Editing Uhlan

{{Short description|Type of light cavalry originating in Central and Eastern Europe}}
{{For|the racehorse|Uhlan (horse)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{More citations needed|date=June 2021}}
[[File:Ułani Księstwa Warszawskiego.JPG|thumb|Polish uhlans from the army of the [[Duchy of Warsaw]], 1807–1815, [[January Suchodolski]] painting]]
'''Uhlan''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|uː|l|ɑː|n|,_|ˈ|j|uː|l|ən}}; {{Langx|fr|uhlan}}; {{Langx|de|Ulan}};{{Sfn|Weekley|1921|p=1563}} {{Langx|lt|ulonas}}; {{Langx|pl|ułan}}) is a type of [[light cavalry]], primarily armed with a [[lance]].{{Sfn|Melegari|1972|p=16}} The uhlans started as [[Grand Ducal Lithuanian Army|Lithuanian]] irregular cavalry,{{Sfn|Lawford|1976|p=140}} that were later also adopted by other countries during the 18th century, including [[Polish Armed Forces|Poland]], [[French Army|France]], [[Imperial Russian Army|Russia]], [[Prussian Army|Prussia]], [[Royal Saxon Army|Saxony]], and [[Imperial Army of the Holy Roman Emperor|Austria]]. The term "[[lancer]]" was often used interchangeably with "uhlan"; the lancer regiments later formed for the British Army were directly inspired by the uhlans of other armies (even though they were never known by that name). 

Uhlans traditionally wore a double-breasted short-tailed jacket with a coloured ''plastron'' panel at the front, a coloured [[sash]], and a square-topped Polish lancer cap ({{lang|pl|[[rogatywka]]}}, also called {{lang|pl|[[czapka]]}}).{{Sfn|Haythornthwaite|2012}} This cap or cavalry helmet was derived from a traditional Polish cap design, formalised and stylised for military use.{{Sfn|Haythornthwaite|2012}} Their lances were traditionally topped with a small, swallow-tailed flag (''[[pennon]]'') just below the spearhead.{{Sfn|Haythornthwaite|2012}}

==Etymology==
There are several suggested etymologies for the word ''uhlan''.{{Sfn|Barrows|1916|p=392}} In the [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] languages, ''oğlan'' means '[[Youth|young]] man' or 'boy'.{{Sfn|Grbašić|Vukšić|1989|p=133}}{{Sfn|Speake|2000|p=448}} It is probable that this entered [[Polish language|Polish]] via [[Tatar language|Tatar]] and was styled as ''ułan''.{{Sfn|Barrows|1916|p=392}}{{Sfn|Speake|2000|p=448}} The Polish spelling was then [[Loanword|adopted]] by German, French, and other European languages.<ref>{{Harvnb|Skeat|2005|p=659}}</ref>

==History==
===Origins===
In the late 14th century, [[Golden Horde]] [[Tatars|Tatar]] (sometimes spelled ''Tartar'') families settled in [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania|Lithuania]] and so were required to serve the [[Grand Duke of Lithuania]] militarily and later the [[Polish king]]. The Poles started incorporating much of their military vocabulary and traditions, along with their strategy and tactics. [[Lipka Tatars|Lithuanian Tatars]] served as part of the Royal armies during various battles of the late [[Middle Ages]]. Their tasks were to conduct [[reconnaissance]] in advance of the [[heavy cavalry|heavier cavalry]] banners ([[knight]]s). With the end of armoured knights during the 16th century, the Lithuanian Tatars were organized in light (Tatar) banners – armed with a light lance, bow, sabre, and, on occasion, a battle axe or [[horseman's pick]], serving as [[Companion (military rank)|companions]] ({{lang|pl|towarzysz}}) and [[Retinue|retainers]] ({{lang|pl|[[Poczet|pocztowy]]}}) – while equally lightly armed hussars were converted into heavy companies of [[Polish hussars|winged hussars]].{{Sfn|Roemer|1863|p=345|ps=; At its reorganization in 1717, the Polish–Lithuanian army contained both heavy and light cavalry ... The light cavalry was also composed of Polish noblemen, but the Tartars, whom a grand duke of Lithuania had received into his states during the conquests of Tamerlane, were admitted on an equal footing, both as officers and privates. They wore no defensive armour, but in other respects, were equipped like the heavy cavalry, only in a less costly manner. One of their first leaders was a Lithuanian nobleman named Huland, whence the term hulan or uhlan [comes]}} Tatar companions serving within their own Tatar companies (banners) lasted until the 1770s, when major cavalry reforms were carried out within the Polish–Lithuanian army and were included in the reformed cavalry regiments. The last Polish king, [[Stanisław August Poniatowski]], had an uhlan guard regiment simply known as the Royal Uhlans. It was disbanded in 1794 or 1795.

