Editing Universal Japanese Motorcycle

{{short description|'70s motorcycles that revolutionized the US bike market}}
{{redirect|UJM}}

[[File:Honda CB750four blue.jpg|thumb|250px|The [[Honda CB750]], a classic UJM]]
{{quote box|width=250px|align=right|quote=''The basic platform was an upright, open seating position motorcycle powered by a carbureted, air-cooled engine wrapped in a steel-tube cradle-type frame, and at least one disc brake to bring it all to a stop. The simple design made motorcycling accessible to riders of all types and skill sets. '''UJMs''' were available in various displacements, and their ubiquity helped grow motorcycling in America during the 1970s and ‘80s.'' 
|source=''Source: Motorcycle.com'' <ref name="ujm motorcycle">{{cite web |url=http://www.motorcycle.com/manufacturer/suzuki/2009-suzuki-tu250x-review-88791.html |title=2009 Suzuki TU250X Review |publisher=Motorcycle.com, Pete Brissette, Oct. 06, 2009|accessdate=2010-01-08}}</ref>}}

The term "'''Universal Japanese Motorcycle'''", or '''UJM''', was coined in the mid-1970s by ''[[Cycle (magazine)|Cycle Magazine]]'' to describe a proliferation of similar  Japanese [[Types of motorcycles#Standard|standard]] [[motorcycle]]s that became commonplace following Honda's 1969 introduction of its successful [[Honda CB750|CB750]].  The CB750 became a rough template for subsequent designs from all three of the other major Japanese motorcycle manufacturers.<ref name=Frank2003c>{{Citation |title= Honda Motorcycles |first= Aaron |last= Frank |publisher = MotorBooks/MBI Publishing Company |year= 2003 |isbn= 0-7603-1077-7 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=CSxTaoGagKoC&pg=PA92 |accessdate= 2010-02-20 |page=92 }}</ref><ref name=Walker2006c>{{Citation |authorlink= Mick Walker (motorcycling) |last= Walker |first=Mick |year= 2006 |title=Motorcycle: Evolution, Design, Passion |publisher=JHU Press |isbn=0-8018-8530-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AHSlknpjrgAC&pg=PA150 |page=150 }}</ref>  In 2011, the New York Times said lightning struck for Honda "with the 1969 CB 750, whose use of an inline 4-cylinder engine came to define the Universal Japanese Motorcycle."<ref name="lightning">{{cite web
| title = You Meet the Nicest Sportbikes in the 250cc Neighborhood
| publisher =  The New York Times, May 27, 2011, Dexter Ford
| url = http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/29/automobiles/autoreviews/29HONDA.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0}}</ref>

The UJM template featured a four-cylinder engine, standard riding position, [[carburetor]] for each cylinder, [[unit construction]] engine, front disc brake, conventional tubular cradle frame and [[Suspension (motorcycle)|telescopic front forks and twin-shock rear suspension]].  As the major Japanese motorcycle manufacturers, [[Honda]], [[Kawasaki motorcycles|Kawasaki]], [[Suzuki]], and [[Yamaha Motor Corporation|Yamaha]], began replicating each other's designs, the UJM's created a homogeneity of form, function and quality.  UJMs included such prominent models as the [[Honda CB500 (disambiguation)|Honda CB500]], the [[Kawasaki Z1]], and the [[Suzuki GS series|Suzuki GS750]]. Such machines had massive sales, and UJMs continued to be produced for more than a decade.

In 1976, ''[[Cycle (magazine)|Cycle]]'' described the new phenomenon, saying:  
::"In the hard world of commerce, achievers get imitated and the imitators get imitated. There is developing, after all, a kind of Universal Japanese Motorcycle.... conceived in sameness, executed with precision, and produced by the thousands."<ref name="Cycle Magazine">{{cite web | url= http://www.pipeline.com/~randyo/700S%20cycle%20mag%20article.htm| title= Honda Nighthawk 700S | work= Cycle Magazine}}</ref>

In the 2010 book, Sport Bikes, Hans Hetrick wrote that:
::"throughout the 1970s, the Japanese companies experimented with different types of engines and frame designs. Their ideas soon came together in a rock-solid package. This design became known as the Universal Japanese Motorcycle, or UJM."<ref name="Hetrick">{{cite web
| title = Sport Bikes (Full Throttle), Hans Hetrick, p. 12
| publisher =  Edge Books, Capstone Press 2010, ISBN 1429647515
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=95f1-fanCVIC&dq=universal+japanese+motorcycle%22&pg=PP8}}</ref> 
 
