Editing Union Buildings

{{Short description|Seat of the South African Government}}
{{About|the buildings in Pretoria, South Africa|similar uses|Union Building (disambiguation){{!}}Union Building}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox building
|name             = Union Buildings 
|image            = Uniegebou.jpg
|caption          = The Union Buildings viewed from the Gardens, in the foreground is the equestrian statue of General [[Louis Botha]].
|location_city    =[[Meintjieskop]], [[Arcadia, Pretoria]]
|location_country = [[South Africa]] 
|pushpin_map      = South Africa Pretoria#South Africa Gauteng#South Africa#Africa
|architect        = [[Sir Herbert Baker]]
|client           ={{flagu|South Africa|1994}}
|construction_start_date = {{start date and age|1910|11|1|df=y}}
|completion_date={{Start date and age|1913|df=yes}}
|style=[[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassicism]] of [[Italian Renaissance]], with [[Cape Dutch architecture|Cape Dutch]] and [[Edwardian architecture|Edwardian style]] detail.
|size= 285m (length) 100m (width)<ref>From back of amphitheatre to front</ref> 60m (height)<ref>From street level to top of towers</ref>
| embedded = {{Designation list
 |embed = yes
 |designation1 = World Heritage Site
 |designation1_offname = [[List of World Heritage Sites in South Africa|Human Rights, Liberation and Reconciliation: Nelson Mandela Legacy Sites]]
 |designation1_date = 2024 [[List of World Heritage Sites by year of inscription#2024 (46th session)|(46th session)]]
 |designation1_number = [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1676/ 1676]
}}
}}

The '''Union Buildings''' ({{langx|af|Uniegebou}}) form the official seat of the [[South African Government]] and also house the offices of the [[President of South Africa]]. The imposing buildings are located in [[Pretoria]], atop [[Meintjieskop|Meintjeskop]] at the northern end of [[Arcadia, Pretoria|Arcadia]], close to historic [[Church Square, Pretoria|Church Square]]. The large gardens of the Buildings are nestled between Government Avenue, Vermeulen Street East, Church Street, the [[R104 (South Africa)|R104]] and Blackwood Street. Fairview Avenue is a closed road through which only officials can enter the Union Buildings.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Union Buildings |url=https://www.google.com/maps?client=safari&rls=en&q=union+buildings&oe=UTF-8&um=1&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&sa=N&tab=il&tbo=0 |website=Google Maps |access-date=9 February 2022 |archive-date=9 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209182046/https://www.google.com/maps?client=safari&rls=en&q=union+buildings&oe=UTF-8&um=1&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&sa=N&tab=il&tbo=0 |url-status=live }}</ref> Though not in the centre of Pretoria, the Union Buildings occupy the highest point of Pretoria, and constitute a [[National heritage sites (South Africa)|South African national heritage site]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Union Buildings Meintjieskop Pretoria |url=http://196.35.231.29/sahra/HeritageSitesDetail.aspx?id=29886 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110529151317/http://196.35.231.29/sahra/HeritageSitesDetail.aspx?id=29886 |archive-date=29 May 2011 |access-date=27 February 2009 |website=South African Heritage Resources Agency}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=16 December 2013 |title=Union Buildings Declared a National Heritage Site |work=Eyewitness News |url=http://ewn.co.za/2013/12/15/nion-Buildings-declared-a-national-heritage-site |access-date=16 December 2013 |archive-date=11 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180711195413/http://ewn.co.za/2013/12/15/nion-Buildings-declared-a-national-heritage-site |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Buildings are one of the centres of political life in South Africa; "The Buildings" and "Arcadia" have become [[metonymy|metonyms]] for the South African government. It has become an iconic landmark of Pretoria and South Africa in general, and is one of the most popular tourist attractions in the city and an emblem of democracy.

The Buildings are the location of presidential inaugurations.

