Editing Ullr

{{short description|Norse deity}}
{{Redirect|Ulle|people with the Estonian given name Ülle|Ülle}}
[[Image:Ullr.jpg|thumb|Figure on skis and with a bow, possibly Ullr, on the 11th-century [[Böksta Runestone]]]]
[[Image:Ullensaker komm.svg|thumb|upright|The [[coat of arms of Ullensaker]] displays Ullr as a [[Charge (heraldry)|charge]].]]

In [[Norse mythology]], '''Ullr''' ([[Old Norse]]: {{IPA|non|ˈulːz̠|}})<ref>In [[Modern Icelandic]] Ullr is usually referred to as '''Ullur''' {{IPA|is|ˈʏtlʏr̥|}}. In the mainland [[Scandinavian languages]] the usual form is '''Ull''', without the [[nominative case]] marker -''r''. The latter form is sometimes used as an [[Old Norse orthography|anglicization]], as is '''Uller'''.</ref> is a [[Æsir|god]] associated with skiing. Although literary attestations of Ullr are sparse, evidence including relatively ancient place-name evidence from Scandinavia suggests that he was a major god in earlier [[Germanic paganism]]. [[Proto-Germanic]] *'''''wulþuz''''' ('[[Glory (religion)|glory]]') appears to have been an important concept of which his name is a reflex. The word appears as ''owlþu-'' on the 3rd-century [[Thorsberg chape]].

== Name and origin ==
The [[Old Norse]] [[theonym]] ''Ullr'' derives from a [[Proto-Germanic]] (PGmc) form reconstructed as ''*Wulþuz'' ('Glory'), which is attested in the [[Compound (linguistics)|compound]] ''owlþu-þewaz'' (ᛟᚹᛚᚦᚢᚦᛖᚹᚨᛉ), meaning either 'servant of ''Owlþuz''<nowiki/>' (if interpreted as a theonym), or 'who has glorious servants' (if interpreted as an adjective), found on the [[Thorsberg chape]] (3rd c. AD). It is a [[cognate]] (linguistic sibling from the same origin) of the [[Gothic language|Gothic]] noun ''wulþus'' ('glory, wealth').{{Sfn|de Vries|1962|p=633}}{{Sfn|Orel|2003|p=474}}{{Sfn|Kroonen|2013|p=599}} They ultimately derive from the [[Proto-Indo-European]] (PIE) noun *''wul-tus'' ('sight, gaze, appearance'), itself from the root *''wel''- ('to see').{{Sfn|Orel|2003|p=474}}{{Sfn|Kroonen|2013|p=599}}

The PGmc term ''*wulþuz'' is an exact cognate of the Latin ''vultus'', meaning 'facial expression, appearance'; it is further related, in Celtic languages, to the [[Old Irish]] ''[[Filí|filed]]'' ('seer, poet'), the [[Middle Welsh]] ''gwelet'' ('to see'), and the [[Middle Breton]] ''guelet'' ('sight'), all derived from a [[Proto-Celtic]] stem *''wel-ēt-''.{{Sfn|de Vries|1962|p=633}}{{Sfn|Matasović|2009|p=412}}{{Sfn|Kroonen|2013|p=599}} The development from PIE *''wul-tus'' to Gothic ''wulþus'' shows a [[semantic shift]] from 'sight, appearance' to 'glory, wealth', similarly evidenced in [[Croatian language|Croatian]] in the relationship between ''ugled'' ('respect') and ''gledati'' ('see').{{Sfn|Matasović|2009|p=412}}

The stem *''wulþ-'' can also be found in some Germanic personal names, including [[Old English]] ''Wuldwine'', Old High German ''Wuldberth'', ''Wuldhart'', ''Wuldrât'', and Gothic ''Wulþuwulfs'', but as a [[substantive]] meaning 'glory', rather than as the name of the god.{{Sfn|de Vries|1962|p=633}} The Old English noun ''wuldor'' ('glory') stems from a related PGmc term reconstructed as *''wuldraz'' (itself from PIE *''wul-trós'')''.{{Sfn|Kroonen|2013|p=599}}'' Although not used as a proper name, ''wuldor'' occurs frequently in [[Names of God in Old English poetry|names for the Christian God]] in Anglo-Saxon literature, such as ''wuldres cyning'' ('king of glory'), ''wuldorfæder'' ('glory-father'), and ''wuldor alwealda'' ('glorious all-ruler').<ref>"in phrases denoting the Deity", "wuldor", ''An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary: based on the manuscript collections by the late Joseph Bosworth'', ed. and enlarged by T. Northcote Toller. [1898] Oxford: Oxford University Press, repr. 1973. {{ISBN|0-19-863101-4}}.</ref>