Subsequently, in the 1980s and 1990s, the Japanese manufacturers diversified their ranges, producing faired [[sport bike|sportsbikes]], race-replicas, [[Dual-sport motorcycle|dual-sport bikes]] and [[Muscle bike (motorcycle)|musclebikes]].<ref name=Maher1998>{{Citation |last1=Maher |first1=Kevin |last2=Greisler |first2=Ben |title=Chilton's Motorcycle Handbook |publisher=[[Haynes Manual|Haynes North America]] |isbn=0-8019-9099-8 |year=1998 |pages=2.2&ndash;2.18 }}</ref>

== History ==
A defining example of the type,<ref name="lightning2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/29/automobiles/autoreviews/29HONDA.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0|title=You Meet the Nicest Sportbikes in the 250cc Neighborhood|last=Ford|first=Dexter|date=May 27, 2011|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> the [[Honda CB750]], was introduced in 1969 with an engine based on technology Honda had developed in [[Grand Prix motorcycle racing|Grand Prix]] racing.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://silodrome.com/brief-history-ujm-universal-japanese-motorcycle/|title=A Brief History of the UJM - The Universal Japanese Motorcycle|last=Branch|first=Ben|date=2016-12-20|website=Silodrome|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-05}}</ref> Compared to the British and American models that then dominated the market, it had better performance and reliability, was better equipped, and yet was much cheaper. It revolutionized the industry both in America and abroad,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q473NKddjnAC&pg=PA206|title=Japan's Motorcycle Wars: An Industry History|last=Alexander|first=Jeffrey W.|date=2009-01-01|publisher=UBC Press|isbn=9780774858441|language=en}}</ref> and sales in America immediately overtook those of big bikes from established brands like [[Birmingham Small Arms Company|BSA]] and [[Triumph Engineering|Triumph]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.motorcyclistonline.com/blogs/dick-manns-1970-daytona-200-victory-mann-machine|title=Dick Mann's 1970 Daytona 200 Victory {{!}} Mann & Machine|website=Motorcyclist|language=en|access-date=2019-01-06}}</ref>

The CB750's first Japanese competitor was the [[Kawasaki Z1]] in 1972.<ref name=":0" /> It was followed in 1976 by the [[Suzuki GS series|Suzuki GS750]] and  by the [[Yamaha XS Eleven]] in 1978. These manufacturers all produced smaller versions of the same UJM formula, including, for example, the [[Honda CB500 Four|Honda CB500]] of 1971.<ref name=":0" /> By 1979 [[Harley-Davidson]]'s big bike sales were down 90%.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.strategosinc.com/harley-davidson.htm|title=Harley Davidson 1971 Crises ...{Strategos}|website=www.strategosinc.com|access-date=2019-01-06}}</ref>

The first Japanese vehicle  manufacturing plant in America opened in 1975 to produce the UJM [[Kawasaki KZ400]].<ref name="kz400">{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SfcDAAAAMBAJ&dq=universal+japanese+motorcycle%22&pg=PT14|title=20 Years in America|last1=Young|first1=Roger T.|date=August 1994|publisher=American Motorcyclist|page=30|access-date=3 January 2019}}</ref> Until then the bikes had been imported from Japan.

The term UJM appeared as early as 1976 in a [[Cycle (magazine)|Cycle]] magazine review of the [[Kawasaki Z650]].<ref name="gear">{{cite web|url=https://gearpatrol.com/2015/12/22/history-honda-cb750-universal-japanese-motorcycle/|title=The Dawn of the Japanese Sport Bike|last1=Connor|first1=Andrew|website=Gear Patrol|access-date=3 January 2019}}</ref> The term "universal" arose from the fact that during the 1970s, the Japanese "big four" ([[Honda]], [[Kawasaki motorcycles|Kawasaki]], [[Suzuki]], and [[Yamaha Motor Corporation|Yamaha]])<ref name="Hetrick2">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=95f1-fanCVIC&dq=universal+japanese+motorcycle%22&pg=PP8|title=Sport Bikes (Full Throttle)|last=Hetrick|first=Hans|date=2010|publisher=Edge Books, Capstone Press|isbn=978-1429647519|page=12}}</ref> all produced very similar designs.<ref name="Walker2006b">{{Citation|last=Walker|first=Mick|title=Motorcycle: Evolution, Design, Passion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AHSlknpjrgAC&pg=PA150|page=150|year=2006|publisher=JHU Press|isbn=978-0-8018-8530-3|author-link=Mick Walker (motorcycling)}}</ref>

The UJM was a general-purpose road bike, and the style went into decline in the early to mid 1980s<ref name=":0" /> with the segmentation of the market and the development of niche products,<ref name="Frank2003b">{{Citation|last=Frank|first=Aaron|title=Honda Motorcycles|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CSxTaoGagKoC&pg=PA92|page=92|year=2003|publisher=MotorBooks/MBI Publishing Company|isbn=978-0-7603-1077-9|access-date=2010-02-20}}</ref> such as [[sport bike|sport]], [[Dual-sport motorcycle|dual-sport]], [[Touring motorcycle|touring]], [[Sport touring motorcycle|sport touring]], [[café racer]]s, and [[Cruiser (motorcycle)|cruiser]]s. Honda sold about 400,000 CB750s, and the model run ended in 2003 with the [[Honda Nighthawk|Nighthawk]].