==Architecture==
[[File:Union Buildings Eastern Wing.jpg|thumb|The eastern wing of The Union Buildings represents the English population of South Africa]]
These buildings, built from light [[sandstone]], were designed by the architect [[Sir Herbert Baker]]<ref name="RSA-Presidency">{{Cite web |title=Offices |url=http://www.thepresidency.gov.za/main.asp?include=about/presbuildings/office.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107051924/http://www.thepresidency.gov.za/main.asp?include=about%2Fpresbuildings%2Foffice.htm |archive-date=7 January 2009 |access-date=13 February 2009 |website=The Presidency}}</ref> in the English monumental style and are 285&nbsp;m long. They have a semi-circular shape, with the two wings at the sides, this serves to represent the union of a formerly divided people.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Christenson |first=Ellen |date=1996 |title=Herbert Baker, the Union Buildings, and the politics of architectural patronage |journal=SAJAAH |volume=6 |issue=1–4 |pages=1–9 |hdl-access=free |hdl=2263/546}}</ref> The clock chimes are identical to those of [[Big Ben]] in London.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Union Buildings in Pretoria |url=https://www.southafrica.to/provinces/Gauteng/towns/Pretoria/UnionBuildings/Photos/UnionBuildings.php |website=Southafrica.to |access-date=9 February 2022 |archive-date=9 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209182049/https://www.southafrica.to/provinces/Gauteng/towns/Pretoria/UnionBuildings/Photos/UnionBuildings.php |url-status=live }}</ref> The east and west wings, as well as the twin-domed towers, represent two languages, English and [[Afrikaans]], and the inner court was designed and built to symbolise the [[Union of South Africa]].<ref name="southafrica-travel.net">{{Cite web |title=Union Building in Pretoria (South Africa) |url=http://www.southafrica-travel.net/north/a1pret03.htm |url-status=dead |website=southafrica-travel.net |access-date=4 December 2009 |archive-date=23 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090823053950/http://www.southafrica-travel.net/north/a1pret03.htm }}</ref> These buildings are considered by many to be the architect's greatest achievement and a South African [[architectural]] [[masterpiece]]. The Nelson Mandela statue in Sandton City's [[Nelson Mandela Square]] was commissioned originally to stand on the spot where Nelson Mandela gave his inaugural address.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Riviera |url=https://www.sa-venues.com/attractionsga/riviera.php |website=SA-Venues |access-date=9 February 2022 |archive-date=9 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209182049/https://www.sa-venues.com/attractionsga/riviera.php |url-status=live }}</ref>

The building was sited on a disused quarry, which now makes up the [[amphitheatre]]. The matching statues on top of the domed towers are Atlas, holding up the world, sculpted by Abraham Broadbent. The statue on the domed rostrum in the amphitheatre between the wings is [[Mercury (mythology)|Mercury]], a mythic Roman messenger and a god of trade, sculpted by George Ness. The closest suburb to the Union Buildings is [[Arcadia, Pretoria|Arcadia]], which means "Playground of Gods". Pretoria has the second largest number of embassies in the world, after Washington, D.C., most of which are located in or near Arcadia.
[[File:CentralPretoria.jpg|thumb|View from the gardens]]
The design of each level differs, and therefore each stone had to be individually cut. The Architectural styles of the building ranges from the lower levels' [[Edwardian architecture|Edwardian style]] to the top levels' [[Cape Dutch architecture|Cape Dutch design]] with shutters on the windows. The windows from bottom to top are elongated and become shorter towards the top floor. This is to give the illusion of height.

The Union Buildings are the site of presidential inaugurations. The official offices of the president are on the left-hand side of the Union Buildings, and the South African national flag is flown on the left-hand side if the president is in office.<ref>{{Cite web |title=South Africa – Pretoria and Surrounding |url=http://www.roediger.co.za/Sunset%20pta.htm |website=Sunset Africa Tours |access-date=4 December 2009 |archive-date=14 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090914022107/http://www.roediger.co.za/Sunset%20pta.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Buildings are divided into three sections; the left offices, amphitheatre, and right offices. All are 95&nbsp;metres in length. Each offices block contains three inner courtyards providing light and air to the offices. Each block has a basement and three floors above ground. The central curved building behind the colonnade houses the committee rooms, a library and conference rooms while the basement contains the kitchen, dining rooms and lounges.