The related Old Norse form ''Ullinn'' was most likely originally connected to ''Ullr'' (as in the doublet ''[[Óðr]]–[[Óðinn]]''), philologist [[Jan de Vries (philologist)|Jan de Vries]] suggesting that the god of rage Óðr–Óðinn stood in opposition to the god of glorious majesty Ullr–Ullinn in a similar manner to the Vedic contrast between [[Varuna]] and [[Mitra]].{{Sfn|de Vries|1970b|p=104}}

==Literary tradition==
===''Gesta Danorum''===
[[Image:Olaus Magnus - On Invocators of the Sea.jpg|thumb|Ollerus traverses the sea on his magic bone; 16th-century woodcut]]

In [[Saxo Grammaticus]]' 12th-century work ''[[Gesta Danorum]]'', where gods appear [[euhemerize]]d, Ullr, latinized as ''Ollerus'', is described as a cunning wizard with magical means of transportation:

{|
|
:{{lang|la|Fama est, illum adeo praestigiarum usu calluisse, ut ad traicienda maria osse, quod diris carminibus obsignavisset, navigii loco uteretur nec eo segnius quam remigio praeiecta aquarum obstacula superaret.}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kb.dk/elib/lit/dan/saxo/lat/or.dsr/3/4/index.htm|title=Saxo Grammaticus, Gesta Danorum, Liber 3, Caput 4|work=kb.dk}}</ref>
|
:The story goes that he was such a cunning wizard that he used a certain bone (probably a sledge or similar conveyance), which he had marked with awful spells, wherewith to cross the seas, instead of a vessel; and that by this bone he passed over the waters that barred his way as quickly as by rowing.– Elton's translation
|
|}

When [[Odin]] was exiled, Ollerus was chosen to take his place and ruled under the name Odin for ten years until the true Odin was called back.

===Poetic Edda===
[[Image:Manuscript Ullr.jpg|thumb|upright|Illustration from an 18th-century [[Iceland]]ic [[manuscript]] showing Ullr on his skis and with his bow]]

Ullr is mentioned in the poem ''[[Grímnismál]]'' where the homes of individual gods are recounted. The English versions shown here are by Thorpe.

{|
|
:{{lang|non|Ýdalir heita}}
:{{lang|non|þar er Ullr hefir}}
:{{lang|non|sér of görva sali.}}
|
:[[Ýdalir]] it is called,
:where Ullr has
:himself a dwelling made.
|}

The name ''Ýdalir'', meaning "yew dales", is not otherwise attested. The elastic wood of the [[Taxus baccata|yew]] was an important material in the making of bows, and the word ''ýr'', "yew", is often used [[metonymy|metonymically]] to refer to bows. It seems likely that the name ''Ýdalir'' is connected with the idea of Ullr as a bow-god.

Another strophe in ''Grímnismál'' also mentions Ullr.

{|
|
:{{lang|non|Ullar hylli}}
:{{lang|non|hefr ok allra goða}}
:{{lang|non|hverr er tekr fyrstr á funa,}}
:{{lang|non|því at opnir heimar}}
:{{lang|non|verða of ása sonum,}}
:{{lang|non|þá er hefja af hvera.}}
|
:Ull’s and all the gods’
:favour shall have,
:whoever first shall look to the fire;
:for open will the dwelling be,
:to the Æsir's sons,
:when the kettles are lifted off.
|}

The strophe is obscure but may refer to some sort of religious ceremony. It seems to indicate that Ullr was an important god.