There have been several market revivals led by increased demand for simplified standard general purpose,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tmQgmYD8rSwC&q=Universal+Japanese+Motorcycle |title=Motorcycle Handbook|last1=Maher|first1=Kevin|last2=Greisler|first2=Ben|date=1998|publisher=Haynes Publishing Group|isbn=9780801990991|language=en}}</ref> or naked<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EMNOCQAAQBAJ&dq=universal+japanese+motorcycle&pg=PA8 |title=How to rebuild and restore classic Japanese motorcycles|last1=Young|first1=Sid|date=2015|publisher=motorbooks|isbn=978-0-7603-4797-3|location=USA|page=8|access-date=4 January 2019}}</ref> bikes and has led Japanese manufacturers to introduce modern interpretations of the UJM; first in the early 1990s with the [[Honda CB750 and CR750|Honda CB750 RC42]] and [[Honda CB1000|CB1000]], [https://ridermagazine.com/2013/12/03/retrospective-suzuki-gsx1100g-1991-1993/ Suzuki GS1100G] and [[Suzuki VX 800|VX800]], the [[Kawasaki Zephyr|Kawasaki Zephyr Series]], and Yamaha continuing to sell its [[Yamaha SR400 & SR500|SR Series]]. Recently, revival efforts have included the [[Honda CB1100]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thekneeslider.com/honda-brings-back-the-past-with-the-2013-cb1100-a-cb750-all-grown-up|title=Honda Brings Back the Past with the 2013 CB1100 – a CB750 All Grown Up|website=thekneeslider.com}}</ref> [[Honda SCL500]], [[Suzuki TU250|Suzuki TU250X]],<ref name="ujm motorcycle" /> [[Suzuki GD110]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://insideracing.com.ph/suzuki-gd-110-charming-comfortable-and-able-commuter/|title=Suzuki GD 110 – Charming, comfortable and able commuter|website=insideracing.com|language=en|access-date=2019-06-27}}</ref> the [[Kawasaki W800]] and the [[Yamaha SR400]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.motorcyclistonline.com/reviews/2015-yamaha-sr400-first-ride|title=2015 Yamaha SR400 {{!}} FIRST RIDE|website=Motorcyclist|language=en|access-date=2019-01-06}}</ref>

== Specification ==
The UJM had an advanced design and an excellent specification compared to contemporary European and American competition.<ref name="Hetrick"/> The press described it as cheap, reliable, easy to ride,<ref name="kz400" /> manufactured with precision,<ref name="Cycle1976">{{Cite journal|date=November 1976|editor-last=Neilson|editor-first=Cook|editor-link=Cook Neilson|title=Kawasaki KZ650|volume=27|issue=11|pages=29–36|journal=[[Cycle (magazine)|Cycle]]}}</ref> and with a reputation for excellence.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dqralyWDVUkC&dq=universal+japanese+motorcycle%22&pg=PA54 |title=The perfect motorcycle : how to choose, find and buy the perfect new or used bike|last1=Domino|first1=Kevin|date=2009|publisher=671 Press|isbn=978-0-9821733-3-6|edition=Ed. 1.0|location=USA|page=54|access-date=4 January 2019}}</ref>

Technical specifications typically included a standard riding position, front [[disc brake]], conventional tubular [[Motorcycle frame|frame]] and telescopic front forks and twin-shock rear [[Suspension (motorcycle)|suspension]]. The engine was typically an [[Inline-four engine|inline four cylinder]] [[Air-cooled engine|air cooled]] [[Four-stroke engine|four-stroke]] [[transverse engine]], with a [[carburetor]] for each cylinder, and single, or double, overhead [[camshafts]]. The [[unit construction]] engine was mated to a five or six speed [[manual transmission]],<ref name="Cycle1976" /> and had an electric starter.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Alexander |first=Jeff |title=Japan's Motorcycle Wars : An Industry History |publisher=UBC press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0774814539}}

{{Refend}}{{Types of motorcycles}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Universal Japanese Motorcycle}}
[[Category:Standard motorcycles|*]]