The interior is treated in the Cape Dutch style: carved teak fanlights, heavy doors, dark ceiling beams contrasting with white plaster walls and heavy wood furniture.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Union Building |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/istudio/03pretoria/research/UNION_BUILDING.htm |url-status=dead |website=ibiblio.org |access-date=15 December 2009 |archive-date=16 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100816135819/http://www.ibiblio.org/istudio/03pretoria/research/UNION_BUILDING.htm }}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Uniegebou in Pretoria, Suid-Afrika c1925.jpeg|thumb|right|Circa 1925]]
The [[Boer Republics]] of the [[South African Republic|ZAR]] and the [[Orange Free State]] were united with the [[Cape Colony]] and [[Natal Colony]] in 1910 to become the [[Union of South Africa]]. Pretoria then became the administrative capital of the whole of South Africa, with [[Cape Town]] the legislative capital. Between 1860 and 1994, the city was also the capital of the province of [[Transvaal Province|Transvaal]], superseding [[Potchefstroom]] in that role. The new [[Union of South Africa|Union]] required a governmental building which could signify unity and host the new government.

[[Marthinus Wessel Pretorius]], later to become first president of the [[Transvaal Republic]], was the original owner of the farm 'Elandsfontein' on which [[Meintjieskop]] stands. In 1856 Andries Francois du Toit (1813–1883), in exchange for a [[Basotho pony]], acquired part of the farm, which he named '[[Arcadia, Pretoria|''Arcadia'']]' and on which the Union Buildings were later constructed.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite book |title=Standard Encyclopaedia of Southern Africa |date=1972 |publisher=Nasou |volume=7 |location=Cape Town}}</ref> He was also [[Pretoria]]'s first [[magistrate]] and was responsible for the layout of the city. During this period he sold his land to Stephanus Jacobus Meintjies (1819–1887), after whom the hill is named.

In 1909 [[Herbert Baker]] was commissioned to design the Government Building of the Union of South Africa (which was formed on 31 May 1910) in Pretoria. Pretoria was to become the administrative centre for the new government. In November 1910 the cornerstone of the Union Building was laid.

[[William Palmer, 2nd Earl of Selborne|Lord Selborne]] and [[Henry Charles Hull]], a member of the first Union Cabinet, chose [[Meintjieskop]] as the site for Baker's design.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> The site was that of a disused quarry and the existing excavations were used to create the amphitheatre, which was set about with ornamental pools, fountains, sculptures, balustrades, and trees.

The design consisted of two identical wings, joined by a semi-circular colonnade forming the backdrop of the amphitheatre. The colonnade was terminated on either side by a tower. Each wing had a basement and three floors above ground. The interiors were created in the [[Cape Dutch architecture|Cape Dutch style]] with carved teak [[fanlight]]s, heavy doors, dark ceiling beams contrasting with white plaster walls and heavy wood furniture. Baker used indigenous materials as far as possible. The granite was quarried on site while Buiskop sandstone was used for the courtyards. [[Ocotea bullata|Stinkwood]] and [[Guibourtia|Rhodesian teak]] were used for timber and wood panelling. The roof tiles and quarry tiles for the floors were made in [[Vereeniging]].

The [[cornerstone]] was laid in November 1910, shortly after the [[Union of South Africa]] – for which the buildings are named – was formed. Taking 1,265 workers over three years to build, the structure was completed in 1913 at a total cost of £1,310,640 for the building and £350,000 for the site.

Designed by [[Sir Herbert Baker]] in 1908, building began in 1909 and was completed in 1913. It took approximately 1,265 artisans, workmen and labourers almost three years to construct, using 14&nbsp;million bricks for the interior office walls, {{convert|5000000|ft3}} of freestone, {{convert|74000|yd3}} of concrete, 40 000 bags of cement and {{convert|20000|ft3}} of granite.

