Editing Unclassified language

{{short description|Language whose genetic affiliation has not been established}}
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{{Inline|date=December 2020}}

An '''unclassified language''' is a language whose [[Genetic relationship (linguistics)|genetic affiliation]] to other languages has not been established. Languages can be unclassified for a variety of reasons, mostly due to a lack of reliable data<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2MowBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA314|title=Alternative Voices: (Re)searching Language, Culture, Identity …|last=Hasnain|first=Imtiaz|date=2013-07-16|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|isbn=9781443849982|pages=314|language=en}}</ref> but sometimes due to the confounding influence of [[language contact]], if different layers of its vocabulary or morphology point in different directions and it is not clear which represents the ancestral form of the language.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n9p4rl09ec0C&pg=PA168|title=From Linguistic Areas to Areal Linguistics|last=Muysken|first=Pieter|date=2008|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing|isbn=978-9027231000|pages=168|language=en}}</ref> Some poorly known [[extinct language]]s, such as [[Gutian language|Gutian]] and [[Cacán language|Cacán]], are simply unclassifiable, and it is unlikely the situation will ever change.

A supposedly unclassified language may turn out not to be a language at all, or even a distinct dialect, but merely a family, tribal or village name, or an alternative name for a people or language that is classified. 

If a language's genetic relationship has not been established after significant documentation of the language and comparison with other languages and families, as in the case of [[Basque language|Basque]] in Europe, it is considered a [[language isolate]] – that is, it is classified as a language family of its own. An 'unclassified' language therefore is one which may still turn out to belong to an established family once better data is available or more thorough comparative research is done. Extinct unclassified languages for which little evidence has been preserved are likely to remain in limbo indefinitely, unless lost documents or a surviving speaking population are discovered.

==Classification challenges==
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An example of a language that has caused multiple problems for classification is [[Mimi of Decorse]] in [[Chad]]. This language is only attested in a single word list collected ca. 1900. At first it was thought to be a [[Maban language]], because of similarities to [[Maba language|Maba]], the first Maban language to be described. However, as other languages of the Maban family were described, it became clear that the similarities were solely with Maba itself, and the relationship was too distant for Mimi to be related specifically to Maba and not equally to the other Maban languages. The obvious similarities are therefore now thought to be due to borrowings from Maba, which is the socially dominant language in the area. When such loans are discounted, there is much less data to classify Mimi with, and what does remain is not particularly similar to any other language or language family. Mimi might therefore be a language isolate, or perhaps a member of some other family related to Maban in the proposed but as yet undemonstrated [[Nilo-Saharan]] phylum. It would be easier to address the problem with better data, but no-one has been able to find speakers of the language again.

It also happens that a language may be unclassified within an established family. That is, it may be obvious that it is, say, a [[Malayo-Polynesian language]], but not clear in which branch of Malayo-Polynesian it belongs. When a family consists of many similar languages with great degree of confusing contact, a large number of languages may be effectively unclassified in this manner. Families where this is a substantial problem include Malayo-Polynesian, [[Bantu languages|Bantu]], [[Pama–Nyungan]], and [[Arawakan]].

==Examples by reason==
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There are hundreds of unclassified languages, most of them extinct, although there are some, albeit relatively few, that are still spoken; in the following list, the extinct languages are labeled with a dagger ({{extinct}}).

===Absence of data===
{{main|Category:Unattested languages}}
Some languages are unclassifiable, not just unclassified, because while there may be record of a language existing there may not be enough materials in it to analyze and classify, especially with now-extinct languages. (See, for example, [[list of unclassified languages of South America]].) Unclassifiable languages with an absence of data include:

* [[Sentinelese language|Sentinelese]] (Andaman Islands, specifically [[North Sentinel Island]]) – a living presumed language of an uncontacted people; assumed to be [[Ongan languages|Ongan]]
* [[Weyto language|Weyto]] {{extinct}} (Ethiopia) – speculated to have been [[Agaw languages|Agaw]]
* [[Nam language|Nam]] {{extinct}} (Chinese–Tibetan border) – data remains undeciphered; probably [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]]
* [[Harappan language|Harappan]] † ([[Indus Valley civilisation]] 33rd–13th centuries BC){{refn|group=note|The [[Harappan script|Harappan 'script']] that decipherers rely on for identification is indecipherable so far, and is likely not actually a script.}} – data remains undeciphered
* [[Cypro-Minoan syllabary|Cypro-Minoan]] † (Cyprus 15th–10th centuries BC) – data remains undeciphered
* [[Lullubi]] {{extinct}} (Iran)
* {{vanchor|Hamba}} {{extinct}} (Tanzania){{refn|group=note|According to Rupert Moser, "The Hamba were hunters and gatherers who were resettled and scattered in the 1950s, when their hunting-and-gathering area [located northwest of [[Nachingwea]] south of the [[Mbemkuru River]]] was planned to be used for ground-nut-plantations. Though that project failed for climatical reasons, the Hamba vanished or were assimilated by neighbouring groups [such as the [[Matumbi people|Matumbi]] and [[Yao people (East Africa)|Yao]] in addition to those listed next]. Already before parts of them had been assimilated by invading [[Mwera people|Mwera]], [[Ndonde people|Ndonde]], [[Ndendeule people|Ndendeule]] and [[Ngindo people|Ngindo]]."<ref>Gabriele Sommer, 'A Survey on Language Death in Africa', in Brenzinger (2012) ''Language Death'', p. 351. See {{glottolog|hamb1239|Hamba}})</ref>}}
* [[Guale language|Guale]] {{extinct}}–[[Yamasee language|Yamasee]] {{extinct}} (US)
* [[Himarimã language|Himarimã]] (Brazil) – a living presumed language of an uncontacted people; assumed to be [[Arawan languages|Arawan]]
* [[Nagarchal language|Nagarchal]] {{extinct}} (India) – assumed to have been [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]]
* [[Kwisi people#Language|Kwisi]] {{extinct}} (Angola)
* [[Ancient Cappadocian language|Ancient Cappadocian]] {{extinct}} (Asia Minor) – possibly [[Anatolian languages|Anatolian]]
* [[Lycaonian language|Lycaonian]] {{extinct}} (Asia Minor) – possibly [[Anatolian languages|Anatolian]]
* [[Zapotec language (Jalisco)|Zapotec (Jalisco)]] {{extinct}} (Mexico)
* [[Otomi language (Jalisco)|Otomi (Jalisco)]] {{extinct}} (Mexico)
* [[Moksela language|Moksela]] {{extinct}} (Indonesia) – possibly has been one of the [[Central Maluku languages]]

===Scarcity of data===
Many unclassified languages are also considered unclassifiable due to the presence of some, but not enough, data to reveal close language relatives. For others there may be enough data to show the language belongs to a particular family, but not where within it, or to show the language has no close relatives, but not enough to conclude that it is a language isolate.

* [[Solano language|Solano]] {{extinct}} (Mexico) – possibly a [[language isolate]]
* [[Cacán language|Cacán]] {{extinct}} (Argentina)
* [[Kujargé language|Kujargé]] (Chad) – possibly [[Afroasiatic languages|Afroasiatic]]
* [[Bung language|Bung]] (Cameroon) – most likely [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]]
* [[Luo language (Cameroon)|Luo]] {{extinct}} (Cameroon)
* [[Komta language|Komta]] {{extinct}} (Nigeria)
* [[Wawu language|Wawu]] {{extinct}} (Ghana or possibly the Ivory Coast)
* [[Kambojan language|Kambojan]] {{extinct}} (South Asia and Central Asia)
* {{vanchor|Okwa}} {{extinct}} (West Africa){{refn|group=note|'Okwa' is attested by one word collected in the 18th century, ''tschabee'' 'God' (in German orthography), which is not known whether is a native word rather than a loan. The language is not so much unclassified as unidentified.<ref>{{glottolog|okwa1236|Okwa}}</ref>}}
* [[Dima-Bottego language|Dima-Bottego]] {{extinct}} (Ethiopia)
* [[Philistine language|Philistine]] {{extinct}} (Israel) – perhaps either [[Afroasiatic languages|Afroasiatic]] or [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]
* [[Iberian language|Iberian]] {{extinct}} (Spain and southern France)
* [[Minoan language|Minoan]] {{extinct}} (ancient Crete)
* [[Eteocretan language|Eteocretan]] {{extinct}} (ancient Crete)
* [[Hattic language|Hattic]] {{extinct}} (Anatolia) – probably a [[language isolate]]
* [[Kaskian language|Kaskian]] {{extinct}} (Anatolia) – possibly related to Hattic
* [[Kassite language|Kassite]] {{extinct}} (Iraq) – possibly [[Hurro-Urartian languages|Hurro-Urartian]]
* [[Gutian language|Gutian]] {{extinct}} (Zagros borderlands)
* [[Hunnic language|Hunnic]] {{extinct}} (Eastern Europe and Central Asia)
* [[Xiongnu language|Xiongnu]] {{extinct}} (Mongolia) – possibly [[Para-Yeniseian languages|Para-Yeniseian]] or an isolate
* [[Tuoba language|Tuoba]] {{extinct}} (China) – possibly [[Para-Mongolic languages|Para-Mongolic]] or an isolate
* [[Rouran language|Rouran]] {{extinct}} (Mongolia) – possibly [[Para-Mongolic languages|Para-Mongolic]] or an isolate
* [[Beothuk language|Beothuk]] {{extinct}} (Newfoundland) – assumed to have been related to [[Algonquian languages]]
* [[Meroitic language|Meroitic]] {{extinct}} (Sudan) – possibly [[Nilo-Saharan languages|Nilo-Saharan]] or [[Afroasiatic languages|Afroasiatic]]
* [[Guanahatabey language|Guanahatabey]] {{extinct}} (Cuba) – presumed to have been related to [[Warao language|Warao]] ([[Waroid languages|Waroid]])
* [[Macorix language|Macorix]] {{extinct}} (Dominican Republic and possibly Haiti) – presumed to have been related to [[Warao language|Warao]] ([[Waroid languages|Waroid]])
* [[Pankararú language|Pankararú]] {{extinct}} (Brazil) – likely a [[language isolate]]
* [[Ramanos language|Ramanos]] {{extinct}} (Bolivia)
* [[Tartessian language|Tartessian]] {{extinct}} (southwest Iberian Peninsula)
* [[Ligurian language (ancient)|Ligurian (ancient)]] {{extinct}} (Liguria) – probably [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]
* [[Rutuli]]an {{extinct}} (central Italy)
* [[Elymian language|Elymian]] {{extinct}} (western Sicily) – likely [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]
* [[Sicani#Language|Sicanian]] {{extinct}} (central Sicily)
* [[Eteocypriot language|Eteocypriot]] {{extinct}} (Cyprus)
* [[Tambora language|Tambora]] {{extinct}} (Indonesia) – possibly a [[language isolate]]
* [[Karami language|Karami]] {{extinct}} (Papua New Guinea)
* [[Makolkol language|Makolkol]] {{extinct}} (New Britain)