Uhlans frequently adopted the practice of the original Lithuanian [[lancer]]s of attaching [[pennon]]s to lances to look more [[awe]]-inspiring.{{Sfn|Lawford|1976|p=140}}[[File:Knoe09 08.jpg|left|thumb|Uhlan of the 'Volontaires de Saxe' in 1745]]
[[File:Knoe10 21.jpg|thumb|Uhlan of the Natzmer-Uhlanen (1740–1742)]]

===18th century===
Uhlan units started emerging in Western European armies during the [[War of the Austrian Succession|War of Austrian Succession]], starting with an uhlan squadron, known as the {{lang|de|Natzmer Uhlanen}}, formed by [[Frederick the Great]] in 1740.{{Sfn|Grbašić|Vukšić|1989|p=98}} The next year, the squadron was expanded to an uhlan regiment, finally being transformed into Natzmer's 4th Hussar Regiment in 1742.{{Sfn|Grbašić|Vukšić|1989|p=98}}

Simultaneously, in 1743, [[Maurice de Saxe]] formed a mixed uhlan-dragoon regiment, the [[Volontaires de Saxe]], for [[Louis XV]]'s [[French Royal Army]].{{Sfn|Lawford|1976|p=140}}{{Sfn|Grbašić|Vukšić|1989|p=98}} It was composed of six companies, each of eighty dragoons and eighty uhlans, and included Lithuanian, Polish and Tatar soldiers.{{Sfn|Grbašić|Vukšić|1989|p=98}} The regiment was known for its [[Courage|bravery]], fighting spirit, and alcoholism.{{Sfn|Grbašić|Vukšić|1989|p=98}}

The first uhlan regiments were created in the early 18th century, during the 1720s, in the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]].

As developments in battlefield tactics and firearms had combined with the increasing sizes of early modern armies to make heavy armour obsolescent (though retained by the [[cuirassier]] regiments), lighter units became the core of the [[cavalry]], distinguished only by the sizes of their men and mounts and by the tasks that they performed (''i.e.'', reconnaissance, skirmishing, or direct charges).

During the period preceding the [[Partitions of Poland]], uhlan formations consisting of Poles or [[Lipka Tatars|Lithuanian Tatars]] were created in most surrounding states simply because the Polish Crown did not have the resources or political will to maintain a numerous army. Speed and mobility were the keys to the effectiveness of light cavalry armed with lances.

King [[Stanisław August Poniatowski]] of Poland formed a regiment of royal guards equipped with lances, [[szabla]]s, and pistols, each guardsman uniformed in {{lang|pl|[[kurtka]]}} and {{lang|pl|[[czapka]]}}. This unit became the prototype for many other units of the [[Polish cavalry]], who started to arm themselves with equipment modelled after uhlan regiments and medieval Tatars.[[File:Polish Army of the Kościuszko Uprising 17.PNG|thumb|left|Polish uhlans of the [[Kościuszko Uprising]] in 1794 – [[Walery Eljasz Radzikowski]]]]

In the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]], the uhlans inherited the status and traditions of the winged [[Polish hussars]] in 1776, thus becoming National cavalry. The [[Habsburg monarchy|Austrian empire]] also formed an "Uhlan Regiment" in 1784, composed primarily of Poles. Uhlan regiments recruited from Austrian cavalrymen were raised in 1791.[[File:Szwolezer.JPG|thumb|180px|Polish chevaulegers of the [[Polish 1st Light Cavalry Regiment of the Imperial Guard|Imperial Guard]] in the [[Battle of Peterswalde]] – [[Juliusz Kossak]]]]

