Editing University constituency

{{short description|Parliamentary constituency representing a university}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}

A '''university constituency''' is a [[constituency]], used in elections to a legislature, that represents the members of one or more universities rather than residents of a geographical area. These may or may not involve [[plural voting]], in which voters are eligible to vote in or as part of this entity and their home area's geographical constituency.

When [[James VI]] inherited the [[English throne]] in 1603, the system was adopted by the [[Parliament of England]]. The system was continued in the [[Parliament of Great Britain]] (from 1707 to 1800) and the [[United Kingdom Parliament]], until 1950. It was also used in the [[Parliament of Ireland]], in the [[Kingdom of Ireland]], from 1613 to 1800, and in the [[Irish Free State]] from 1922 to 1936.

Such constituencies have also existed in [[Japan]] and in some countries of the [[British Empire]] such as [[India]].

At present there are four instances in two countries of university constituencies: two in [[Seanad Éireann]] (the upper—and in general less powerful—house of the [[Oireachtas|legislature]] of the [[Republic of Ireland]]) and two in the [[Senate of Rwanda]].

==Summary==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Constituency
! Parliament
! Years
! No. of<br>representatives
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Cambridge University (UK Parliament constituency)|Cambridge University]]
| [[Parliament of England|England]]
| 1603–1707
| 2
|-
| [[Parliament of Great Britain|Great Britain]]
| 1707–1800
| 2
|-
| [[United Kingdom Parliament|United Kingdom]]
| 1801–1950
| 2
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Oxford University (UK Parliament constituency)|Oxford University]]
| England
| 1603–1707
| 2
|-
| Great Britain
| 1707–1800
| 2
|-
| United Kingdom
| 1801–1950
| 2
|-
| rowspan="6" | [[Dublin University (constituency)|Dublin University]]
| [[Parliament of Ireland|Ireland]]
| 1613–1800
| 2
|-
| [[Parliament of the United Kingdom#Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]]
| 1801–1922
| 1 (1801–1832)<br>2 (1832–1922)
|-
| [[Dáil Éireann (Irish Republic)|Irish Republic]]
| 1918–1922
| 2 (1918–1921)<br>4 (1921–1922)
|-
| [[Parliament of Southern Ireland|Southern Ireland]] (UK)
| 1921–1922
| 4
|-
| [[Dáil Éireann (Irish Free State)|Irish Free State]]
| 1922–1937
| 3
|-
| [[Oireachtas|Republic of Ireland]] ([[Seanad Éireann]])
| 1938–present
| 3
|-
| [[Edinburgh and St Andrews Universities (UK Parliament constituency)|Edinburgh and St Andrews Universities]]
| United Kingdom
| 1868–1918
| 1 between
|-
| [[Glasgow and Aberdeen Universities (UK Parliament constituency)|Glasgow and Aberdeen Universities]]
| United Kingdom
| 1868–1918
| 1 between
|-
| [[London University (UK Parliament constituency)|London University]]
| United Kingdom
| 1868–1950
| 1
|-
| [[Combined English Universities]]
| United Kingdom
| 1918–1950
| 2 between
|-
| [[Combined Scottish Universities]]
| United Kingdom
| 1918–1950
| 3 between
|-
| rowspan="5" | [[National University of Ireland (constituency)|National University of Ireland]]
| United Kingdom
| 1918–1922
| 1
|-
| Irish Republic
| 1918–1922
| 1 (1918–1921)<br>4 (1921–1922)
|-
| Southern Ireland (UK)
| 1921–1922
| 4
|-
| Irish Free State
| 1922–1937
| 3
|-
| Republic of Ireland (Seanad Éireann)
| 1938–present
| 3
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Queen's University of Belfast (UK Parliament constituency)|Queen's University of Belfast]]
| United Kingdom
| 1918–1950
| 1
|-
| Irish Republic
| 1918–1921
| 1
|-
| [[University of Wales (UK Parliament constituency)|University of Wales]]
| United Kingdom
| 1918–1950
| 1
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Queen's University of Belfast (Northern Ireland Parliament constituency)|Queen's University of Belfast]] (NI)
| [[Parliament of Northern Ireland|Northern Ireland]] (UK)
| 1921–1969
| 4
|-
| Irish Republic
| 1921–1922
| 4
|}
As shown, at Westminster (in the English then successor British parliaments) 4 seats were incepted in 1603 and the final total, 12, were abolished in 1950.

The Northern Irish body was the last in the UK to abolish such seats: it abolished its four for Queens, Belfast in 1969.

Six such seats continue in [[Seanad Éireann]], the upper chamber of the [[Oireachtas]] (legislature of the [[Republic of Ireland]]). They are the sole directly elected members of the Seanad, with the remainder of the seats being elected by a combination of members of Oireachtas, incoming [[Teachta Dála|TD]]s and outgoing Senators, and local councillors, along with [[Nominated members of Seanad Éireann|11 members]] appointed by the [[Taoiseach]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.citizensinformation.ie/en/government-in-ireland/houses-of-the-oireachtas/the-seanad/|title=Seanad|website=Citizens Information}}</ref>

==United Kingdom==

King [[James VI of Scotland]], on ascending the [[English throne]], brought to the [[English Parliament]] a practice which endured in the [[Parliament of Scotland|Scottish Parliament]] of allowing the universities to elect members. The king believed that the universities were often affected by the decisions of Parliament, and ought therefore to have representation in it. James gave the [[University of Cambridge]] and the [[University of Oxford]] two seats each from 1603. On the formal [[Treaty of Union, 1707|Union]] (1707), [[Scottish universities]] lost their representatives as none were appointed to the [[Parliament of Great Britain]] (at [[Westminster]]). The voters were the graduates of the university, whether they were resident or not;<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ratcliffe |first1=Mike |title=The history of university representation |url=https://wonkhe.com/blogs/the-history-of-university-representation/ |website=Wonkhe |publisher=Wonkhe Ltd. |access-date=7 August 2021}}</ref> they could vote for the university seats in addition to any other vote that they might have{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}.

After the [[Act of Union 1800]] with [[Kingdom of Ireland|Ireland]], the [[University of Dublin]] ([[Trinity College Dublin|Trinity College]]), which had elected two MPs to the [[Parliament of Ireland]] since 1613, was allowed one member from 1801 and two from 1832.

