Editing Upland sandpiper

{{Short description|Species of bird}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = UplandSandpiperOntarioCropped.jpg
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 2 January 2024">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2020 |title=''Bartramia longicauda'' |volume=2021 |page=e.T22693203A190253009 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22693203A190253009.en |access-date=2 January 2024}}</ref>
| genus = Bartramia
| parent_authority = 
| species = longicauda
| authority = ([[Johann Matthäus Bechstein|Bechstein]], 1812)
| synonyms = *''Tringa longicauda'' <small>Bechstein, 1812</small>
| range_map = Bartramia longicauda map.svg
}}

The '''upland sandpiper''' ('''''Bartramia longicauda''''') is a large [[sandpiper]], closely related to the [[curlew]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Thomas |first1=Gavin H. |last2=Wills |first2=Matthew A. |last3=Székely |first3=Tamás |title=A supertree approach to shorebird phylogeny |date=August 2004 |journal=[[BMC Evolutionary Biology]] |volume=4 |issue=28 |pages=28 |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-4-28 |pmid=15329156 |pmc=515296 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Older names are the '''upland plover''' and '''Bartram's sandpiper'''. In [[Louisiana]], it is also colloquially known as the '''papabotte'''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.daredictionary.com/view/dare/ID_00042307 |title=papabotte |website=[[Dictionary of American Regional English]] |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |access-date=12 February 2016}}</ref> It is the [[Monotypic taxon|only member]] of the genus ''Bartramia''. The genus name and the old common name Bartram's sandpiper commemorate the American naturalist [[William Bartram]]. The species name '' longicauda'' is from [[Latin]] ''longus'', "long" and ''caudus'', "tail".<ref name=job>{{cite book | last= Jobling | first= James A | year= 2010| title= The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | url= https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling | publisher= Christopher Helm | location = London | isbn = 978-1-4081-2501-4 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling/page/n68 68], 229}}</ref> The name "Bartram's sandpiper" was made popular by [[Alexander Wilson (ornithologist)|Alexander Wilson]], who was taught ornithology and natural history illustration by Bartram.

==Description==
[[File:Bartramia longicauda.jpg|thumb|left|From [[Johann Friedrich Naumann|Naumann]]]]
An adult is roughly {{convert|12|in|cm|abbr=on|disp=flip}} long with a {{convert|26|in|cm|abbr=on|disp=flip}} wingspan. The average weight is {{convert|6|oz|g|abbr=on|disp=flip}}. This odd bird has a small dove-like head on a long neck. It is heavily marbled black and brown on the back and wings. The neck is streaked with dark brown which continues down to the breast and on to the flanks. The belly and undertail coverts are white, and the tail is quite long for a sandpiper. The upland sandpiper also has a white eye-ring and long yellow legs.

==Range==
They breed from eastern [[Alaska]] south east of the [[Rocky Mountains]] through [[Montana]] to northern [[Oklahoma]] and then northeast to [[Pennsylvania]], [[New England]] and extreme southern [[Quebec]] and [[Ontario]]. There are also local breeding populations in northeast [[Oregon]] and west central [[Idaho]]. They winter in northeastern [[Argentina]], [[Uruguay]] and southern [[Brazil]]. It is an extremely rare vagrant to the South Pacific, with one record each from Australia and New Zealand.

==Habitat==
Even though they are sandpipers, they prefer open country with tall grasses to coastal habitat. They are also found at airports, [[blueberry]] farms and abandoned [[Surface mining|strip mines]] in the east. Their true core range and habitat is in the northern [[midwest]] [[United States]].

==Behavior and diet==
Upland sandpipers [[forage]] in fields, picking up food by sight. They are frequently sighted on fence posts and even telephone poles. When an "uppy" alights, it holds its wings up for a few seconds. They are constantly scanning the horizon for intruders. The upland sandpiper's diet includes grasshoppers, [[crickets]], [[weevil]]s, beetles, [[moths]], [[ant]]s, flies, [[hemiptera|bugs]], [[centipedes]], [[millipede]]s, spiders, snails and earthworms. It also eats some grains and seeds.