===19th century===
During the [[Napoleonic Wars]], the [[Duchy of Warsaw]] raised uhlan formations. Polish lancers serving with the French Army included the [[Legion of the Vistula]] and the [[1st Polish Light Cavalry Regiment of the Imperial Guard]]. The [[Imperial Guard (Napoleon I)|Imperial Guard]] lancers were armed with [[lance]]s, [[sabre]]s and [[pistol]]s.{{Sfn|Shepperd|1972|p=100}} The lancers of the Polish expeditionary corps, which fought alongside the French in Spain and Germany, spread the popularity of the Polish model of light cavalry. After the [[Battle of Somosierra]], [[Napoleon]] said that one Polish cavalryman was worth ten French soldiers. The [[Chevau-léger|chevaux-légers]], French light cavalry units from the 16th century till 1815, were remodelled after the uhlans. Following the [[Treaty of Tilsit]] in 1807, lancer regiments designated as uhlans were reintroduced in the Prussian service. Initially, they were only three. After the [[War of the Sixth Coalition]], uhlan regiments were formed from [[Lützow Free Corps]], Schill Free Corps, Bremen Volunteers and Hellwig's [[Streifkorps]].{{Sfn|Haythornthwaite|1986|p=158}}

During and after the Napoleonic Wars, cavalry regiments armed with lances were formed in many states throughout Europe, including the armies of Italy, Spain, Portugal, Sweden and Russia. While cavalry carrying this weapon was usually specifically designated as lancers or uhlans, in some instances, the front rank troopers of [[hussar]] or [[dragoon]] regiments were also armed with lances.{{sfn|Rawkins|1977|p=27}}

In [[Action at Genappe|one notable action]] during the [[Waterloo Campaign]] as the French lancers advanced out of a [[defile (geography)|defile]] — created by the bridge over the [[Dyle (river)|Dyle]] and the village of [[Genappe]] — although they were stationary as they formed up, they lowered their lances to receive a charge by the sabre wielding British [[7th Queen's Own Hussars|7th Hussars]] (light cavalry) who were then unable to press home their charge. However, once the lancers advanced in slight disorder (up the valley slope of the Dyle), they were overridden by the British [[1st Life Guards]] (heavy cavalry armed with sabres) who drove them back through Genappe and onto the bridge.{{sfn|Siborne|1848|pp=276–281}}

During the [[Battle of Albuera]], the [[Legion of the Vistula|1st Vistulan Lancers Regiment]] in French service virtually annihilated three of four of the British infantry regiments comprising [[John Colborne, 1st Baron Seaton|Colborne]]'s 1st Brigade. In 1816, the [[British Army]] established its own lancer regiments, converting four [[Light Dragoons|light dragoon]] regiments for the purpose{{Sfn|Barthorp|1984|p=88}} and practically adopting the whole uniform of Napoleon's famous Polish Lancers, including the czapska.{{Sfn|Funcken|Funcken|1967|p=52}}[[File:Charge of Poznań Cavalery during November Uprising.JPG|thumb|Charge of the {{Ill|Poznań Cavalry Regiment|pl|Pułk Jazdy Poznańskiej}} at the [[Battle of Rajgród]] during the [[November uprising]] of 1831]]The traditions of the Polish uhlans were preserved during the [[Congress Poland|Kingdom of Poland]]. They fought both in the [[November uprising]] of 1830 and in the [[January Uprising|January uprising]] of 1863. Uhlans were deployed in the [[Franco-Prussian War]] by the [[Prussian Army]] in a variety of traditional light cavalry roles. During the [[Siege of Paris (1870–1871)|siege of Paris]], uhlans were tasked with shadowing passenger balloons launched from the city: their capacity for rapid movement made uhlans the only troops able to keep pace with the balloons, either to seize them on landing or at least report trajectory and destination.{{sfn|Horne|2007|pp=129–130}}[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 136-C0176, Garde-Ulanen in Döberitz.jpg|thumb|Prussian Guard Uhlans about 1912|left]]

===World War I===
At the start of the First World War, many European armies had lance-armed cavalry regiments. Belgium had five lancer regiments.{{Sfn|Funcken|Funcken|1971|p=36}} Italy possessed 10 lancer regiments.{{Sfn|Funcken|Funcken|1971|p=50}} The British army had six lancer regiments,{{Sfn|Funcken|Funcken|1971|p=40}} with an additional 15 in the [[British Indian Army]].{{Sfn|Funcken|Funcken|1971|p=44}}[[File:Uhlans & schapskas.jpg|thumb|Prussian uhlans in pre-1914 uniform]]