The last reference to Ullr in the ''Poetic Edda'' is found in ''[[Atlakviða]]'':
{|
|
:{{lang|non|Svá gangi þér, Atli,}}
:{{lang|non|sem þú við Gunnar áttir}}
:{{lang|non|eiða oft of svarða}}
:{{lang|non|ok ár of nefnda,}}
:{{lang|non|at sól inni suðrhöllu}}
:{{lang|non|ok at Sigtýs bergi,}}
:{{lang|non|hölkvi hvílbeðjar}}
:{{lang|non|ok at hringi Ullar.}}
|
:So be it with thee, Atli!
:as toward Gunnar thou hast held
:the oft-sworn oaths,
:formerly taken -
:by the southward verging sun,
:and by Sigtý’s hill,
:the secluded bed of rest,
:and by [[Rings in Germanic cultures|Ullr's ring]].
|}

Both ''Atlakviða'' and ''Grímnismál'' are often considered to be among the oldest extant Eddic poems. It may not be a coincidence that they are the only ones to refer to Ullr. Again Ullr appears to be associated with some sort of ceremony, this time the practice of [[Rings in Germanic cultures|swearing an oath on a ring]]; the ring was later associated with [[Thor]] in a reference to the Norse settlers in [[Dublin]].{{Sfn|de Vries|1970b|p=390}}

===''Prose Edda''===
In chapter 31 of ''[[Gylfaginning]]'' in the ''[[Prose Edda]]'', written in the 13th century by [[Snorri Sturluson]], Ullr is referred to as a son of [[Sif]] (with a father unrecorded in surviving sources) and thus a stepson of Sif's husband, [[Thor]]:

{|
|
:{{lang|non|Ullr heitir einn, sonr Sifjar, stjúpsonr Þórs. Hann er bogmaðr svá góðr ok skíðfœrr svá at engi má við hann keppask. Hann er ok fagr álitum ok hefir hermanns atgervi. Á hann er ok gott at heita í einvígi.}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hi.is/~eybjorn/gg/gg4par23.html|title=Gylfaginning 23-32|work=hi.is}}</ref>
|
:Ullr, Sif's son and Thór's stepson, is one [too]. He is such a good archer and ski-runner that no one can rival him. He is beautiful to look at as well and he has all the characteristics of a warrior. It is also good to call on him in duels.– ''Young's translation''
|
|}

In ''[[Skáldskaparmál]]'', the second part of the ''Prose Edda'', Snorri mentions Ullr again in a list of [[kenning]]s, informing his readers that Ullr can be called ski-god, bow-god, hunting-god and shield-god. In turn a shield can be called Ullr's ship. Despite these details, he relates no myths about Ullr, potentially as he did not know of any.{{citation needed|date = August 2022}}

===Skaldic poetry===
Snorri's note that a shield can be called Ullr's ship is borne out by surviving [[skaldic poetry]] with kennings such as ''askr Ullar'', ''far Ullar'' and ''kjóll Ullar'' all meaning Ullr's ship and referring to shields. While the origin of this kenning is unknown it could be connected with the identity of Ullr as a ski-god. Early skis, or perhaps sleds, might have been reminiscent of shields. A late Icelandic composition, ''[[Laufás-Edda]]'', offers the prosaic explanation that Ullr's ship was called ''Skjöldr'', "Shield".

The name of Ullr is also common in warrior kennings, where it is used as other god names are.

:''Ullr brands'' – Ullr of sword – warrior
:''rand-Ullr'' – shield-Ullr – warrior
:''Ullr almsíma'' – Ullr of bowstring – warrior<ref>{{cite web |author=Eysteinn Björnsson |title=GLOSSARY: T - Ú (tafn - úrfræningr) |website=Lexicon of kennings |url=http://www.hi.is/~eybjorn/ugm/kennings/tvoca.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030513011612/http://www.hi.is/~eybjorn/ugm/kennings/tvoca.html |archive-date=2003-05-13 }}</ref>

Three skaldic poems, ''[[Haustlöng]]'', [[Eilífr Goðrúnarson]]'s ''[[Þórsdrápa]]'', and a fragment by [[Eysteinn Valdason]], refer to Thor as Ullr's stepfather, confirming Snorri's information.

