Editing Urum language

{{Short description|Kipchak Turkic language}}
{{Expand language|topic=|langcode=el|langcode2=tr|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox language
| name             = Urum
| nativename       = {{lang|uum|Урум}}
| pronunciation    = {{IPA|tt|uˈrum|}}
| states           = [[Ukraine]]
| ethnicity        = [[Urums]] (Turkic-speaking Greeks)
| speakers         = 190,000
| date             = 2000
| ref              = e18
| familycolor      = Altaic
| fam1             = [[Turkic languages|Turkic]]
| fam2             = [[Common Turkic languages|Common Turkic]]
| fam3             = [[Kipchak languages|Kipchak]]
| fam4             = West Kypchak
| dia1             = Tsalka
| dia2             = North Azovian
| script           = [[Cyrillic]], [[Greek script|Greek]]
| iso3             = uum
| glotto           = urum1249
| glottorefname    = Urum
| map              = Lang Status 60-DE.svg
| mapcaption       = {{center|{{small|Urum is classified as Definitely Endangered by the [[UNESCO]] ''[[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]'' (2010)}}}}
| notice           = IPA
| image            = Urum language.png
| imagecaption     = Urum written in the [[Cyrillic]] script, along with the obsolete [[Latin alphabet|Latin]] and [[Greek alphabet|Greek]] scripts
| minority         = {{flag|Ukraine}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/670-2024-п |title=Про затвердження переліку мов національних меншин (спільнот) та корінних народів України, яким загрожує зникнення |date=7 June 2024 |website=Official webportal of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine}}</ref>
}}

'''Urum''' ({{lang|uum-Cyrl|Урум}}, {{lang|uum-Grek|Ουρούμ}}) is a [[Turkic language]] spoken by several thousand [[Greeks|ethnic Greeks]] who inhabit a few villages in southeastern [[Ukraine]]. Over the past few generations, there has been a deviation from teaching children Urum to the more common languages of the region, leaving a fairly limited number of new speakers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/3004|title=Did you know Urum is endangered?|website=Endangered Languages|language=en|access-date=2017-02-10}}</ref> The Urum language is often considered a variant of [[Crimean Tatar language|Crimean Tatar]].

== Name and etymology ==
The name ''[[Urum (disambiguation)|Urum]]'' is derived from ''[[Rûm]]'' 'Rome', the term for the [[Byzantine Empire]] in the Muslim world. The [[Ottoman Empire]] used it to describe non-Muslims within the empire. The initial vowel in Urum is [[Prothesis (linguistics)|prothetic]]. Turkic languages originally did not have {{IPA|/ɾ/}} in word-initial position, and so in borrowed words they used to add a vowel before it. The common use of the term ''Urum'' appears to have led to some confusion, as most [[Turkish language|Turkish]]-speaking Greeks were called Urum. The Turkish-speaking population in [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] is often confused with the distinct community in Ukraine.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.publish.diaspora.ru/magazin/articles/russia026_1.shtml|script-title=ru:Понтийские греки|last=Казаков|first=Алексей|date=December 2000|language=Russian|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080127062418/http://www.publish.diaspora.ru/magazin/articles/russia026_1.shtml|archive-date=2008-01-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=uum
| title = Ethnologue Report for Urum
|editor-last = Gordon
|editor-first = Raymond G.
| year = 2005
| format = 
| work = Ethnologue: Languages of the World
| publisher = SIL International
}}</ref>

== Classification ==
Urum is a [[Turkic language]] belonging to the [[Kipchak languages|West Kipchak branch]] of the family. Johanson (2021) classifies it as a variety of [[Crimean Tatar language|Crimean Tatar]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Johanson |first=Lars |year=2021 |title=Turkic |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=63}}</ref>

==Phonology==

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |[[Front vowel|Front]]
! colspan="2" |[[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
!<small>unrounded</small>
![[Roundedness|<small>rounded</small>]]
!<small>unrounded</small>
![[Roundedness|<small>rounded</small>]]
|-
![[Close vowel|Close]]
|{{IPA link|i}}
|'''ü''' /{{IPA link|y}}/
|'''ı''' /{{IPA link|ɯ}}/
|{{IPA link|u}}
|-
![[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
|{{IPA link|e}}
|
|
|{{IPA link|o}}
|-
![[Near-open vowel|Near-open]]
|'''ä''' /{{IPA link|æ}}/
|'''ö''' /{{IPA link|œ}}/
|
|
|-
![[Open vowel|Open]]
|
|
|{{IPA link|a}}
|
|}