Originally built to house the entire Public Service for the [[Union of South Africa]], it was then the largest building in the country and possibly the largest building work undertaken in the Southern Hemisphere at that time.

Several other sites were considered, including Muckleneuk Ridge, on the opposite side of the city, and Pretorius Square, in the centre of Pretoria, where the City Hall now stands. However, Herbert Baker was strongly in favour of [[Meintjieskop]], which was within 1.6 kikometres of the centre of Pretoria and reminded him strongly of some of the acropolises of Greece and Asia Minor, where he had studied Mediterranean architecture.

The concept of an acropolis and a building that agreed with renowned British Architect [[Sir Christopher Wren]]'s theory that a public building should be a national ornament which establishes a nation, draws people and commerce and makes people love their country easily persuaded the then powers that be, who were at the time, preoccupied with the ideal of establishing a new and united nation.

The British high commissioner at the time, [[William Palmer, 2nd Earl of Selborne|Lord Selborne]], remarked;
<blockquote>People will come from all over the world to wonder at the beauty of the site and to admire the forethought and courage of the men who selected it.</blockquote>
[[File:Königsberg gun Union Buildings Pretoria right front view.jpg|thumb|Historic naval gun outside the buildings]]
The design of the buildings was largely determined by the nature of the site. Baker envisaged identical wings of rectangular office blocks, each representing one of the two official languages. They were to be linked by a semicircular wing, and the space in-between the two wings was levelled to bring form an amphitheatre as in the Greek fashion for gatherings of national and ceremonial importance.

Baker wanted the buildings to be built of imported granite, but any idea of using anything but South African stone for the most important government building of the new state was unthinkable to those who commissioned it, as a result, the terraces and retaining walls in the grounds are built predominantly of mountain stone quarried on site, the foundation of the building is of granite, while freestone was used for the exterior walls, the amphitheatre and major courtyards.

For the overall design of the building, Baker chose the [[Neoclassical architecture|neo-classic architecture]] of the [[Italian Renaissance]], and also combined an idiom of the English Renaissance, as well as significant elements of [[Cape Dutch]] detail, such as in the carved main doorways and fanlights and in much of the wrought-iron brass work and balustrades of the smaller areas.

===Historical events===
On 9 August 1956, 20,000 women marched to the doors of the Union Buildings, chanting "Wathint' Abafazi, wathint' imbokodo!" which means "strike the women, strike the rock", to protest against the [[pass laws]] of 1950. This historical event is commemorated by the public holiday [[National Women's Day]].

Wilma Cruise and Marcus Holmes were approached to design a memorial to commemorate the [[Women's March (South Africa)|Women's March]]. They made use of the "imbokodo". The imbokodo is a grinding stone used by the women to grind maize. Cruise and Holmes, rested the imbokodo, representing nurture and sustenance, on bronze plates, representing the earth and fire. There are two sets of stairs leading to the memorial. On each step, raised in bronze letters are the words from 'The Demand of the Women of South Africa for the Withdrawal of Passes for Women and Repeal of the Pass Laws.' On approaching the imbokodo, visitors trigger infrared beams, which activates history's "whispered voices", echoed in all 11 official languages, the rally cry, repeated softly.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Union Building – Governmental Nucleus of South Africa |url=http://www.southafrica.com/gauteng/pretoria/union-building/ |url-status=dead |access-date=15 December 2009 |archive-date=5 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105173800/http://www.southafrica.com/gauteng/pretoria/union-building/ }}</ref>