==Toponymy==
Ullr's name appears in several important Norwegian and Swedish place names (but not in Denmark or in Iceland). This indicates that Ullr had at some point a religious importance in Scandinavia that is greater than what is immediately apparent from the scant surviving textual references. It is also probably significant that the placenames referring to this god are often found close to placenames referring to another deity: [[Njörðr]] in Sweden and [[Freyr]] in Norway.<ref>[[Rudolf Simek|Simek, Rudolf]]. ''Dictionary of Northern Mythology'', tr. Angela Hall, Cambridge / Rochester, New York: Brewer, 1993, {{ISBN|9780859913690}}, p.&nbsp;339.</ref> Some of the Norwegian placenames have a variant form, ''Ullinn''. It has been suggested that this is the remnant of a pair of [[divine twins]]<ref name="GellingDavidson1969">{{cite book|last1=Davidson|first1=Hilda Ellis|author-link1=Hilda Ellis Davidson|last2=Gelling|first2=Peter|title=The chariot of the sun: and other rites and symbols of the northern bronze age|url=https://archive.org/details/chariotofsunothe0000gell|url-access=registration|year=1969|publisher=Praeger|page=[https://archive.org/details/chariotofsunothe0000gell/page/179 179]}}</ref> and further that there may have been a female '''Ullin''', on the model of divine pairs such as [[Fjörgyn and Fjörgynn]].<ref name="Davidson1990">{{cite book|last=Davidson|first=Hilda Ellis|title=Gods and Myths of Northern Europe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mxuqQRczoFYC&pg=PT112|year=1990|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|isbn=978-0-14-194150-9|page=106}}</ref> Probably Ullr's name also can be read in the former Finnish municipality of [[Ullava]] in Central Osthrobothnia Region.

===Norway===
* ''Ullarhváll'' ("Ullr's hill") - name of an old farm in [[Oslo]] and of [[Ullevaal Stadion]]
* ''Ullestad'' ("Ulle's place") - name of an old farm in [[Voss]].
* ''Ullarnes'' ("Ullr's headland") - name of an old farm in [[Rennesøy]].
* ''[[Ullerøy]]'' ("Ullr's island") - name of four old farms in [[Skjeberg]], [[Spind]], [[Sør-Odal]] and [[Vestre Moland]].
* ''[[Ullern]]'' (''Ullarvin'') ("Ullr's meadow") - name of old farms in [[Hole, Norway|Hole]], [[Oslo]], [[Ullensaker]], [[Sør-Odal]] and [[Øvre Eiker]].
* ''Ullinsakr'' ("Ullin's field") - name of two old farms in [[Hemsedal]] and [[Torpa, Norway|Torpa]] (old church site).
* ''Ullinshof'' ("Ullin's [[Heathen hof|hof]]") - name of three old farms in [[Nes, Hedmark]] (old church site), [[Nes, Akershus]] and [[Ullensaker]] (old church site).
* ''[[Ullensvang]]'' ("Ullr's field") - name of an old farm in [[Ullensvang]] (old church site).
* ''Ullinsvin'' ("Ullin's meadow") - name of an old farm in [[Vågå]] (old church site).
* ''[[Ullsfjorden]]'' ("Ullr's Fjord") - fjord in [[Troms]] county. Commonly believed to be named after Ullr, although there is some uncertainty.
* ''[[Ulvik]]'' ("Ullr's bay") - village and fjord in [[Hordaland]] county.

[[Magnus Olsen]] suggested in addition that the names of some Norwegian places including [[Ringsaker]] derive from a nickname *''Ringir'' for Ullr based on his association with [[ring-oaths]], but there is no evidence of this.<ref>[[Magnus Olsen|Olsen, Magnus]]. ''Hedenske kultminder i norske Stedsnavne'' Vol. 1, Videnskabs-Selskabet i Kristiania, Historisk-Filosofisk Klasse, 1914 no.&nbsp;4, Oslo, 1915, pp.&nbsp;220–23, cited in {{harvnb|de Vries|1970b|p=160}}.</ref>

