Editing Underarm bowling

{{Short description|Cricket terminology}}
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{{Cricket deliveries}}
'''Underarm bowling''' is a style of [[Bowling (cricket)|bowling]] in [[cricket]]. The style is as old as the sport itself. Until the introduction of the [[roundarm bowling|roundarm]] style in the first half of the 19th century, bowling was performed in the same way as in the sport of [[bowls]], with the ball being delivered with the hand below the waist.  Bowls may well be an older game than cricket and it is possible that it provided a template for delivering a ball with a degree of accuracy.

==History==
For centuries, bowling in cricket was performed exactly as in the sport of [[bowls]] because the ball was rolled or skimmed along the ground.  The bowlers may have used variations in pace but the basic action was essentially the same.  There are surviving illustrations from the first half of the eighteenth century which depict the bowler with one knee bent forward and his bowling hand close to the ground, while the ball trundles (if slow) or skims (if quick) towards a batsman armed with a bat shaped something like a large hockey stick and guarding a two-stump wicket.

Cricket's first great bowling revolution occurred probably in the 1760s when bowlers started to pitch the ball instead of rolling it along the ground.  The change was evolutionary and has been described as the event that took cricket out of its "pioneering phase" into what may be termed its "pre-modern phase" (i.e., which ended when [[overarm bowling]] ushered in the modern game in 1864) and effectively created a different code of cricket, just as there are now two different codes of [[rugby football]].

The pitched delivery was well established by 1772 when detailed scorecards became commonplace and the straight bat had already replaced the curved one by that time. There is no doubt that the straight bat was invented to contest the pitched delivery. It has been said that the inventor was [[John Small (cricketer)|John Small]] of [[Hambledon Club|Hambledon]] but it is unlikely that he actually invented it; rather, he was the first great batsman to master its use.

The 1760s are one of cricket's "Dark Ages"; a good deal more is known about the decades 1731–1750 than of 1751–1770. This has largely to do with the impact of the [[Seven Years' War]] of 1756–1763 which not only claimed the sport's manpower but also its patronage. Pitching may have begun during that period, but little is known about it for it seems to have been introduced and widely accepted without the huge controversies that surrounded the later implementations of roundarm and [[overarm bowling|overarm]].

The first known codification of the [[Laws of Cricket]], created by the [[London Cricket Club]] in 1744, makes no mention of prescribed bowling action and does not say the ball must be delivered at ground level, which suggests a pitched delivery would not be illegal. The rules for bowlers in the 1744 Laws focus on the position of the hind foot during delivery (i.e., it had to be behind the bowling crease) and overstepping is the only specified cause for calling a no-ball. The umpires were granted "discretion" and so presumably would call no-ball if, say, a ball was thrown by the bowler.

One of the first great bowlers to employ the pitched delivery to good effect was [[Edward "Lumpy" Stevens]] of Chertsey and Surrey. There is a surviving rhyme about him to the effect that "honest Lumpy did allow he ne'er would pitch but o'er a brow". In those days, the leading bowler on each side had choice of precisely where the wickets would be placed and Lumpy was adept at finding a spot where the turf was uneven on a good length so that he could use his repertoire of shooters, twisters and risers. Lumpy was a true professional who studied the arts and crafts of the game to seek continuous improvement as a bowler. He is known to have observed the flight of the ball and experimented for long hours with variations of line, length and speed of delivery until he had mastered the art of pitching.

Other great bowlers of the late 18th century were [[Thomas Brett (cricketer)|Thomas Brett]] and [[David Harris (Hambledon cricketer)|David Harris]], both of the [[Hambledon Club|Hambledon]] club. They were fast bowlers whereas Lumpy relied on variety of pace. A notable bowler of the time was [[Lamborn (Hambledon cricketer)|Lamborn]] who spun the ball in an [[Off-break|unorthodox]] fashion and may have been the first unorthodox spinner.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wilde |first1=Simon |title=The history of mystery |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/153565.html |website=ESPNcricinfo |publisher=Wisden Cricketers' Almanack 1999 |access-date=19 October 2023}}</ref>

Underarm bowling was effective while pitch conditions were difficult for batsmen due to being uneven and uncovered. In time, especially after the opening of Lord's and the development of groundsmanship, pitches began to improve and batsmen were able to play longer innings than previously.  In the 1780s and 1790s, one of the best batsmen around was [[Tom Walker (cricketer)|Tom Walker]], who was also a very useful slow bowler. Walker was another improviser like Lumpy and he began to experiment by bowling with his hand away from his body. It is not clear how high he raised his hand but it could have been waist height. He was accused of "jerking" the ball and so delivering it in an unfair and improper manner. He was censured for his trouble and was forced to return to his normal underarm lobs, but he had sown the seeds of bowling's next revolution.