In 1986, significant restoration of the Union Buildings was undertaken by [[Johan de Ridder]] and T.W. Baker as the appointed architects.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Johan de Ridder Architect |url=http://www.artefacts.co.za/main/Buildings/archframes.php?archid=4612 |access-date=25 May 2014 |website=Artefacts.co.za |archive-date=19 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019093145/http://www.artefacts.co.za/main/Buildings/archframes.php?archid=4612 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 10 May 1994, the inauguration of [[Nelson Mandela]], South Africa's [[South African general election, 1994|first democratically elected]] president after the end of [[Apartheid]], and his vice-presidents, heralded the beginning of a new era in South Africa's history.<ref name="RSA-Presidency" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=10 May 1994 |title=1994: Mandela Becomes SA's First Black President |work=BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/10/newsid_2661000/2661503.stm |access-date=26 May 2010 |archive-date=13 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513191619/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/10/newsid_2661000/2661503.stm |url-status=live }}</ref>

Part of Nelson Mandela's inaugural address:

<blockquote>"Today, all of us do, by our presence here, and by our celebrations in other parts of our country and the world, confer glory and hope to newborn liberty.

Out of the experience of an extraordinary human disaster that lasted too long, must be born a society of which all humanity will be proud.

Our daily deeds as ordinary South Africans must produce an actual South African reality that will reinforce humanity's belief in justice, strengthen its confidence in the nobility of the human soul and sustain all our hopes for a glorious life for all.

All this we owe both to ourselves and to the peoples of the world who are so well represented here today.
.......
We understand it still that there is no easy road to freedom.

We know it well that none of us acting alone can achieve success.

We must therefore act together as a united people, for national reconciliation, for nation building, for the birth of a new world.

Let there be justice for all.

Let there be peace for all.

Let there be work, bread, water and salt for all.

Let each know that for each the body, the mind and the soul have been freed to fulfill themselves.

Never, never and never again shall it be that this beautiful land will again experience the oppression of one by another and suffer the indignity of being the skunk of the world.

Let freedom reign.

The sun shall never set on so glorious a human achievement!

Let us as a Rainbow nation keep this in focus and move forward!" </blockquote>

On 31 December 1999 the South African flagship [[Millennium celebration]] was held here. In attendance was the then deputy president [[Jacob Zuma]], and other ministers.

On 10 December 2013, the Union Buildings Amphitheatre was renamed the Nelson Mandela Amphitheatre.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mataboge |first=Mmanaledi |date=10 December 2013 |title=Zuma Renames Union Buildings Amphitheatre to Honour Madiba |work=Mail & Guardian |url=http://mg.co.za/article/2013-12-10-zuma-renames-union-buildings-amphitheatre-to-honour-madiba |access-date=16 December 2013 |archive-date=13 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213084706/http://mg.co.za/article/2013-12-10-zuma-renames-union-buildings-amphitheatre-to-honour-madiba |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 16 December 2013, a 9-metre high bronze statue of Mandela was unveiled at the Union Buildings.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 December 2013 |title=Zuma Unveils Bronze Statue of Madiba in Pretoria |work=Mail & Guardian |agency=SAPA |url=http://mg.co.za/article/2013-12-16-zuma-unveils-bronze-statue-of-madiba-in-pretoria |access-date=16 December 2013 |archive-date=16 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216190526/http://mg.co.za/article/2013-12-16-zuma-unveils-bronze-statue-of-madiba-in-pretoria |url-status=live }}</ref><!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Statue of Nelson Mandela at Union Buildings, Pretoria, December 2013.jpg|thumb|right|A 9-metre tall statue of former president Nelson Mandela in front of the Union Buildings.]] -->

==Gardens and grounds==
[[File:South Africa-Union Buildings01.jpg|thumb|The terraced gardens]]
The building is surrounded by beautifully terraced gardens of indigenous plants. Various monuments adorn the expansive lawns, including the Delville Wood War Memorial and a statue of the country's first [[Prime Minister of South Africa|Prime Minister]], [[General]] [[The Right Honourable|The Rt Hon.]] [[Louis Botha]].
The lawn in front of the Union Buildings are often the location for public gatherings, whether they be protest or celebration, such as the presidential inauguration.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Union Building |url=http://www.wheretostay.co.za/information/topic/653 |url-status=dead |website=WhereToStay.co.za |access-date=4 December 2009 |archive-date=24 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090924032246/http://www.wheretostay.co.za/information/topic/653 }}</ref>

Notable are the [[Terrace (gardening)|terraced gardens]], planted exclusively with indigenous plants, surrounding the buildings as well as the 9,000 seat Nelson Mandela [[amphitheatre]].