===Sweden===
* ''[[Ulleråker Hundred|Ulleråker]]'' ("Ullr's field") [[Uppland]]
* ''[[Ultuna]]'' ("Ullr's town") [[Uppland]]
* ''[[Ullared]]'' ("Ull's clearing?") [[Halland]]
* ''[[Ullevi]]'' ("Ullr's sanctuary") [[Västergötland]]
*''Lilla Ullevi'', [[Bro, Stockholm]]. In 2500/70, excavations in have yielded the remains of a cult site.  The site is associated with Ullr based on the toponym  ''Lilla Ullevi'' ("little [[Vé (shrine)|shrine]] of Ullr"). Its most notable feature is an arrangement of rocks, dated to the [[Vendel Period]], in two "wings" with four large post holes.  A total of 65 amulet rings have been recovered in the vicinity.<ref>Mathias Bäck, Ann-Mari Hållans Stenholm, and Jan-Åke Ljung, ''Lilla Ullevi - historien om det fridlysta rummet: Vendeltida helgedom, medeltida by och 1600-talsgård : Uppland, Bro socken, Klöv och Lilla Ullevi 1:5, Jursta 3:3, RAÄ 145'', Arkeologiska uppdragsverksamheten (UV) rapporter (1982) 1605-1702, [http://samla.raa.se/xmlui/handle/raa/4593 samla.raa.se]; M. Bäck, A. Hållans Stenholm, ''Lilla Ullevi: en unik kultplats'', ''Populär arkeologi'' - 0281-014X.; 1658(27):5, 96-10; A. H. Jakobsson, Cecilia Lindblom, ''Gard ok Gravfält vid Lilla Ullevi'', Rapporter fran Arkeologikonsult 31014:9654.</ref>
* ''[[Ullvi]]'' ("Ullr's sanctuary") [[Västmanland]]
* ''[[Ullene]]'' ("Ullr's meadow") [[Västergötland]]
* ''[[Ullervad]]'' ("Ullr's place to wading") [[Västergötland]]
* ''[[Ullånger]]'' ("Ullr's bay") [[Ångermanland]]
* ''[[Ullen]]'' [[Värmland, Hagfors]] springsource lake
* ''[[Ullbro]]'' ("Ulls bridge") [[Uppland, Enköping]] 
* ''[[Ullunda]]'' ("Ulls grove") [[Uppland, Enköping]] 
* ''[[Ullstämma]]'' ("Ulls meeting") [[Uppland, Enköping]] 
* ''[[Värmullen]]'' [[Värmland, Hagfors]]
* ''[[Ullsberg]]'' ("Ull's mountain") [[Värmland, Hagfors]]

===Iceland===
Icelandic scholar Ólafur Lárusson suggested that some of the Icelandic placenames in ''Ullar-'', usually interpreted as "wool", might also be named for Ullr, especially those such as ''Ullarfoss'' and ''Ullarklettur'' that are close to similar placenames in ''Goða-'' ("gods").<ref>Ólafur Lárusson, "Kultminne i stadnamn 4. Island", in: Nils Lid, ed., ''Religionshistoria'', Nordisk kultur 26 (1942) 74–79, cited in [[Gabriel Turville-Petre|Turville-Petre, E. O. G.]], ''Myth and Religion of the North: The Religion of Ancient Scandinavia'', History of Religion, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1964, p. 183.</ref>

==Scholarly theories==
The place-name evidence and the *''wulþuz'' cognates have led many scholars to conclude that Ullr was one of the older Norse gods, whose importance had waned by the time of settlement of northern parts of Norway, well before the medieval Old Norse texts were written down.{{Sfn|de Vries|1970b|pp=156–157}} This is reflected in the lack of literary evidence for the name ''Ullinn''.<ref>Olsen, Magnus., trans. Theodor Gleditsch. ''Farms and Fanes of Ancient Norway''. Oslo: Instituttet for Sammenlignende Kulturforskning, 1928, pp.&nbsp;140, 301.</ref> Some scholars have suggested that he was an aspect of the ancient Germanic sky-god,{{Sfn|de Vries|1970b|pp=156–157}} perhaps corresponding in northern Scandinavia to [[Týr]] in Denmark.<ref>Turville-Petre, ''Myth and Religion of the North'', p. 184.</ref> Based on the association of ''Ullr'' and ''Ullinn'' placenames with [[Vanir]] deities, [[Ernst Alfred Philippson]] suggested that contrary to his placement in the ''Prose Edda'' among the [[Æsir]], he was himself one of the Vanir,<ref>[[Ernst Alfred Philippson|Philippson, Ernst Alfred]]. ''Die Genealogie der Götter in Germanischer Religion, Mythologie, und Theologie''. Urbana: The University of Illinois Press, 1953. pp.&nbsp;30–31.</ref> and the similarity between the ''Prose Edda'' description of his characteristics and those of [[Skaði]] have suggested to some that there was a link between him and Skaði's husband, [[Njörðr]].<ref>Turville-Petre, ''Myth and Religion of the North'', p. 182.</ref>