====German uhlans====
{{See|List of Imperial German uhlan regiments}}
In 1914, the [[German Army (German Empire)|Imperial German Army]] included 26 uhlan regiments,{{Sfn|Funcken|Funcken|1971|p=54}} three of which were Guard regiments, 21 line (16 Prussian, two [[Württemberg]] and three Saxon) and two from the autonomous [[Royal Bavarian Army]]. All German uhlan regiments wore Polish style [[czapka]]s and [[tunic]]s with [[plastron]] fronts, both in coloured [[Dress uniform|parade uniforms]] and the field grey [[Military uniform|service dress]] introduced in 1910. Because German [[hussar]], [[dragoon]] and [[cuirassier]] regiments also carried lances in 1914, there was a tendency among their French and British opponents to describe all German cavalry as "uhlans".

The lance carried by the uhlans (and after 1889 the entire German cavalry branch) was known as the [[Stahlrohrlanze]] which consisted of a {{cvt|3.18|m}} long tube made of rolled steel-plate, weighing {{cvt|1.6|kg}}. The lance carried below its head a small pennant in different colours according to the province or state from which the regiment was recruited. The quadrangular spear point was {{cvt|30|cm}} long and made of tempered steel. The butt end of the shaft was also pointed so that (in theory) the lance could be wielded as a double-ended weapon.

After seeing mounted action during the first few weeks of [[World War I]], the uhlan regiments were either dismounted to serve as "cavalry rifles" in the trenches of the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]] or they were transferred to the [[Eastern Front (World War I)|Eastern Front]] where the more primitive{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}} battle conditions made it possible for horse cavalry to fulfill their intended role. All 26 German uhlan regiments were disbanded in 1918–1919.[[File:Ulanen 13.jpg|thumb|left|Charge of the Austrian 13th Galician Uhlan Regiment during the [[Battle of Custoza (1866)]]]]

====Austrian uhlans====
There were 11 regiments of uhlans (spelt "Ulan") in the [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian]] cavalry, largely recruited in the Polish-speaking parts of the Empire. They wore czapkas in regimental colours but otherwise were, after 1867,{{sfn|Knötel|Knötel|Sieg|1980|pp=30–31}} dressed in the light blue tunics and red breeches of the Austro-Hungarian dragoons, without Polish features. Their lances were similar in design to those of the German cavalry but had wooden shafts (of ash). In 1884 the lance was replaced by the sabre in the Austro-Hungarian cavalry, although the {{lang|de|Ulan}} regiments retained their traditional titles and lancer caps until World War I.{{Sfn|Lucas|1987|p=112}}
 
As with other armies, the Austro-Hungarian uhlans were forced into a largely dismounted role by the realities of trench warfare by the end of 1914. Consequently, the blue and red peacetime uniforms were replaced by field grey during 1915. There was, however, one last opportunity for traditional glory when on 21 August 1914, the uhlans and dragoons of the Austro-Hungarian {{ill|4th Cavalry Division (Austria-Hungary)|lt=4th Cavalry Division|pl|4 Dywizja Kawalerii (austro-węgierska)}} under {{ill|Edmund Ritter von Zaremba|pl|Edmund Zaremba}} clashed with the Russian [[10th Cavalry Division (Russian Empire)|10th Cavalry Division]] under general [[Fyodor Arturovich Keller]] in classic cavalry style at the [[Battle of Jaroslavice]].
[[File:Grupa żołnierzy Pułku Jazdy Tatarskiej 1919 rok.JPG|thumb|Tatar uhlans from [[Grodno]] area – soldiers of [[Polish Army]] in 1919]] [[File:Czesław Wasilewski - Potyczka.jpg|thumb|Polish uhlans during the [[Polish-Soviet War]] 1919–21, painted by Czesław Wasilewski, 1920s or 1930s|left]]