===Unrelated to nearby languages and not commonly examined===
* [[Bangime language|Bangime]] (Mali)
* [[Jalaa language|Jalaa]] {{extinct}} (Nigeria)
* [[Kwaza language|Kwaza]] (Brazil)
* [[Xocó language|Xocó]] {{extinct}} (Brazil) – not clear if it was a single language
* [[Mpre language|Mpre]] {{extinct}} (Ghana)

===Basic vocabulary unrelated to other languages===
* [[Bayot language|Bayot]] (Senegal)
* [[Laal language|Laal]] (Chad)

===Not closely related to other languages and no academic consensus===
* [[Ongota language|Ongota]] (Ethiopia)
* [[Shabo language|Shabo]] (Ethiopia)
* [[Omaio language|Omaio]] (Tanzania)
* [[Kenaboi language|Kenaboi]] {{extinct}} (Malaysia)

===Languages of dubious existence===
{{main|Spurious languages}}
* [[Oropom language|Oropom]] (Uganda) (extinct, if it existed)
* [[Imeraguen language|Imeraguen]] (Mauritania) ([[Hassaniya Arabic]] variety with [[Berber languages|Berber]] words for fishing)<ref>{{Cite web |title=2014-027 {{!}} ISO 639-3 |url=https://iso639-3.sil.org/request/2014-027 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20191211211000/https://iso639-3.sil.org/request/2014-027 |archive-date=2019-12-11 |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=iso639-3.sil.org |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Nemadi dialect|Nemadi]] (Mauritania)
* [[Rer Bare]] (Ethiopia) (extinct, if it existed)
* [[Wutana language|Wutana]] (Nigeria) (extinct, if it existed)
* [[Trojan language|Trojan]] (Anatolia) (extinct and as yet unattested, if it existed; possibly a [[Luwian language|Luwian]] dialect or related language)
* [[North Picene language|North Picene]] (Italy) (extinct, if it existed; attested in inscriptions that have been accused of being fabricated)
* [[Quimbaya language|Quimbaya]] (Colombia) (extinct, if it existed; only one known word)

Some 'languages' turn out to be fabricated, such as the [[Kukurá language]] of Brazil.

==See also==
* [[:Category:Unclassified languages]]
* [[List of unclassified languages according to the Ethnologue]]
* [[List of unclassified languages of North America]]
* [[List of unclassified languages of South America]]
* [[Language isolate]]
* [[List of language families]] (including isolates and unclassified languages)

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Commonscatinline|Unclassified languages}}
*[http://www.ethnologue.com/subgroups/unclassified-36 Ethnologue: Unclassified languages]

{{language families}}

[[Category:Unclassified languages| ]]