In 1868, three new one-member seats were created: [[University of London]]; [[University of Glasgow|Glasgow]] and [[University of Aberdeen|Aberdeen]] universities combined; and [[University of St Andrews|St Andrews]] and [[University of Edinburgh|Edinburgh]] universities combined.

In 1918, the [[Queen's University of Belfast]] and the [[National University of Ireland]] each received seats. Both these, as well as the University of Dublin, also received four seats in the devolved [[Parliament of Northern Ireland|Stormont]] parliament and the [[Southern Ireland (1921–22)|Southern Ireland]] parliament respectively that were established in 1920 and first used in elections in 1921. Also in 1918, the Scottish universities switched to all electing three members jointly (see [[Combined Scottish Universities]]).

In 1918, all the other English universities (i.e. except for Cambridge, Oxford and London) were enfranchised as a single constituency with two seats, as [[Combined English Universities]]. They were [[University of Birmingham|Birmingham]], [[University of Bristol|Bristol]], [[Durham University|Durham]], [[University of Leeds|Leeds]], [[University of Liverpool|Liverpool]], [[University of Manchester|Manchester]], and [[University of Sheffield|Sheffield]]. [[University of Reading|Reading]] was added in August 1928. The [[University of Wales]] also received one seat in 1918.

1918 also saw the introduction of the [[single transferable vote]] for university constituencies.<ref>{{cite web |date=28 January 2015 |title=The history of university representation |url=https://wonkhe.com/blogs/the-history-of-university-representation/ |access-date=7 August 2021 |website=Wonkhe}}</ref>

===Abolition===
The [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] government in 1930 attempted to abolish the university constituencies but was defeated in the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]]. Although the members for the university constituencies were usually [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservatives]], in the later years independent candidates began to win many of the seats. The Labour government finally abolished the university constituencies via the [[Representation of the People Act 1948]], with effect from the dissolution of Parliament in 1950, along with all other examples of [[plural voting]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Registrar General|title=The Registrar General's Statistical Review of England and Wales For the Five Years 1946-1950|publisher=Her Majesty’s Stationery Office|year=1954|location=London|pages=175}}</ref>

The [[Queen's University of Belfast (Northern Ireland Parliament constituency)|Queen's University, Belfast]] constituency survived in the [[Parliament of Northern Ireland]] until it was abolished in 1968 (with effect from the dissolution of Parliament in 1969) by the [[Electoral Law Act (Northern Ireland) 1968]] (c. 20 (N.I.)).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/apni/1968/20/introduction |title=Electoral Law Act (Northern Ireland) 1968 |website=legislation.gov.uk |access-date=19 January 2018 |date=28 November 1968}}</ref> This was one of several measures by the then Northern Ireland Prime Minister [[Terence O'Neill]] to reform elements of the election franchise and deal with many long-standing civil rights grievances.{{Citation needed|date=December 2020}}

===Notable members===
The members for the university constituencies include many notable statesmen: [[William Pitt the Younger]] and [[Lord Palmerston]] both served as MPs for Cambridge University, and [[Robert Peel]] and [[William Ewart Gladstone]] each served as MP for Oxford University for portions of their careers. In his last years [[Ramsay MacDonald]] was MP for Combined Scottish Universities after losing his previous seat in the [[1935 United Kingdom general election|1935 general election]]. Many criticised this, as he had previously sought to abolish the seats whilst Labour prime minister and many now felt the seats were being used to provide a failed politician with a seat he could not find elsewhere.

The humorist and law reform activist [[A. P. Herbert]] sat as an independent member for Oxford University from 1935 to 1950. He described the counting of the votes at the 1935 election in a chapter entitled '''P.R.': Or, Standing for Oxford'' in his 1936 book ''[[Mild and Bitter]]''.<ref>{{cite book |title=Mild and Bitter |chapter=XV: 'PR': Or, Standing for Oxford |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tX6vDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA71 |last=Herbert |first=A. P. |author-link=A. P. Herbert |year=1936 |publisher=[[Methuen Publishing|Methuen]] |location=London |isbn=9780755151578|oclc=559753655}}</ref>

=== List of members ===
Only members after 1885 are shown.