====Polish uhlans====
[[Józef Piłsudski]]'s [[Polish Legions in World War I|Polish Legions]] (an independent formation serving with the Austro-Hungarian Army) had a small uhlan detachment. Commanded by [[Władysław Belina-Prażmowski]], they were modelled after the uhlans of the Napoleonic period. This unit was the first element of the [[Central Powers]] to enter Polish lands during [[World War I]]. After Poland's independence in 1918, all parts of the country raised uhlan formations. They fought with distinction in the [[Greater Poland Uprising (1918–1919)|Greater Poland Uprising]], the [[Polish-Ukrainian War]] and the [[Polish-Bolshevik War]]. Although equipped with modern [[horse artillery|horse-drawn artillery]] and trained in [[infantry tactics]], the uhlan formations kept their [[sabre]]s, their lances and their ability to [[charge (warfare)|charge]] the enemy. Among other battles, the uhlan units took part in the [[Battle of Komarów]] of 1920 against the invading Soviet [[1st Cavalry Army (Soviet Union)|Konarmia]], the last pure cavalry battle in history.

====Russian uhlans====
[[File:Улан 4-го Харьковского полка.svg|thumb|[[Private (rank)|Private]] (Uhlan) of the 4th Kharkov Uhlan Regiment in full dress [[uniform]] until 1882|left]]
The [[Imperial Russian Army]] had converted its 17 line uhlan regiments to dragoons in 1881 as part of the general modernization of the Russian cavalry. Only the two [[Russian Imperial Guard]] uhlan regiments retained their special distinctions.{{Sfn|Picard|1897|p=394}} In 1910, however, the historic line regiments of uhlans had their lances, traditional titles, and distinctive ceremonial uniforms returned to them. From 1910 to 1918, the designation of "uhlan" had, however, become simply a historical distinction in the Russian cavalry (many of whom carried lances), without tactical significance.{{sfn|Cornish|Karachtchouk|2001|p=13}}[[File:Ulani RB3.jpg|thumb|Volunteers recreating the [[15th Poznań Uhlans Regiment]] in 1939 uniforms]]

===Interwar===
In the [[Interwar period|period between the World Wars]], the [[Polish cavalry]] was reformed, with some units retaining their uhlan traditions. However, in contrast with its traditional role, the cavalry was no longer seen as a unit capable of breaking through enemy lines. Instead, it was used as a mobile reserve and employed infantry tactics: the soldiers dismounted before the battle and fought as infantry ([[dragoon]]), yet retained the high mobility of cavalry. Thus, technically speaking, in 1939, Poland had 11 brigades of mounted infantry and no cavalry units.

As noted above, the uhlans of the Imperial German Army were disbanded at the end of World War I. However, lances continued to be carried by certain cavalry regiments of the new German Army ({{lang|de|Reichsheer}}) permitted by the Treaty of Versailles. As late as 1925, Major General [[Hans von Seeckt|von Seeckt]], Commander of the Reichsheer, rejected a General Staff proposal that lances be abandoned as unsuited for a modern army.

===World War II===
While the Polish cavalrymen retained their sabres, the lance was no longer a standard issue after 1934 (or 1937). However, the lance was retained only for training purposes and flying squadron pennants.{{sfn|Zaloga|1983|p=5 & 32}} Instead, the cavalry units were equipped with [[Canon de 75 modèle 1897|75mm field guns]], [[light tank]]s, [[Bofors 37 mm anti-tank gun|37mm anti-tank guns]], [[Bofors 40 mm Automatic Gun L/60|40mm anti-aircraft guns]], as well as [[Wz. 35 anti-tank rifle|anti-tank rifles]] and other modern weapons. Although there were cavalry charges during [[World War II]], very few were successful.

A popular myth is that Polish cavalry armed with lances charged (and were annihilated by) German tanks during the September 1939 campaign. This arose from the misreporting (both intentional and unintentional) of the [[Charge at Krojanty]] on 1 September, when the [[18th Pomeranian Uhlan Regiment]]'s two squadrons armed with sabres, scattered German infantry before being caught in the open by German armoured cars.{{sfn|Zaloga|1983|p=8}}

When the remnants of the Polish cavalry forces were reconstituted in exile in 1943 as the [[1st Armoured Division (Poland)|1st Armoured Division]] the 24th Uhlans (24 Pułk Ułanów) were equipped as an armoured regiment with Sherman tanks. The regiment was disbanded in 1947.{{cn|date=November 2024}}