[[Viktor Rydberg]] speculates in his  ''Teutonic Mythology'' that Ullr was the son of [[Sif]] by [[Agilaz|Egill]]-[[Örvandill]], half-brother of [[Svipdagr]]-[[Óðr]], nephew of [[Wayland the Smith|Völundr]] and a cousin of [[Skaði]], and that Ullr followed in the footsteps of Egill, the greatest archer in the mythology, and helped Svipdagr-Eiríkr rescue Freyja from the giants. Rydberg also postulates that Ullr ruled over the Vanir when they held [[Ásgarðr]] during the war between the Vanir and the Æsir,  but [[Rudolf Simek]] has stated that "this has no basis in the sources whatsoever".<ref name ="Simek">{{cite journal| last =Simek| first =Rudolf| author-link =Rudolf Simek| title =The Vanir: An Obituary| journal =Retrospective Methods Network Newsletter| volume = Dec 2010| pages =12| publisher =University of Helsinki| location =University of Helsinki| date =December 2010| language =en| url =https://www.helsinki.fi/en/networks/retrospective-methods-network| access-date = February 4, 2019}}</ref>

==Modern reception==
[[File:Ullr the Guardian Patron Saint of Skiers Lead Medal ND (early 20th Century) Germany, obverse.jpg|thumb|left|Early 20th-century [[Austria]]n lead medal depicting Ullr, ''Schutzpatron der Skifahrer'']]
[[File:Ullr the Guardian Patron Saint of Skiers Lead Medal ND (early 20th Century) Germany, reverse.jpg|thumb|Reverse of the same medal showing the [[Coat of arms of Tyrol|Tyrolean Eagle]]]]
Within the winter [[Cross-country skiing|skiing]] community of Europe, Ullr is considered the Guardian [[Patron Saint]] of Skiers (German ''Schutzpatron der Skifahrer''). An Ullr medallion or ski medal depicting the god on skis holding a bow and arrow, is widely worn as a [[talisman]] by both recreational and professional skiers as well as [[ski patrol]]s in Europe and elsewhere.

The town of [[Breckenridge, Colorado]] has since 1963 held a week-long "Ullr Fest" each January, featuring events designed to win his favor in an effort to bring snow to the historic ski town.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.breckenridgeresortmanagers.com/ullr-fest |title=Breckenridge Ullr Fest |website=Breckenridge Resort Managers |access-date=22 March 2020}}</ref>

Ullr is a playable character in the video game [[Smite (video game)|Smite]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.smitegame.com/gods|title=SMITE|website=www.smitegame.com|access-date=2018-02-23}}</ref>

In the television series ''[[The Almighty Johnsons]]'', Ullr is depicted as having been reincarnated into Mike Johnson, played by [[Tim Balme]].<ref name="The Almighty Johnsons">{{cite web|title=The Almighty Johnsons|url=http://thealmightyjohnsons.co.nz/characters/the-johnsons/|website=thealmightyjohnsons.co.nz}}</ref>
<!-- 
In the game ''[[Totally Accurate Battle Simulator]]'', Ullr is a secret unit with the ability to freeze entire armies.

In the book ''[[Hammered (Hearne novel)|Hammered]]'', third book in ''[[The Iron Druid Chronicles]]'', Ullr makes an appearance when the main character and his five-man team raid Asgard. -->
{{clear}}