{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |Election
! colspan="30" |Members
|-
! colspan="4" |[[Cambridge University (UK Parliament constituency)|Cambridge<br />Uni.]]
! colspan="4" |[[Oxford University (UK Parliament constituency)|Oxford<br />Uni.]]
! colspan="2" |[[London University (UK Parliament constituency)|London<br />Uni.]]
! colspan="8" rowspan="23" |
! colspan="2" |[[Edinburgh and St Andrews Universities (UK Parliament constituency)|Edinburgh &<br/>St Andrews Uni.]]
! colspan="2" |[[Glasgow and Aberdeen Universities (UK Parliament constituency)|Glasgow &<br />Aberdeen Uni.]]
! colspan="4" rowspan="23" |
! colspan="4" |[[Dublin University (constituency)|Dublin Uni.]]
|-
![[1885 United Kingdom general election|1885]]
| rowspan="5" style="background-color:{{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}};"|
| rowspan="5" |[[Henry Cecil Raikes|Raikes]]<br />{{small|([[Conservative Party (UK)|Con]])}}
| rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}};"|
| rowspan="2" |[[Alexander Beresford Hope|Hope]]<br />{{small|([[Conservative Party (UK)|Con]])}}
| rowspan="15" style="background-color:{{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}};"|
| rowspan="15" |[[John Gilbert Talbot|Talbot]]<br />{{small|([[Conservative Party (UK)|Con]])}}
| rowspan="10" style="background-color:{{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}};"|
| rowspan="10" |[[Sir John Mowbray, 1st Baronet|Mowbray]]<br />{{small|([[Conservative Party (UK)|Con]])}}
| style="background-color:{{party color|Liberal Party (UK)}};" |
| rowspan="11" |[[John Lubbock, 1st Baron Avebury|Lubbock]]<br />{{small|([[Liberal Party (UK)|Lib]] →<br/>[[Liberal Unionist Party|Lib U]])}}
| rowspan="3" style="background-color:{{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}};" |
| rowspan="3" |[[John Macdonald, Lord Kingsburgh|J. Macdonald]]<br />{{small|([[Conservative Party (UK)|Con]])}}
| rowspan="14" style="background-color:{{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}};"|
| rowspan="14" |[[James Alexander Campbell (politician)|Campbell]]<br />{{small|([[Conservative Party (UK)|Con]])}}
| rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}};"|
| rowspan="2" |[[Hugh Holmes|Holmes]]<br />{{small|([[Conservative Party (UK)|Con]])}}
| rowspan="6" style="background-color:{{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}};"|
| rowspan="8" |[[David Plunket, 1st Baron Rathmore|Plunket]]<br />{{small|([[Conservative Party (UK)|Con]] → [[Irish Unionist Alliance|IUA]])}}
|-
![[1886 United Kingdom general election|1886]]
| rowspan="10" style="background-color:{{party color|Liberal Unionist Party}};" |
|-
!1887 (b)
| rowspan="4" style="background-color:{{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}};"|
| rowspan="4" |[[Sir George Stokes, 1st Baronet|Stokes]]<br />{{small|([[Conservative Party (UK)|Con]])}}
| rowspan="4" style="background-color:{{party color|Irish Unionist Alliance}};" |
| rowspan="4" |[[Dodgson Hamilton Madden|Madden]]<br />{{small|([[Irish Unionist Alliance|IUA]])}}
|-
!1888 (b)
| style="background-color:{{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}};" |
|[[Moir Tod Stormonth Darling, Lord Stormonth-Darling|Darling]]<br />{{small|([[Conservative Party (UK)|Con]])}}
|-
!1890 (b)
| rowspan="5" style="background-color:{{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}};" |
| rowspan="5" |[[Charles John Pearson|Pearson]]<br />{{small|([[Conservative Party (UK)|Con]])}}
|-
!1891 (b)
| rowspan="9" style="background-color:{{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}};"|
| rowspan="9" |[[Richard Claverhouse Jebb|Jebb]]<br />{{small|([[Conservative Party (UK)|Con]])}}
|-
![[1892 United Kingdom general election|1892]]
| rowspan="8" style="background-color:{{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}};"|
| rowspan="8" |[[John Eldon Gorst|Gorst]]<br />{{small|([[Conservative Party (UK)|Con]])}}
| rowspan="16" style="background-color:{{party color|Irish Unionist Alliance}};" |
| rowspan="16" |[[Edward Carson|Carson]]<br />{{small|([[Irish Unionist Alliance|IUA]])}}
| rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Irish Unionist Alliance}};" |
|-
![[1895 United Kingdom general election|1895]]
|-
!1895 (b)
| rowspan="5" style="background-color:{{party color|Liberal Unionist Party}};" |
| rowspan="5" |[[William Edward Hartpole Lecky|Lecky]]<br />{{small|([[Liberal Unionist Party|Lib U]])}}
|-
!1896 (b)
| rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}};" |
| rowspan="2" |[[William Overend Priestley|Priestley]]<br />{{small|([[Conservative Party (UK)|Con]])}}
|-
!1899 (b)
| rowspan="8" style="background-color:{{party color|Liberal Unionist Party}};" |
| rowspan="9" |[[Sir William Anson, 3rd Baronet|Anson]]<br />{{small|([[Liberal Unionist Party|Lib U]] → [[Conservative Party (UK)|Con]])}}
|-
!1900 (b)
| rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Liberal Unionist Party}};" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Michael Foster (physiologist)|Foster]]<br />{{small|([[Liberal Unionist Party|Lib U]] → [[Liberal Party (UK)|Lib]])}}
| rowspan="4" style="background-color:{{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}};" |
| rowspan="4" |[[John Batty Tuke|Tuke]]<br />{{small|([[Conservative Party (UK)|Con]])}}
|-
![[1900 United Kingdom general election|1900]]
|-
!1903 (b)
| style="background-color:{{party color|Liberal Party (UK)}};" |
| rowspan="8" style="background-color:{{party color|Irish Unionist Alliance}};" |
| rowspan="8" |[[James Campbell, 1st Baron Glenavy|Campbell]]<br />{{small|([[Irish Unionist Alliance|IUA]])}}
|-
![[1906 United Kingdom general election|1906]]
| rowspan="3" style="background-color:{{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}};"|
| rowspan="3" |[[Samuel Henry Butcher|Butcher]]<br />{{small|([[Conservative Party (UK)|Con]])}}
| rowspan="15" style="background-color:{{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}};"|
| rowspan="15" |[[John Rawlinson (politician)|Rawlinson]]<br />{{small|([[Conservative Party (UK)|Con]])}}
| rowspan="4" style="background-color:{{party color|Liberal Unionist Party}};" |
| rowspan="11" |[[Philip Magnus|Magnus]]<br />{{small|([[Liberal Unionist Party|Lib U]] → [[Conservative Party (UK)|Con]])}}
| rowspan="8" style="background-color:{{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}};" |
| rowspan="8" |[[Sir Henry Craik, 1st Baronet|Craik]]<br />{{small|([[Conservative Party (UK)|Con]])}}
|-
![[January 1910 United Kingdom general election|Jan 1910]]
| rowspan="22" style="background-color:{{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}};"|
| rowspan="22" |[[Hugh Cecil, 1st Baron Quickswood|Cecil]]<br />{{small|([[Conservative Party (UK)|Con]])}}
| rowspan="3" style="background-color:{{party color|Liberal Unionist Party}};" |
| rowspan="5" |[[Robert Finlay, 1st Viscount Finlay|Finlay]]<br />{{small|([[Liberal Unionist Party|Lib U]] → [[Conservative Party (UK)|Con]])}}
|-
![[December 1910 United Kingdom general election|Dec 1910]]
|-
!1911 (b)
| rowspan="8" style="background-color:{{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}};"|
| rowspan="8" |[[Larmor]]<br />{{small|([[Conservative Party (UK)|Con]])}}
|-
!1912 (b)
| style="background-color:{{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}};"|
| rowspan="7" style="background-color:{{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}};"|
| rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}};"|
|-
!1914 (b)
| rowspan="5" style="background-color:{{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}};"|
| rowspan="5" |[[Rowland Prothero, 1st Baron Ernle|Prothero]]<br />{{small|([[Conservative Party (UK)|Con]])}}
|-
!1916 (b)
| style="background-color:{{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}};" |
|[[Christopher Nicholson Johnston|Johnston]]<br />{{small|([[Conservative Party (UK)|Con]])}}
|-
! rowspan="2" |1917 (b)
| style="background-color:{{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}};" |
|[[Sir William Cheyne, 1st Baronet|Cheyne]]<br />{{small|([[Conservative Party (UK)|Con]])}}
| rowspan="3" style="background-color:{{party color|Irish Unionist Alliance}};" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Arthur Samuels|Samuels]]<br />{{small|([[Irish Unionist Alliance|IUA]])}}
|-
! colspan="4" |[[Combined English Universities (UK Parliament constituency)|Combined English Uni.]]
! colspan="2" |[[University of Wales (UK Parliament constituency)|Uni. of Wales]]
! colspan="6" |[[Combined Scottish Universities (UK Parliament constituency)|Combined Scottish Uni.]]
! colspan="2" |[[Queen's University of Belfast (UK Parliament constituency)|Queen's Uni.<br/>of Belfast]]
! colspan="2" |[[National University of Ireland (constituency)|National Uni.<br/>of Ireland]]
| rowspan="3" style="background-color:{{party color|Independent Conservative}};"|
| rowspan="3" |[[Robert Henry Woods|Woods]]<br />{{small|([[Independent conservative|Ind Con]])}}
|-
![[1918 United Kingdom general election|1918]]