===Modern===
[[File:Lithuanian Army uhlan officers of the 7th edition of the Lithuanian Military School, 1925.jpg|thumb|[[Lithuanian Armed Forces|Lithuanian Army]]'s uhlan officers in 1925]]
Present-day military units with the title or historical role of "uhlans" include:
* '''[[Kazakhstan]]''': {{lang|kk|Жас Ұлан}} ({{lang|kk-Latn|zhas ulan}}) regiments exist in the modern Kazakhstan Army<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mod.gov.kz/mod-kz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=71&Itemid=115&lang=ru |title=Генерал С.Қ.Нұрмағамбетов атындағы "Жас ұлан" республикалық мектебі |trans-title=Republican school "Zhas Ulan" named after General SK Nurmagambetov|access-date=24 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722142436/http://www.mod.gov.kz/mod-kz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=71&Itemid=115&lang=ru |archive-date=22 July 2011 }}</ref> though not as mounted cavalry.
* '''Poland''': [[Presidential Horse Guard Mounted Ceremonial Squadron of the Polish Army|Presidential Mounted Cavalry Squadron of Polish Armed Forces]] (Polish: {{lang|pl|Szwadron Kawalerii Wojska Polskiego}})<ref>http://www.brepr.wp.mil.pl/en/49.html {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518175311/http://www.brepr.wp.mil.pl/en/49.html |date=18 May 2015 }}</ref>
* '''[[Lithuania]]''': Grand Duchess Birutė Uhlan Battalion (Lithuanian: {{lang|lt|Didžiosios kunigaikštienės Birutės ulonų batalionas}})<ref>[https://kariuomene.kam.lt/lt/kariuomenes_struktura/kontaktai_1614/382.html Didžiosios kunigaikštienės Birutės ulonų batalionas] ''tr. Grand Duchess Birutė's Ulons Battalion'', accessed 18 December 2020</ref> this unit has the historic title, but not the cavalry role. It is a combat battalion.

==In popular culture==
===Video games===
* In ''[[Final Fantasy XII: The Zodiac Age]]'', one of the 12 playable character classes is named "Uhlan" and wields Lances and Spears.
* Many light to medium Battlemech and combined arms regiments in the [[BattleTech]]/[[MechWarrior]] universe use ''uhlans'' in their unit names (e.g., the 1st Kathil Uhlans).
* ''[[Age of Empires III]]'': uhlans are the primary cavalry unit of the German civilization.
* ''[[Mount & Blade: With Fire & Sword]]'': A lance-armed light cavalryman called an "oglan" can be found in service of the [[Crimean Khanate]].

===Literature and film===
* Uhlans are mentioned in [[Arthur Conan Doyle]]'s short story "The Lord of Chateau Noir".
* The 19th century German [[pulp-fiction]] novel {{lang|de|Die Liebe des Ulanen}} (″The Uhlan's Love″) by [[Karl May]] has, like everything else by this author, acquired cult status in German-speaking countries and, although several thousand pages long, is still in print.
* In [[Leo Tolstoy]]'s seminal work ''[[War and Peace]]'', uhlans appear several times from the start of Book III.
* In [[Guy de Maupassant]]'s short story "[[Father Milon]]", 16 uhlan soldiers of the Prussian army are killed by the old protagonist, Father Milon. 
* In [[Joseph Roth]]'s 1932 novel [[Radetzky March (novel)|''The Radeztky March'']], the protagonist is an officer of the Austro-Hungarian uhlans.
* In the 1943 film ''[[The Life and Death of Colonel Blimp]]'', Theo Kretschmar-Schuldorff is an officer of the uhlans. 
* In [[Graham Greene]]'s 1958 novel ''[[Our Man in Havana]]'', Dr. Hasselbacher is an ex-uhlan officer.
* In [[Gunther Grass]]'s 1959 novel ''[[The Tin Drum]]'', the protagonist Oskar Matzerath frequently refers to the Polish uhlans as well as their misreported charge on 1 September 1939.
* In [[Italo Calvino]]'s 1979 novel ''[[If on a winter's night a traveler]]'', Gritzvi (Outside the town of Malbork) prizes his uhlan helmet and is reluctant to leave it in Ponko's care.
* In the [[science fiction]] [[short story]] ''[[He Walked Around the Horses]]'' by [[H. Beam Piper]], Prussian uhlans play an important role, it is they who first meet the diplomat [[Benjamin Bathurst (diplomat)|Benjamin Bathurst]] who had slipped from our world into an [[Alternative History]] timeline. 
* Anton Hofmiller, the narrator of [[Stefan Zweig]]'s ''[[Beware of Pity]]'', is an officer in an uhlan regiment in 1913 Austria-Hungary.
* ''[[Battle Picture Weekly]]'''s popular feature "[[Charley's War]]", by [[Pat Mills]] & [[Joe Colquhoun]], had uhlans playing a major role in episodes 252 & 253.
* In [[Star Trek]] the [[Romulan]] equivalent of an [[Ensign (rank)|ensign]] is an uhlan.