This was roundarm, so called because the hand is held out from the body (i.e., between waist and shoulder height) at the point of delivery. The roundarm style was promoted successively by [[John Willes (cricketer)|John Willes]], [[William Lillywhite]] and [[Jem Broadbridge]] until it was finally legalised, amid furious controversy, in 1835 with an amendment to the rule in 1845.

Roundarm did not mean the end of underarm, which continued well into the [[overarm bowling|overarm]] era that began in 1864. [[William Clarke (cricketer, born 1798)|William Clarke]], founder of the [[All England Eleven]] in 1845, remained a highly effective underarm bowler long after roundarm began. Others who sometimes bowled underarm into the overarm era were [[James Grundy (cricketer)|James Grundy]] and [[James Southerton]].

By the beginning of the twentieth century, underarm had more or less disappeared and was rarely seen thereafter, although exceptions did occur. There were cases where a bowler had been injured and so completed his over with underarms. In more controversial circumstances, there were instances of bowlers who had been no-balled for throwing who decided to bowl underarm to get through the over.

[[George Simpson-Hayward]] was an England hero of the 1909–10 series in South Africa with his underarm bowling.  Reference books often refer to him as the "last great lob bowler", but other descriptions suggest he was a ferocious under-arm spinner of the ball, getting immense turn off the pitch through a fairly low trajectory, rather than being a true "lobster".

== Lob bowling ==
[[File:Digby Jephson Vanity Fair 22 May 1902.jpg|thumb|"The Lobster" Jephson as caricatured by [[Leslie Ward|Spy]] in ''[[Vanity Fair (British magazine)|Vanity Fair]]'', May 1902]]
In cricket, '''lob bowling''' is a largely disused style of bowling. It has become illegal under Law 21.1 to use underarm bowling without prior agreement before the match, an amendment to the laws of cricket that was made following [[Underarm bowling incident of 1981|the notorious incident in the 1980–81 World Series match]].

It was used in the game in the 19th century, where [[trajectory]] was the most important consideration. Lob bowlers, both right and left-handed, sometimes attempted 'donkey drops', attempting to pitch the ball on the stumps from as great a height as possible, preferably with the ball descending behind the batsman standing at the crease.

The last regular bowler of lobs in international cricket was [[George Simpson-Hayward]], in the period before the [[First World War]]. He bowled with a much lower trajectory than most earlier lob bowlers, imparting great spin to the ball with constant variation of pace as well.

Others famous "lobsters" include [[Digby Jephson]]. As an underarm bowler he had an action a little like setting a wood in [[bowls|crown green bowling]].

The last specialist lob bowler to play first-class cricket in England was [[Trevor Molony]] who made three appearances in the [[County Championship]] for [[Surrey County Cricket Club|Surrey]] in 1921, by which time the style was already essentially defunct.

[[Charles Palmer (cricketer)|Charles Palmer]] (1919–2005), who played for Worcestershire and Leicestershire, sometimes used donkey-drops to good effect.

Sir [[Arthur Conan Doyle]] wrote a story about a similar style of bowling called ''The Story of Spedegue's Dropper''.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Story of Spedegue's Dropper|isbn=1-4254-7720-8|year=1928|author=Conan Doyle, Arthur|publisher=Lightning Source Inc}}</ref>

Today the laws pertaining to the bowling of "[[beamer (cricket)|beamers]]" would be likely to render that kind of bowling illegal, and it would probably be deemed a [[no-ball]]. In accordance with Law 41.7.1, a ball that passes the batsman's waist height on the full is a no-ball.

Lob bowling is still sometimes found in low-level village cricket; these deliveries are known as donkey-drops. More usually these are over-arm deliveries;{{Citation needed|date=April 2009}} but round-arm is also possible and would more closely approximate a traditional lob.

== In modern cricket ==

Underarm bowling became virtually extinct after the First World War.  [[Trevor Molony]], who represented [[Surrey County Cricket Club|Surrey]] in three matches in 1921, is considered as the last specialist lob-bowler to play first-class cricket. However, [[Gerald Brodribb]] in his book on this subject lists about twenty-five instances since that time when underarm lob bowling was employed as an occasional tactic in first-class matches. The list of bowlers who have tried this includes [[Hedley Verity]], [[Jack Iverson]], [[Mike Brearley]], [[George Brown (cricketer, born 1887)|George Brown]], [[Wilf Wooller]], [[Maharaja Bhupinder Singh|Maharaja of Patiala]] and [[Fred Root]].