| rowspan="9" style="background-color:{{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}};" |
| rowspan="9" |[[William Martin Conway, 1st Baron Conway of Allington|Conway]]<br />{{small|([[Conservative Party (UK)|Con]])}}
| rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Coalition Liberal}};" |
| rowspan="6" |[[H. A. L. Fisher|Fisher]]<br />{{small|([[Coalition Liberal|Co Lib]] → [[National Liberal Party (UK, 1922)|Nat Lib]] → [[Liberal Party (UK)|Lib]])}}
| rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Coalition Liberal}};" |
| rowspan="2" |[[John Herbert Lewis|J. Lewis]]<br />{{small|([[Coalition Liberal|Co Lib]])}}
| rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Coalition Liberal}};" |
| rowspan="10" |[[Dugald McCoig Cowan|Cowan]]<br />{{small|([[Liberal Party (UK)|Lib]])}}
| rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}};"|
| rowspan="2" |[[Sir William Cheyne, 1st Baronet|Cheyne]]<br />{{small|([[Conservative Party (UK)|Con]])}}
| rowspan="7" style="background-color:{{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}};"|
| rowspan="7" |[[Sir Henry Craik, 1st Baronet|Craik]]<br />{{small|([[Conservative Party (UK)|Con]])}}
| rowspan="3" style="background-color:{{party color|Ulster Unionist Party}};"|
| rowspan="3" |[[William Whitla|Whitla]]<br />{{small|([[Ulster Unionist Party|UUP]])}}
| rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Sinn Féin}};"|
| rowspan="2" |[[Eoin MacNeill|MacNeill]]<br />{{small|([[Sinn Féin|SF]])}}
|-
!1919 (b)
| rowspan="11" style="background-color:{{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}};"|
| rowspan="11" |[[Charles Oman|Oman]]<br/>{{small|([[Conservative Party (UK)|Con]])}}
| style="background-color:{{party color|Irish Unionist Alliance}};" |
|[[William Jellett|Jellett]]<br />{{small|([[Irish Unionist Alliance|IUA]])}}
|-
![[1922 United Kingdom general election|1922]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Independent Liberal}};"|
|[[J. R. M. Butler|J. Butler]]<br />{{small|([[Independent Liberal|Ind Lib]])}}
| rowspan="3" style="background-color:{{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}};"|
| rowspan="3" |[[Sydney Russell Russell-Wells|Russell-Wells]]<br />{{small|([[Conservative Party (UK)|Con]])}}
| style="background-color:{{party color|National Liberal Party (UK, 1922)}};" |
| style="background-color:{{party color|National Liberal Party (UK, 1922)}};" |
|[[Thomas Arthur Lewis|T. Lewis]]<br />{{small|([[National Liberal Party (UK, 1922)|Nat Lib]])}}
| rowspan="8" style="background-color:{{party color|Liberal Party (UK)}};" |
| rowspan="7" style="background-color:{{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}};"|
| rowspan="7" |[[George Andreas Berry|Berry]]<br />{{small|([[Conservative Party (UK)|Con]])}}
! colspan="6" |[[Anglo-Irish Treaty|Abolished]]
|-
![[1923 United Kingdom general election|1923]]
| rowspan="5" style="background-color:{{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}};"|
| rowspan="5" |[[Geoffrey G. Butler|G. Butler]]<br />{{small|([[Conservative Party (UK)|Con]])}}
| rowspan="3" style="background-color:{{party color|Liberal Party (UK)}};" |
| 
| rowspan="2" |[[George Maitland Lloyd Davies|Davies]]<br />{{small|([[Christian pacifism|Christ. Pacifist]] → [[Labour Party (UK)|Lab]])}}
| rowspan="13" style="background-color:{{party color|Ulster Unionist Party}};"|
| rowspan="13" |[[Thomas Sinclair (politician, 1857–1940)|Sinclair]]<br />{{small|([[Ulster Unionist Party|UUP]])}}
! colspan="6" rowspan="19" |
|-
!1924 (b)
| style="background-color:{{party color|Labour Party (UK)}};"|
|-
![[1924 United Kingdom general election|1924]]
| rowspan="4" style="background-color:{{party color|Independent politician}};"|
| rowspan="16" |[[Ernest Graham-Little|Graham-Little]]<br />{{small|([[Independent politician|Ind]] → [[National Government (United Kingdom)|Nat Ind]])}}
| rowspan="12" style="background-color:{{party color|Liberal Party (UK)}};" |
| rowspan="12" |[[Ernest Evans (politician)|Evans]]<br />{{small|([[Liberal Party (UK)|Lib]])}}
|-
!1926 (b)
| rowspan="10" style="background-color:{{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}};"|
| rowspan="10" |[[John Withers (British politician)|Withers]]<br />{{small|([[Conservative Party (UK)|Con]])}}
| rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}};" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Alfred Hopkinson|Hopkinson]]<br />{{small|([[Conservative Party (UK)|Con]])}}
|-
!1927 (b)
| rowspan="4" style="background-color:{{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}};" |
| rowspan="4" |[[John Buchan, 1st Baron Tweedsmuir|Buchan]]<br />{{small|([[Conservative Party (UK)|Con]])}}
|-
![[1929 United Kingdom general election|1929]]
| rowspan="3" style="background-color:{{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}};"|
| rowspan="3" |[[Godfrey Wilson (politician)|Wilson]]<br />{{small|([[Conservative Party (UK)|Con]])}}
| rowspan="12" style="background-color:{{party color|Independent politician}};" |
| rowspan="12" |[[Eleanor Rathbone|Rathbone]]<br />{{small|([[Independent politician|Ind]])}}
|-
![[1931 United Kingdom general election|1931]]
| rowspan="12" style="background-color:{{party color|National Government (United Kingdom)}};" |
| rowspan="5" style="background-color:{{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}};" |
| rowspan="5" |[[Reginald Henry Craddock|Craddock]]<br />{{small|([[Conservative Party (UK)|Con]])}}
| rowspan="4" style="background-color:{{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}};"|
| rowspan="4" |[[Noel Skelton|Skelton]]<br />{{small|([[Conservative Party (UK)|Con]])}}
|-
!1934 (b)
| style="background-color:{{party color|Liberal Party (UK)}};" |
| rowspan="8" |[[George Morrison (British politician)|Morrison]]<br />{{small|([[Liberal Party (UK)|Lib]] → [[National Liberal Party (UK, 1922)|Nat Lib]])}}
|-
!1935 (b)
| rowspan="10" style="background-color:{{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}};"|
| rowspan="10" |[[Kenneth  Pickthorn|Pickthorn]]<br />{{small|([[Conservative Party (UK)|Con]])}}
| rowspan="7" style="background-color:{{party color|National Liberal Party (UK, 1922)}};" |
| rowspan="10" style="background-color:{{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}};"|
| rowspan="10" |[[John Graham Kerr|Kerr]]<br />{{small|([[Conservative Party (UK)|Con]])}}
|-
![[1935 United Kingdom general election|1935]]
| rowspan="9" style="background-color:{{party color|Independent politician}};"|
| rowspan="9" |[[A. P. Herbert|Herbert]]<br />{{small|([[Independent politician|Ind]])}}
|-
!1936 (b)
| rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|National Labour Organisation}};" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Ramsay MacDonald|R. MacDonald]]<br />{{small|([[National Labour Organisation|Nat Lab]])}}
|-
!1937 (b)
| rowspan="7" style="background-color:{{party color|Independent politician}};"|
| rowspan="7" |[[Arthur Salter, 1st Baron Salter|Salter]]<br />{{small|([[Independent politician|Ind]])}}
| rowspan="5" style="background-color:{{party color|Independent Progressive}};"|
| rowspan="5" |[[Thomas Edmund Harvey|Harvey]]<br />{{small|([[Independent progressive|Ind prog.]])}}
|-
!1938 (b)
| rowspan="6" style="background-color:{{party color|National Government (United Kingdom)}};" |
| rowspan="6" |[[John Anderson, 1st Viscount Waverley|Anderson]]<br />{{small|([[National Government (United Kingdom)|Nat Ind]])}}
|-
!1940 (b)
| rowspan="3" style="background-color:{{party color|Independent Conservative}};"|
| rowspan="3" |[[Archibald Hill|Hill]]<br />{{small|([[Independent conservative|Ind Con]])}}
| rowspan="5" style="background-color:{{party color|Ulster Unionist Party}};"|
| rowspan="5" |[[Douglas Savory|Savory]]<br />{{small|([[Ulster Unionist Party|UUP]])}}
|-
!1943 (b)
| rowspan="4" style="background-color:{{party color|Liberal Party (UK)}};" |
| rowspan="4" |[[W. J. Gruffydd|Gruffydd]]<br />{{small|([[Liberal Party (UK)|Lib]])}}
|-
!1945 (b)
| rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Independent politician}};" |
| rowspan="2" |[[John Boyd Orr|Boyd-Orr]]<br />{{small|([[Independent politician|Ind]])}}
|-
![[1945 United Kingdom general election|1945]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Independent politician}};"|
| rowspan="2" |[[Wilson Harris (journalist)|Harris]]<br />{{small|([[Independent politician|Ind]])}}
| rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Independent politician}};" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Kenneth Lindsay|Lindsay]]<br />{{small|([[Independent politician|Ind]])}}
|-
!1946 (b)
| style="background-color:{{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}};" |
|[[Henry Strauss, 1st Baron Conesford|Strauss]]<br />{{small|([[Conservative Party (UK)|Con]])}}
| style="background-color:{{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}};"|
|[[Walter Elliot (Scottish politician)|Elliot]]<br />{{small|([[Conservative Party (UK)|Con]])}}
|-
![[1950 United Kingdom general election|1950]]
! colspan="24" |[[Representation of the People Act 1948|Abolished]]
|}