===Culture===
* Traditional Polish and Ukrainian song {{lang|pl|[[Hej Sokoły]]}}.

===Sports and organisations===
* "Black Uhlan of the Rhine" – the nickname of a heavyweight champion [[Max Schmeling]].
* [[Valparaiso University]]'s sports teams were nicknamed "Uhlans" until World War II, then changed to "Crusaders".
* The Black Uhlans is the name of one of Australia's [[Outlaw motorcycle club]]s that has been active since 1970.

==See also==
{{commons category}}
* [[Hussar]]
* [[Lancer]]
* [[Polish cavalry]]
* [[Dragoon]]
* [[Cuirassier]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{Cite journal|last=Barrows|first=John Stuart|date=January 1916|title=The Uhlans and Other Cavalry in the European War|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_armor_1916-01_26_109/page/392/mode/2up?q=oglan|journal=[[Journal of the United States Cavalry Association]]|volume=26}}
* {{Cite book|last=Barthorp|first=Michael|title=British Cavalry Uniforms Since 1660|year=1984|publisher=Blandford Press |isbn=0-7137-10438}}
* {{citation |last1=Cornish |first1=Nik |last2=Karachtchouk |first2=Andrei |year=2001 |title=The Russian Army 1914-18 |location=Oxford |publisher=[[Osprey Publishing]] |page=13 |isbn=1-84176-303-9}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Funcken|first1=Fred|url=https://archive.org/details/lecostumeetlesar0000lili/page/52/mode/2up?q=lanciers|title=Le costume et les armes des soldats de tous les temps|last2=Funcken|first2=Lilianne|publisher=[[Casterman]]|year=1967|isbn=2-203-14303-7|location=[[Tournai]]|language=French}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Funcken|first1=Fred|url=https://archive.org/details/luniformeetlesar0000func/page/36/mode/2up?q=lanciers|title=L'uniforme et les armes des soldats de la guerre 1914-1918|last2=Funcken|first2=Lilianne|publisher=[[Casterman]]|year=1971|isbn=2-203-14309-6|location=[[Tournai]]|language=French|volume=2}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Grbašić|first1=Z.|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofcavalry00grba/mode/2up?q=Natzmer|title=The History of Cavalry|last2=Vukšić|first2=V.|publisher=[[Facts on File]]|year=1989|isbn=0-8160-2187-2}}
* {{Cite book|last=Guchinova|first=Elza-Bair|url=https://archive.org/details/kalmyks0000guch/page/6/mode/2up?q=Ulan+Zalata|title=The Kalmyks|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2006|isbn=978-0-7007-0657-0|location=Great Britain}}
* {{Cite book|last=Haythornthwaite|first=Philip J.|url=https://archive.org/details/uniformsofwaterl00hayt/page/n161/mode/2up?q=lancers|title=Uniforms of Waterloo in colour, 16-18 June 1815|publisher=[[Blandford Press]]|year=1986|isbn=0713707143|location=Hong Kong}}
* {{cite book|last=Haythornthwaite|first=Phillip J.|title=Austrian Army of the Napoleonic Wars|volume=2 (Cavalry)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q8TvCwAAQBAJ|publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]]|year=2012|isbn=9781782007036}}
* {{Cite book |last=Horne |first=Alistair |year=2007 |title=The Fall of Paris |publisher=Penguin Books |pages= 129–130}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Knötel |first1=Richard |last2=Knötel |first2=Herbert |last3=Sieg |first3=Herbert |year=1980 |title=Uniforms of the World |url=https://archive.org/details/uniformsofworldc0000knot/page/130/mode/2up?q=|location=New York |publisher=[[Arms and Armour Press]] |pages= |isbn=0-684-16304-7}}