Every year, between September and October, some upland sandpipers migrate to [[Ozogoche]] lagoons, in southern [[Ecuador]]. Hundreds of them swoop down and dive into the icy waters of the lagoons, where they die of [[hypothermia]]. The explanation for this behavior is uncertain.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oelsner |first=Natalia |date=2018-09-25 |title=Hundreds of birds die in 'collective suicide' in Ecuador. Here's why. |url=https://www.euronews.com/2018/09/25/hundreds-of-birds-in-collective-suicide-at-ecuadorian-high-altitude-lakes |access-date=2023-01-17 |website=euronews |language=en}}</ref>

===Breeding===
[[File:Bartramia longicauda MHNT.ZOO.2010.11.147.11.jpg|thumb| ''Bartramia longicauda'' - [[MHNT]]]]
Upland sandpipers can sometimes be found in small, loose nesting colonies. The breeding season is from early-to-late summer; [[bird nest|nests]] are located on the ground in dense [[grass]]. The female lays 4 eggs. Both parents look after the young and may perform distraction displays to lure predators away from the nest or young birds.

===Call===
[[File:Bartramia longicauda - Upland Sandpiper - XC104531.ogg|thumb|Call]]
Upland sandpipers can be identified by a distinctive call, sometimes called a "wolf whistle", which features a long, ascending whistle followed by a second rising and/or falling call. These sounds are often made while the bird is landing or while flying high.<ref name="Stucker, Steve 2008"/>

==Conservation==
The numbers of these birds increased as forests were cleared in the early 19th century, but declined sharply in the late 19th century due to hunting. They are now regularly present in Midwestern North America but populations are scattered in the east.

Loss of prairie habitat is a concern.<ref name="Stucker, Steve 2008"/> Also, livestock grazing has been found to reduce the number of nests in a field.<ref name=Bowen/> [[Controlled burn]]s may benefit this species as they feed on low-growing plants that are more easily spotted after a fire.<ref name=NatCon/>

==References==
<!-- WilsonBull18:47 (migration data - compare to current Ohio checklist http://www.ohiobirds.org/publications/OBRClist.pdf) -->
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=Bowen>{{cite journal |last1=Bowen |first1=Bonnie S. |first2=Arnold D. |last2=Kruse |year=1993 |title=Effects of grazing on nesting by upland sandpipers in southcentral North Dakota |journal=Journal of Wildlife Management |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=291–301 |location=Jamestown, ND |publisher=Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center Online |url=http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/birds/sandpip/index.htm |doi=10.2307/3809426|jstor=3809426 }}</ref>

<ref name=NatCon>{{cite journal |journal=Prairies to Pines: News from Minnesota, North Dakota, and South Dakota |title=Fall 2010 Update |publisher=The Nature Conservancy}}</ref>

<ref name="Stucker, Steve 2008">{{cite journal |last=Stucker |first=Steve |title=Minnesota Profile: Upland Sandpiper |journal=Minnesota Conservation Volunteer |date=March–April 2008 |publisher=Minnesota Department of Natural Resources |page=80 |url=https://webapps8.dnr.state.mn.us/volunteer_index/past_issues/article_pdf?id=3598 |format=PDF}}</ref>
}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Bartramia longicauda}}
{{Wikispecies|Bartramia longicauda}}
* [http://www.mbr-pwrc.usgs.gov/id/framlst/i2610id.html Upland Sandpiper - ''Bartramia longicauda''] - USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter
* [http://www.birds.cornell.edu/AllAboutBirds/BirdGuide/Upland_Sandpiper.html Upland Sandpiper Species Account] – Cornell Lab of Ornithology
* {{Avibase|name=Bartramia longicauda}}
* {{BirdLife|22693203|Bartramia longicauda}}
* {{InternetBirdCollection|upland-sandpiper-bartramia-longicauda|Upland sandpiper}}
* {{VIREO|Upland+sandpiper}}
* {{IUCN_Map|22693203/190253009|Bartramia longicauda}}
* {{Xeno-canto species|Bartramia|longicauda|Upland sandpiper}}

{{Scolopacidae|1}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q530194}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Sandpipers|upland sandpiper]]
[[Category:Native birds of Alaska]]
[[Category:Birds of Canada]]
[[Category:Native birds of the Northeastern United States]]
[[Category:Birds of North America]]
[[Category:Wintering birds of South America]]
[[Category:Birds described in 1812|upland sandpiper]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Johann Matthäus Bechstein|upland sandpiper]]