==Ireland==
{{anchor|Republic of Ireland}} There are two university constituencies in [[Seanad Éireann]], with graduates of the [[Dublin University (constituency)|Dublin University]] and [[National University of Ireland (constituency)|National University of Ireland]] entitled to elect three Senators each. Only graduates who are Irish citizens are entitled to vote in these elections. There is no residency requirement so those qualifying who are resident outside the State may vote. Elections are conducted under the [[single transferable vote]] and by postal ballot.<ref>{{Cite ISB |title= Seanad Electoral (University Members) Act 1937 |year=1937|num=30|section=22 |stitle=Method of voting |access-date=2023-01-07 |date=19 November 1937}}</ref>

When the [[Irish Free State]] seceded from the UK in 1922, its new lower house of parliament, the [[Free State Dáil]], had three seats each for the two university constituencies. However, under the [[Electoral Act 1923]] voters registered in a university constituency were not permitted to also vote in a geographical one. Both university constituencies were ultimately abolished by the Constitution (Amendment No. 23) Act 1936 and the Electoral (University Constituencies) Act 1936, which took effect on the dissolution of the Dáil in 1937. These two constituencies were recreated in [[Seanad Éireann]] under the [[Constitution of Ireland]] adopted in 1937, with the first Seanad election in 1938.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-18 |title=Seanad100 {{!}} Members of the First Seanad |website=Houses of the Oireachtas |url=https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/visit-and-learn/centenaries/seanad100/members-of-the-first-seanad/members-of-the-first-seanad-biographies |access-date=2022-09-16 |language=en-ie}}</ref>

