person to be executed at Tyburn.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.londonancestor.com/street/str-173.htm|title=Account of the Trial and Execution of John Austin|work=London Ancestor| access-date=31 May 2007}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
* [[Thomas Derrick]], an executioner at Tyburn
* [[Carthusian Martyrs of London]]
* [[Last dying speeches]]
* [[Ordinary of Newgate's Account]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite book|last=Heald|first=Henrietta|title=Chronicle of Britain: Incorporating a Chronicle of Ireland|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d-iYQgAACAAJ|year=1992|publisher=J L International Publishing, Incorporated|isbn=978-1-872031-35-4}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Tyburn Tree}}
* [http://www.connectedhistories.org/Search_results.aspx?dtf=1500-01-01&dtt=1899-12-31&kw=tyburn Connected Histories]
* {{cite EB1911|wstitle=Tyburn |short=x}}

{{Authority control}}
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[[Category:Areas of London]]
[[Category:Execution sites in England]]
[[Category:History of the City of Westminster]]
[[Category:London crime history]]