* {{Cite book|last=Lawford|first=James|url=https://archive.org/details/cavalry00lawf/page/140/mode/2up?view=theater&q=lithuanian|title=Cavalry - Techniques & Triumphs of the Military Horseman: The Stories of the Great Cavalry Regiments, their Commanders and celebrated Actions|publisher=[[Bobbs-Merrill Company]]|year=1976|isbn=0-672-52192-X|location=[[Indianapolis]]|lccn=79-5986}}
* {{Cite book|last=Lucas|first=James|title=Fighting Troops of the Austro-Hungarian Army 1868-1914|year=1987|publisher=Hippocrene Books |isbn=0-946771-04-9}}
* {{Cite book|last=Melegari|first=Vezio|url=https://archive.org/details/worldsgreatregim00mele/page/115/mode/2up?q=lance|title=The World's Great Regiments|year=1972|isbn=0600338991|location=Netherlands}}
* {{Cite book|last=Picard|first=Louis Auguste|url=https://archive.org/details/larmeenfrancee00pica/page/394/mode/2up?q=hulans|title=L'armée en France et à l'étranger|year=1897|location=[[Tours]]|language=fr}}
* {{Cite book|last=Rawkins |first=W.J. |year=1977 |title=The Russian Army 1805 – 14 |publisher=Anschluss Publishing}}
* {{Cite book|last=Roemer |first=Jean |year=1863 |title=Cavalry; its history, management, and uses in war ... With illustrations |url=https://archive.org/details/cavalryitshisto00roemgoog/page/n350|page=345}}
* {{Cite book|last=Shepperd|first=Gilbert Alan|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofwarweap00shep/page/100/mode/2up?q=lance%2C+sabre|title=A history of war and weapons, 1660 to 1918|year=1972|isbn=0-690-39367-9|location=United States of America}}
* {{Cite book |last=Siborne |first=William |year=1848 |title=The Waterloo Campaign, 1815 |edition=4th |location=[[Westminster]] |publisher=A. Constable |url=https://archive.org/details/waterloocampaig01sibogoog}}
* {{cite book |last=Skeat |first=Walter William |date=2005 |title=A Concise Etymological Dictionary of the English Language |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ls_XijT33IUC |publisher=Lightning Source Incorporated |isbn=9781596050921}}
* {{Cite book|last=Speake|first=Jennifer|author-link=Jennifer Speake|url=https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary0000unse_g3d8/page/448/mode/2up?q=oglan+uhlan|title=The Oxford dictionary of Foreign Words and Phrases|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2000|isbn=9780192801128}}
* {{Cite book|last=Weekley|first=Ernest|url=https://archive.org/details/etymologicaldict00weekuoft/page/782/mode/2up?q=oglan+uhlan|title=An etymological dictionary of modern English|year=1921}}
* {{Cite book|last=Zaloga|first=S. J.|year=1983|title=The Polish Army 1939–45|location=London|publisher=[[Osprey Publishing]]|isbn=0-85045-417-4}}

===Further reading===
{{EB1911 poster|Ulan}}
* {{Cite book|last=Coil |first=Spencer A.
|title= Uniforms & Equipment of the Austro-Hungarian Army in World War I|publisher = Schiffer Pub|date=2003|isbn= 0764318691 |oclc=55948007}}
* Marrion, R.J. (1975), ''Lancers and Dragoons'', Almark Publishing Company Ltd., {{ISBN|0-85524-202-7}}.
* {{cite book |last=Sanders|first= Paul|title= Regimental Steins of the Kaiser's Cavalry: Kürassier, Dragoon, Jager Zu Pferde, Hussar, Uhlan|publisher = Schiffer Pub|date=2010|isbn=9780764336836|oclc=642837794}}

==External links==
* {{commons-inline|Uhlan}}
* [http://uhlan.chez-alice.fr/sommaire.html The Uhlan]
* [http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=uhlan&searchmode=none Etymology OnLine]

[[Category:Cavalry]]
[[Category:Polish cavalry]]
[[Category:Lipka Tatars]]
[[Category:Combat occupations]]
[[Category:Combat occupations of the late modern period]]
[[Category:Turkish words and phrases]]
[[Category:Lance]]