Bowlers have employed underarm bowling for a variety of reasons. When the [[Trinidad and Tobago cricket team|Trinidadian]] cricketer Syed Mubarak Ali was no-balled 30 times for [[Throwing (cricket)|throwing]] in a match against [[Barbados cricket team|Barbados]] in 1942, he resorted to simply rolling the ball along the ground to avoid more no-balls. In similar circumstances, [[South African cricket team|South African]] bowler [[Geoff Griffin]] did the same in an exhibition match that followed the Test against [[English cricket team|England]] at [[Lord's]] in 1960, where he had already been no-balled. As rain threatened to end the match between [[Victorian Bushrangers|Victoria]] and [[Marylebone Cricket Club|MCC]] in 1928–29, the MCC bowler [[Fred Barratt]] rolled the ball along the ground to allow [[Bill Woodfull]] to score a four to complete his hundred and Victoria to win.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/13/13310.html|title=The Home of CricketArchive|website=cricketarchive.co.uk}}</ref>

But some of the modern instances of underarm deliveries occurred when bowlers did it in frustration to register some form of protest; when [[Lancashire County Cricket Club|Lancashire]] batted on for too long against [[Oxford University cricket team|Oxford University]] at Oxford in 1990, [[Phil Gerrans]], an Australian playing for Oxford, bowled a ball underarm.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/52/52943.html|title=The Home of Cricket Archive|website=cricketarchive.co.uk}}</ref> Since he had not informed the umpire of the change of action, he was no-balled. This appears to be the most recent recorded instance of underarm bowling in first-class cricket.

===Definition===
Technically speaking, an underarm delivery is one in which the bowler's hand does not rise above the level of the ''waist''.  The ''[[Laws of Cricket]]'' now (2000 Code) declare that an underarm delivery is illegal ''unless otherwise agreed before the match''.<ref>[http://www.lords.org/laws-and-spirit/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-24-no-ball,50,AR.html ''Laws of Cricket'' #24 re no-ball] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121227213453/http://www.lords.org/laws-and-spirit/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-24-no-ball%2C50%2CAR.html |date=27 December 2012 }}</ref>

A delivery is a [[no-ball]] if it bounces more than twice before passing the [[popping crease]]: an underarm delivery cannot be performed rolling along the ground. A pitched underarm delivery is a good ball, providing it only pitches once, and providing the opposing captain has agreed beforehand that the style may be used. It is unlikely that any bowler would reintroduce the style, given modern pitch conditions.

===1981 incident===
{{main|Underarm bowling incident of 1981}}
A highly controversial incident occurred in the final of the Benson & Hedges [[World Series Cup]] at the [[Melbourne Cricket Ground|MCG]] in 1981 when Australian bowler [[Trevor Chappell]], under orders from his captain and brother [[Greg Chappell]], rolled the final ball along the ground to batsman [[Brian McKechnie]] to avoid the possibility of it being hit for the six runs that New Zealand needed to tie the match.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aus.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1980S/1980-81/OD_TOURNEYS/WSC/AUS_NZ_WSC_ODI-FINAL3_01FEB1981.html |title=Cricinfo scorecard of the match |work=Aus.cricinfo.com |access-date=10 January 2014}}</ref>

==In informal cricket==
Underarm bowling still plays a role in informal [[garden cricket]] games, which are often played by less athletic people or young children. Novices at playing the game often find it awkward or difficult to bowl overarm or roundarm either effectively or accurately, so can be allowed to bowl underarm by general consensus. Since underarm bowling is also slower than overarm or roundarm, it is easier for novice batsmen to hit the ball, making it ideal for informal and children's cricket.

== References ==
<references/>

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100220005023/http://www.lords.org/laws-and-spirit/laws-of-cricket Laws of cricket]

==Further reading==
* [[Gerald Brodribb]], ''The Lost Art'', Boundary Books, 1997. {{ISBN|0-9522070-8-7}}
* [[Rowland Bowen]], ''Cricket: A History of its Growth and Development'', Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1970
* [[Arthur Haygarth]], ''Scores & Biographies, Volume 1 (1744–1826)'', Lillywhite, 1862
* [http://stats.acscricket.com/journals/97/#/8/ R. J. Reynolds, "Under-arm and Round-arm Bowling in 19th Century Cricket"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214004426/http://stats.acscricket.com/journals/97/#/8/ |date=14 February 2017 }} ''The Cricket Statistician'', Spring 1997, pp.&nbsp;6–10

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[[Category:Cricket terminology]]
[[Category:Bowling (cricket)]]
[[Category:English cricket in the 18th century]]
[[Category:English cricket in the 19th century]]