Some politicians have called for university representation to be abolished, on the ground that it is unacceptable that possession of a degree should confer greater electoral rights than those available to other voters. An example of this view can be found in the [[Green Party (Ireland)|Green Party]] submission on Seanad reform in 2004.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.greenparty.ie/en/library/discussion_documents/seanad_reform |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060111195316/http://www.greenparty.ie/en/library/discussion_documents/seanad_reform |archive-date=2006-01-11 |title=Seanad Reform |publisher=Green Party |date=11 January 2006}}</ref> 

=== List of members ===
A cell marked → has a different colour background to the preceding cell and denotes an incumbent who defected or won a re-election for another party.

==== Dáil Éireann ====
{{legend2|{{party color|Independent Unionist}}|[[Independent Unionist]]|border=1px solid #aaaaaa}}
{{legend2|{{party color|Sinn Féin}}|[[Sinn Féin]]|border=1px solid #aaaaaa}}
{{legend2|{{party color|Ulster Unionist Party}}|[[Ulster Unionist]]|border=1px solid #aaaaaa}}
{{legend2|{{party color|Cumann na nGaedheal}}|[[Cumann na nGaedheal]]|border=1px solid #aaaaaa}}
{{legend2|{{party color|Independent politician}}|[[Independent politician|Independent]]|border=1px solid #aaaaaa}}
{{legend2|{{party color|Fianna Fáil}}|[[Fianna Fáil]]|border=1px solid #aaaaaa}}
{{legend2|{{party color|Ceann Comhairle}}|[[Ceann Comhairle]]|border=1px solid #aaaaaa}}

{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: separate; border-spacing: 0;"
!Constituency
!1918
!''19''
!1921
!1922
!1923
!''23''
!Jun 1927
!Sep 1927
!1932
!1933
!''33''
!''36''
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Queen's University of Belfast (UK Parliament constituency)|Queen's University of Belfast]] <!--- In Irish constitutional theory, the members elected to the UK House of Commons in 1918, and to the Northern Irish Parliament in 1921, are considered TDs of the First and Second Dáils respectively--->
| colspan="2" style="{{Constituency affiliation|Ulster Unionist Party}}"|[[William Whitla|Whitla]]
| colspan="1" style="{{Constituency affiliation|Ulster Unionist Party}}"|[[John Campbell (Irish surgeon)|Campbell]]
| colspan="9" |''Not represented in [[Irish Free State]] Dáils''
|-
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="1" style="{{Constituency affiliation|Ulster Unionist Party}}"|[[John Hanna Robb|Robb]]
| colspan="9" |''Not represented in [[Irish Free State]] Dáils''
|-
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="1" style="{{Constituency affiliation|Ulster Unionist Party}}"|[[Robert James Johnstone|Johnstone]]
| colspan="9" |''Not represented in [[Irish Free State]] Dáils''
|-
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="1" style="{{Constituency affiliation|Ulster Unionist Party}}"|[[Hugh Morrison (Northern Ireland politician)|Morrison]]
| colspan="9" |''Not represented in [[Irish Free State]] Dáils''
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Dublin University (constituency)|Dublin University]]
| colspan="2" style="{{Constituency affiliation|Independent Unionist}}"|[[Robert Woods (surgeon)|Woods]]
| colspan="1" style="{{Constituency affiliation|Independent Unionist}}"|[[Ernest Alton|Alton]]
| colspan="9" style="{{Constituency affiliation|Independent politician}}" |[[Ernest Alton|→]]
|-
|style="{{Constituency affiliation|Ulster Unionist Party}}"|[[Arthur Samuels|Samuels]]
|style="{{Constituency affiliation|Ulster Unionist Party}}"|[[William Jellett|Jellett]]
| colspan="1" style="{{Constituency affiliation|Independent Unionist}}"|[[James Craig (physician)|Craig]]
| colspan="7" style="{{Constituency affiliation|Independent politician}}" |[[James Craig (physician)|→]]
| colspan="2" style="{{Constituency affiliation|Independent politician}}" |[[Robert Rowlette|Rowlette]]
|-
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="1" style="{{Constituency affiliation|Independent Unionist}}"|[[William Thrift|Thrift]]
| colspan="9" style="{{Constituency affiliation|Independent politician}}" |[[William Thrift|→]]
|-
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="1" style="{{Constituency affiliation|Independent Unionist}}"|[[Gerald Fitzgibbon|Fitzgibbon]]
| colspan="1" style="{{Constituency affiliation|Independent politician}}" |[[Gerald Fitzgibbon|→]]
| colspan="8" |
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[National University of Ireland (constituency)|National University of Ireland]]
| colspan="2" style="{{Constituency affiliation|Sinn Féin}}"|[[Eoin MacNeill|MacNeill]]
| colspan="1" style="{{Constituency affiliation|Cumann na nGaedheal}}" |[[Eoin MacNeill|→]]
| colspan="9" style="{{Constituency affiliation|Cumann na nGaedheal}}" |[[Patrick McGilligan (Fine Gael politician)|McGilligan]]
|-
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="1" style="{{Constituency affiliation|Sinn Féin}}"|[[Ada English|English]]
| colspan="1" style="{{Constituency affiliation|Independent politician}}" |[[William Magennis|Magennis]]
| colspan="2" style="{{Constituency affiliation|Cumann na nGaedheal}}" |[[William Magennis|→]]
| colspan="1" style="{{Constituency affiliation|Independent politician}}" |[[Arthur Clery|Clery]]
| colspan="1" style="{{Constituency affiliation|Cumann na nGaedheal}}" |[[Michael Tierney (politician)|Tierney]]
| colspan="3" style="{{Constituency affiliation|Fianna Fáil}}" |[[Conor Maguire (judge)|Maguire]]
| colspan="1" |
|-
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" style="{{Constituency affiliation|Sinn Féin}}"|[[Michael Hayes (politician)|Hayes]]
| colspan="2" style="{{Constituency affiliation|Cumann na nGaedheal}}" |[[Michael Hayes (politician)|→]]
| colspan="3" style="{{Constituency affiliation|Ceann Comhairle}}" |[[Michael Hayes (politician)|→]]
| colspan="3" style="{{Constituency affiliation|Fianna Fáil}}" |[[Helena Concannon|Concannon]]
|-
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" style="{{Constituency affiliation|Sinn Féin}}"|[[William Stockley|Stockley]]
| colspan="8" |
|}