==See also==
{{Commons category|Ullr}}
*[[Skaði]]
*[[Coat of arms of Ullensaker]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
===Primary sources===
{{Refbegin|2}}
* [[Saxo Grammaticus]], [https://web.archive.org/web/20050520075332/http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/OMACL/DanishHistory/ ''Gesta Danorum''], Books I-IX, translated to English by [[Oliver Elton]] 1905.
* Saxo Grammaticus, [http://www.kb.dk/elib/lit/dan/saxo/lat/or.dsr/ ''Gesta Danorum''], from the Royal Library in Copenhagen, Danish and Latin.
* [[Snorri Sturluson]]; translated by Jean I. Young (1964). ''The Prose Edda: Tales from Norse mythology''. Berkeley: University of California Press. {{ISBN|0-520-01231-3}}.
* [[Benjamin Thorpe|Thorpe, Benjamin]]. (Trans.). (1866). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=WGUCAAAAQAAJ&q=Edda+S%C3%A6mundar Edda Sæmundar Hinns Froða: The Edda Of Sæmund The Learned]''. (2 vols.) London: Trübner & Co. 1866.
{{Refend}}

===Secondary sources===
{{Refbegin|2}}
*{{Cite book|last=de Vries|first=Jan|title=Altnordisches Etymologisches Worterbuch|year=1962|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-05436-3|author-link=Jan de Vries (philologist)|edition=1977}}
*{{Cite book | last =de Vries  |first =Jan | year =1970b | author-link =Jan de Vries (linguist) | title =Altgermanische Religionsgeschichte, volume 2. 2nd ed. repr. as 3rd ed | publisher =Walter de Gruyter | oclc =466619179}}
*{{Cite book|last=Kroonen|first=Guus|title=Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic|year=2013|publisher=Brill|isbn=9789004183407}}
*{{Cite book|last=Matasović|first=Ranko|title=Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic|year=2009|publisher=Brill|isbn=9789004173361|author-link=Ranko Matasović}}
*{{Cite book|last=Orel|first=Vladimir E.|url=https://archive.org/details/handbookofgerman0000orel|title=A Handbook of Germanic Etymology|year=2003|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-12875-0|author-link=Vladimir Orel|url-access=registration}}
{{Refend}}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin|2}}
* [[Eysteinn Björnsson]] (ed.) (2005). [http://www.hi.is/~eybjorn/gg/ ''Snorra-Edda: Formáli & Gylfaginning: Textar fjögurra meginhandrita''].
* Eysteinn Björnsson (2001). [http://www.hi.is/~eybjorn/ugm/kennings/kennings.html ''Lexicon of Kennings: Domain of Battle''.]
* Eysteinn Björnsson. [http://www.hi.is/~eybjorn/ugm/hymir/eyhym.html Eysteinn Valdason: From a Thor poem.]
* [[Finnur Jónsson]] (1931). ''Lexicon Poeticum'', "Ullr". Copenhagen: S. L. Møllers Bogtrykkeri. [http://www.hi.is/~eybjorn/ugm/lp/index.html Entry available online]
* [[Jón Helgason (poet)|Jón Helgason]] (Ed.). (1955). ''Eddadigte'' (3 vols.). Copenhagen: Munksgaard.
* Nesten, H. L. (ed.) (1949). ''Ullensaker - en bygdebok'', v. II. Jessheim trykkeri.
* [[Viktor Rydberg|Rydberg, Viktor]]. ''Undersökningar i Germanisk Mythologi'', 2 volumes (1886–1889) Volume 1 (1886), translated as ''Teutonic Mythology'' (1889), Rasmus B. Anderson. London: Swan Sonnenschein & Co. Reprinted 2001, Elibron Classics. {{ISBN|1-4021-9391-2}}. Reprinted 2004, Kessinger Publishing Company. {{ISBN|0-7661-8891-4}}. Volume 2 (1889), translated as "Viktor Rydberg's Investigations into Germanic Mythology, Part 1: Germanic Mythology. William P. Reaves,  iUniverse, 2004, and Part 2: Indo-European Mythology. William P. Reaves, iUniverse, 2008.
{{Refend}}

==External links==
*[https://myndir.uvic.ca/UllR01.html MyNDIR (My Norse Digital Image Repository)] Illustrations of Ullr from manuscripts and early print books.

{{Norse mythology}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Æsir]]
[[Category:Hunting gods]]
[[Category:Ice and snow deities]]
[[Category:Mythological archers]]
[[Category:Norse gods]]
[[Category:Sky and weather gods]]
[[Category:Sports gods]]
[[Category:Winter deities]]
[[Category:Deities of oaths]]
[[Category:Children of Thor]]
[[Category:Glory (honor)]]