==== Examples ====

* {{Transliteration|uum|šar}} - city<ref name=":0" />
* {{Transliteration|uum|äl}} - hand
* {{Transliteration|uum|göl}} - lake
* {{Transliteration|uum|yel}} - wind
* {{Transliteration|uum|yol}} - road
* {{Transliteration|uum|it}} - dog
* {{Transliteration|uum|üzüg}} - ring
* {{Transliteration|uum|ğız}} - girl
* {{Transliteration|uum|ğuš}} - bird

===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan="2" |
! [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! [[Dental consonant|Dental]]
! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! [[Postalveolar consonant|Postalveolar]]
! [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| {{IPA link|m}}
|
| {{IPA link|n}}
|
|{{IPA link|ɲ}} {{grapheme|nʼ}}
| {{IPA link|ŋ}}
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Plosive]]
! {{small|voiceless}}
| {{IPA link|p}}
|
| {{IPA link|t}}
|
| {{IPA link|c}} {{grapheme|tʼ}}
| {{IPA link|k}}
|
|-
! {{small|voiced}}
| {{IPA link|b}}
|
| {{IPA link|d}}
|
| {{IPA link|ɟ}} {{grapheme|dʼ}}
| {{IPA link|g}}
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Affricate]]
! {{small|voiceless}}
|
|
| ({{IPA link|ts}})
| {{IPA link|tʃ}} {{grapheme|č}}
|
|
|
|-
! {{small|voiced}}
|
|
|
| {{IPA link|dʒ}} {{grapheme|ǰ}}
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Fricative]]
! {{small|voiceless}}
| {{IPA link|f}}
| ({{IPA link|θ}})
| {{IPA link|s}}
| {{IPA link|ʃ}} {{grapheme|š}}
|
| {{IPA link|x}} {{grapheme|h}}
| {{IPA link|h}}
|-
! {{small|voiced}}
| {{IPA link|v}}
| ({{IPA link|ð}})
| {{IPA link|z}}
| {{IPA link|ʒ}} {{grapheme|ž}}
|
| {{IPA link|ɣ}} {{grapheme|ğ}}
|
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Approximant]]
|({{IPA link|w}})
|
|
|
| {{IPA link|j}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
!{{small|plain}}
|
|
|{{IPA link|l}}
|
|
|
|
|-
!{{small|velarized}}
|
|
|{{IPA link|ɫ}}
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Tap and flap consonants|Flap]]
|
|
| {{IPA link|ɾ}}
|
|{{IPA link|ɾʲ}} {{grapheme|rʼ}}
|
|
|}

/θ, ð/ appear solely in loanwords from [[Greek language|Greek]]. /t͡s/ appears in loanwords. [w] can be an allophone of /v/ after vowels.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Stavros|first=Skopeteas|date=2016|title=The Caucasian Urums and the Urum language/Kafkasya Urumları ve Urum Dili|url=https://pub.uni-bielefeld.de/publication/2900617|journal=Handbook of Endangered Turkic Languages}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Podolsky |first=Baruch |title=Notes on the Urum language |publisher=Harrassowitz Verlag |year=1986 |pages=99–112}}</ref>

==Writing system==
A few manuscripts are known to be written in Urum using [[Greek Alphabet|Greek characters]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.language-museum.com/encyclopedia/u/urum.php |title=Urum |work=Language Museum |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705113439/http://www.language-museum.com/encyclopedia/u/urum.php |archive-date=July 5, 2015 }}</ref> During the period between 1927 and 1937, the Urum language was written in reformed Latin characters, the [[New Turkic Alphabet]], and used in local schools; at least one primer is known to have been printed. In 1937, the use of written Urum stopped. In 2000, [[Aleksandr Garkavets|Alexander Garkavets]] uses the following alphabet:<ref>{{cite book |last=Гаркавець |first=Олександр |script-title=uk:Урумський словник |url=http://www.unesco.kz/qypchaq/Urum_Dictionary.htm |format=pdf |year=2000 |language=uk, Urum<!--Urum [uum] is not supported by Wikimedia, causing this page to be listed on [[Category:CS1 maint: unrecognized language]]; no solution--> |page=632}}</ref>