==== Seanad Éireann ====
{{legend2|{{party color|Independent politician}}|[[Independent politician|Independent]]|border=1px solid #aaaaaa}}
{{legend2|{{party color|Fianna Fáil}}|[[Fianna Fáil]]|border=1px solid #aaaaaa}}
{{legend2|{{party color|Labour Party (Ireland)}}|[[Labour Party (Ireland)|Labour]]|border=1px solid #aaaaaa}}
{{legend2|{{party color|Fine Gael}}|[[Fine Gael]]|border=1px solid #aaaaaa}}
{{legend2|{{party color|Human Dignity Alliance}}|[[Human Dignity Alliance]]|border=1px solid #aaaaaa}}

{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: separate; border-spacing: 0;"
!Constituency
!1938
!1943
!1944
!''47''
!1948
!1951
!''52''
!''53''
!1954
!1957
!''60''
!1961
!1965
!1969
!''70''
!1973
!1977
!''79''
!1981
!1982
!1983
!1987
!1989
!1993
!1997
!2002
!2007
!''09''
!2011
!2016
!''18''
!2020
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Dublin University (constituency)|Dublin University]]
| colspan="1" style="{{Constituency affiliation|Independent politician}}" |[[Ernest Alton|Alton]]
| colspan="2" style="{{Constituency affiliation|Independent politician}}" |[[T. C. Kingsmill Moore|Kingsmill Moore]]
| colspan="2" style="{{Constituency affiliation|Independent politician}}" |[[Joseph Warwick Bigger|Bigger]]
| colspan="1" style="{{Constituency affiliation|Independent politician}}" |[[Gardner Budd|Budd]]
| colspan="2" style="{{Constituency affiliation|Independent politician}}" |[[William Jessop|Jessop]]
| colspan="3" style="{{Constituency affiliation|Independent politician}}" |[[Owen Sheehy-Skeffington|Sheehy-Skeffington]]
| colspan="1" style="{{Constituency affiliation|Independent politician}}" |[[John N. Ross|J. Ross]]
| colspan="2" style="{{Constituency affiliation|Independent politician}}" |[[Owen Sheehy-Skeffington|Sheehy-Skeffington]]
| colspan="4" style="{{Constituency affiliation|Independent politician}}" |[[Trevor West|West]]
| colspan="10" style="{{Constituency affiliation|Independent politician}}" |[[Shane Ross|S. Ross]]
| colspan="1" style="{{Constituency affiliation|Independent politician}}" |[[Sean Barrett (economist)|Barrett]]
| colspan="3" style="{{Constituency affiliation|Independent politician}}" |[[Lynn Ruane|Ruane]]
|-
| colspan="2" style="{{Constituency affiliation|Independent politician}}" |[[Robert Rowlette|Rowlette]]
| colspan="2" style="{{Constituency affiliation|Independent politician}}" |[[Joseph Johnston (Irish politician)|Johnston]]
| colspan="9" style="{{Constituency affiliation|Independent politician}}" |[[William Bedell Stanford|Stanford]]
| colspan="8" style="{{Constituency affiliation|Labour Party (Ireland)}}" |[[Mary Robinson|Robinson]]
| colspan="1" style="{{Constituency affiliation|Independent politician}}" |[[Mary Robinson|→]]
| colspan="1" style="{{Constituency affiliation|Independent politician}}" |[[Carmencita Hederman|Hederman]]
| colspan="3" style="{{Constituency affiliation|Independent politician}}" |[[Mary Henry (doctor)|Henry]]
| colspan="1" style="{{Constituency affiliation|Independent politician}}" |[[Ivana Bacik|Bacik]]
| colspan="5" style="{{Constituency affiliation|Labour Party (Ireland)}}" |[[Ivana Bacik|→]]
|-
| colspan="1" style="{{Constituency affiliation|Independent politician}}" |[[Joseph Johnston (Irish politician)|Johnston]]
| colspan="9" style="{{Constituency affiliation|Independent politician}}" |[[William Fearon|Fearon]]
| colspan="5" style="{{Constituency affiliation|Independent politician}}" |[[William Jessop|Jessop]]
| colspan="1" style="{{Constituency affiliation|Independent politician}}" |[[Noël Browne|Browne]]
| colspan="1" style="{{Constituency affiliation|Independent politician}}" |[[Conor Cruise O'Brien|C. C. O'Brien]]
| colspan="2" style="{{Constituency affiliation|Independent politician}}" |[[Catherine McGuinness|McGuinness]]
| colspan="1" style="{{Constituency affiliation|Independent politician}}" |[[Trevor West|West]]
| colspan="1" style="{{Constituency affiliation|Independent politician}}" |[[Catherine McGuinness|McGuinness]]
| colspan="9" style="{{Constituency affiliation|Independent politician}}" |[[David Norris (politician)|Norris]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[National University of Ireland (constituency)|National University of Ireland]]
| colspan="11" style="{{Constituency affiliation|Independent politician}}" |[[Henry Barniville|Barniville]]
| colspan="2" style="{{Constituency affiliation|Independent politician}}" |[[Dónall Ó Conalláin|Ó Conalláin]]
| colspan="3" style="{{Constituency affiliation|Labour Party (Ireland)}}" |[[John Horgan (academic)|Horgan]]
| colspan="2" style="{{Constituency affiliation|Independent politician}}" |[[Gemma Hussey|Hussey]]
| colspan="1" style="{{Constituency affiliation|Fine Gael}}" |[[Gemma Hussey|→]]
| colspan="2" style="{{Constituency affiliation|Fine Gael}}" |[[James Dooge|Dooge]]
| colspan="7" style="{{Constituency affiliation|Independent politician}}" |[[Joe O'Toole|O'Toole]]
| colspan="1" style="{{Constituency affiliation|Independent politician}}" |[[John Crown|Crown]]
| colspan="3" style="{{Constituency affiliation|Independent politician}}" |[[Michael McDowell (politician)|McDowell]]
|-
| colspan="2" style="{{Constituency affiliation|Independent politician}}" |[[Michael Tierney (politician)|Tierney]]
| colspan="1" style="{{Constituency affiliation|Independent politician}}" |[[Michael J. Ryan (Irish politician)|M.J. Ryan]]
| colspan="9" style="{{Constituency affiliation|Independent politician}}" |[[George O'Brien (Irish politician)|G. O'Brien]]
| colspan="3" style="{{Constituency affiliation|Independent politician}}" |[[Bryan Alton|Alton]]
| colspan="3" style="{{Constituency affiliation|Independent politician}}" |[[Augustine Martin|Martin]]
| colspan="1" style="{{Constituency affiliation|Independent politician}}" |[[Liam Ryan (politician)|L. Ryan]]
| colspan="4" style="{{Constituency affiliation|Independent politician}}" |[[Brendan Ryan (Cork politician)|B. Ryan]]
| colspan="1" style="{{Constituency affiliation|Independent politician}}" |[[J. J. Lee (historian)|Lee]]
| colspan="1" style="{{Constituency affiliation|Independent politician}}" |[[Brendan Ryan (Cork politician)|B. Ryan]]
| colspan="1" style="{{Constituency affiliation|Labour Party (Ireland)}}" |[[Brendan Ryan (Cork politician)|→]]
| colspan="4" style="{{Constituency affiliation|Independent politician}}" |[[Rónán Mullen|Mullen]]
| colspan="2" style="{{Constituency affiliation|Human Dignity Alliance}}" |[[Rónán Mullen|→]]
|-
| colspan="7" style="{{Constituency affiliation|Fianna Fáil}}" |[[Helena Concannon|Concannon]]
| colspan="1" style="{{Constituency affiliation|Independent politician}}" |[[John F. Cunningham|Cunningham]]
| colspan="1" style="{{Constituency affiliation|Independent politician}}" |[[Roger McHugh|McHugh]]
| colspan="7" style="{{Constituency affiliation|Independent politician}}" |[[Patrick Quinlan (politician)|Quinlan]]
| colspan="4" style="{{Constituency affiliation|Independent politician}}" |[[John A. Murphy|Murphy]]
| colspan="1" style="{{Constituency affiliation|Labour Party (Ireland)}}" |[[Michael D. Higgins|M. D. Higgins]]
| colspan="1" style="{{Constituency affiliation|Independent politician}}" |[[John A. Murphy|Murphy]]
| colspan="7" style="{{Constituency affiliation|Independent politician}}" |[[Feargal Quinn|Quinn]]
| colspan="3" style="{{Constituency affiliation|Independent politician}}" |[[Alice-Mary Higgins|A. M. Higgins]]
|}