===Statues and memorials===
Within the grounds are various monuments, statues and memorials. Starting at the bottom of the gardens, a large statue of [[General]] [[Louis Botha]] (first prime minister of the [[Union of South Africa]]) on horseback dominates the lawn.
About halfway up the terraces, the [[Delville Wood]] [[War Memorial]] is a tribute to South African troops who died during the [[First World War]] as well as a plaque in memory of those that died during the [[Korean War]].

Two levels above that is a [[Statue of Nelson Mandela, Union Buildings|statue]] of President Nelson Mandela. This replaced the statue of [[General]] [[J.B.M. Hertzog]], a former [[Prime Minister of South Africa|Prime Minister]], which can still be found on the grounds.

The [[South African Police Memorial]] is located at the top right of the gardens.

The [[List of digital television deployments by country#South Africa|South African National Film, Video and Sound Archives]] is also located in the grounds of the Union Buildings, adjacent to the Police Memorial.

==Laws governing the buildings==
Because of the significance of the [[Voortrekker Monument]] and the Union Buildings in the national consciousness, a law in Pretoria limits the height of any building between the Voortrekker Monument and the Union Buildings such that the view between them remains unobstructed.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/cityofpretoriadi00sout |title=The City of Pretoria and Districts: An Official Handbook Describing the Social, Official, Farming, Mining, and General Progress and Possibilities of the Administrative Capital and Surrounding Districts |date=1913 |publisher=Publicity Department, South African Railways |location=Johannesburg |via=Internet Archive}}</ref>

==Powers and duties==
The Union Buildings share duties with [[Cape Town]] as the seat of the [[South African Government]]. Pretoria shares duties with Cape Town and [[Bloemfontein]] as the capital cities of South Africa.

The official seats of the [[President of South Africa|President]] are the Union Buildings in Pretoria and the [[Tuynhuys]] in Cape Town.

==Gallery==
{{Wide Image|The Union Building At Sunrise.jpg|800px|The Union Building at Sunrise}}
<gallery mode="packed" heights="160">
File:Zebras_with_Union_Buildings.jpg|Zebras in Pretoria with Union Buildings seen in the background.
File:Jacaranda Trees Pretoria.jpg|Jacaranda trees in Pretoria which covers Pretoria in a purple blanket during October.
</gallery>

==See also==
{{Portal|South Africa}}
*[[Pretoria]]
*[[Sir Herbert Baker]]
*[[Houses of Parliament, Cape Town]]
*[[Supreme Court of Appeal of South Africa]]
*[[Rashtrapati Bhavan]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|35em}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Union Buildings}}
* [http://www.thepresidency.gov.za/ Office of the President of South Africa]
* [http://www.visitpretoria.co.za/history/union-buildings/ 360 degree Virtual Tour of the Union Buildings]
* [http://www.malibongwe.org.za/ 50th Anniversary of the 1956 Woman's March – with pics of the original event]
* {{SAHRA site| 92018235| name= The Union Buildings Complex}}

{{Pretoria}}
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[[Category:Union Buildings| ]]
[[Category:Government buildings completed in 1913]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Pretoria]]
[[Category:Executive branch of the government of South Africa]]
[[Category:Herbert Baker buildings and structures]]
[[Category:Government buildings in South Africa]]
[[Category:Presidential offices in South Africa]]
[[Category:1913 establishments in South Africa]]
[[Category:History of Pretoria]]
[[Category:South African military memorials and cemeteries]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials in Pretoria]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in South Africa]]
[[Category:Neoclassical architecture in South Africa]]