==Other countries==
*'''Australia''': the [[electoral district of University of Sydney]] returned one member of the [[New South Wales Legislative Assembly]] between 1876 and 1880. It was abolished one year after the second member elected, [[Edmund Barton]], took his seat.  Graduates of the [[University of Sydney]] wore [[academic gown]]s while voting.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thorpe |first=Will |date=2024-10-15 |title=Parliament and the University |url=https://honisoit.com/2024/10/parliament-and-the-university/ |access-date=2024-10-29 |website=Honi Soit |language=en-AU}}</ref>
*'''India''': India had university constituencies before independence, but these were abolished with the adoption of the modern [[Constitution of India]]. Nevertheless, today the [[President of India]] has the authority to appoint not more than twelve scientists, artists, or other persons who have special knowledge in similar fields, to the [[Rajya Sabha]], the upper house in the [[Parliament of India]]. Currently, the [[Vidhan Parishad|upper houses of the state legislatures]] in the six states that have them have graduates' constituencies, that elect one-twelfth of their members. Each graduates' constituency is defined geographically rather than by university; graduates of any approved [[Indian university]] may choose to register in the graduates' constituency of their place of residence instead of registering in the ordinary constituency.{{Citation needed|date=December 2020}}
*'''Rwanda''': Two members of the [[Senate of Rwanda]] are elected by the staff of universities.{{Citation needed|date=December 2020}}
*'''[[Thirteen Colonies]]''': [[The College of William & Mary]] held a seat in the [[House of Burgesses]] of the [[Virginia Colony]] in 1693, and was supported by taxes on tobacco and [[fur]]s. This seat was revoked after the House of Burgesses became the [[Virginia House of Delegates|House of Delegates]] of the [[Commonwealth of Virginia]] within the newly independent United States of America.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Adams |first=Herbert B. |url=https://archive.org/details/collegeofwilliam0001adam |title=The College of William and Mary, with Suggestions for the National Promotion of Higher Education |publisher=Government Printing Office |year=1887 |location=Washington, D.C. |pages=15, 28 |author-link=Herbert Baxter Adams}}</ref>
*'''Bavaria''': From 1946 to 1999, the Bavarian upper house, the [[Bavarian Senate]] had reserved three seats to universities and colleges.

==See also==
* [[Cambridge University (UK Parliament constituency)]]
* [[Oxford University (UK Parliament constituency)]]
* [[London University (UK Parliament constituency)]]
* [[Edinburgh and St Andrews Universities (UK Parliament constituency)]]
* [[Glasgow and Aberdeen Universities (UK Parliament constituency)]]
* [[Combined English Universities (UK Parliament constituency)]]
* [[Combined Scottish Universities (UK Parliament constituency)]]
* [[:Category: Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for university constituencies| Category: Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for university constituencies]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Ancient universities of Scotland]]
[[Category:Elections in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Elections in Australia]]
[[Category:Elections in Ireland]]
[[Category:Elections in the Republic of Ireland]]
[[Category:Elections in India]]
[[Category:Academia]]
[[Category:University constituencies in the United Kingdom|*]]
[[Category:Constituencies]]
[[Category:University constituencies| ]]