{| style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS; font-size:1.4em; border-color:#000000; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF"
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | А а
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Б б
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | В в
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Г г
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ғ ғ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Д д
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | (Δ δ)
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Д′ д′
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | (Ђ ђ)
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Е е
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ж ж
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Җ җ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | З з
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | И и
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Й й
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | К к
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Л л
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | М м
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Н н
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ң ң
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | О о
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ӧ ӧ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | П п
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Р р
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | С с
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Т т
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Т′ т′
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | (Ћ ћ)
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | У у
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ӱ ӱ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Υ υ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ф ф
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Х х
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Һ һ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ц ц
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ч ч
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ш ш
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Щ щ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ъ ъ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ы ы
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ь ь 
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Э э
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ю ю
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Я я
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Θ θ
|
|
|
|}

In an Urum primer issued in [[Kyiv]] in 2008, the following alphabet is suggested:<ref>{{cite book |last=Смолина |first=Мария |script-title=ru:Урумский язык. Урум дили (приазовский вариант). Учебное пособие для начинающих с аудиоприложением |url=http://www.kodges.ru/105687-urumskij-yazyk.-urum-dili-priazovskij-variant.html |year=2008 |language=ru, Urum<!--Urum [uum] is not supported by Wikimedia, causing this page to be listed on [[Category:CS1 maint: unrecognized language]]; no solution--> |page=168|publisher=Odzhakʺ |isbn = 978-966-8535-15-4}}</ref>

{| style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS; font-size:1.4em; border-color:#000000; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF"
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | А а
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Б б
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | В в
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Г г
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ґ ґ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Д д
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Д' д'
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Дж дж
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Е е
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | З з
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | И и
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Й й
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | К к
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Л л
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | М м
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Н н
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | О о
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ӧ ӧ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | П п
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Р р
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | С с
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Т т
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Т' т'
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | У у
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ӱ ӱ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ф ф
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Х х
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ч ч
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ш ш
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ы ы
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Э э
|
|}

==Publications==
Very little has been published on the Urum language. There exists a very small lexicon,<ref>{{cite book
 | last = Podolsky
 | first = Baruch
 | title = A Tatar - English Glossary
 | year = 1985
 | publisher = Harrassowitz
 | location = Wiesbaden
 | isbn = 3-447-00299-9}}</ref> and a small description of the language.<ref>{{cite journal
 | last = Podolsky
 | first = Baruch
 | year = 1986
 | title = Notes on the Urum Language
 | journal = Mediterranean Language Review
 | volume = 2
 | pages = 99–112}}</ref>
For Caucasian Urum, there is a language documentation project that collected a dictionary,<ref>{{cite web |author=Skopeteas |author2=Moisidi |author3=Sella-Mazi |author4=Yordanoglu |year=2010 |title=Urum basic lexicon. Ms. |publisher=University of Bielefeld |url=http://urum.lili.uni-bielefeld.de/download/docs/uum-lexicon.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426091745/http://urum.lili.uni-bielefeld.de/download/docs/uum-lexicon.pdf |archive-date=2012-04-26 }}</ref> a set of grammatically relevant clausal constructions,<ref>{{cite web |author=Verhoeven |author2=Moisidi |author3=Yordanoglu |year=2010 |title=Urum basic grammatical structures. Ms. |publisher=University of Bremen |url=http://urum.lili.uni-bielefeld.de/download/docs/uum-sentence.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426091804/http://urum.lili.uni-bielefeld.de/download/docs/uum-sentence.pdf |archive-date=2012-04-26 }}</ref> and a text corpus.<ref>{{cite web |author=Skopeteas |author2=Moisidi |year=2010 |title=Urum text collection. Ms. |publisher=University of Bielefeld |format=PDF |url=http://projects.turkmas.uoa.gr/urum/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919233848/http://projects.turkmas.uoa.gr/urum/ |archive-date=2018-09-19 }}</ref> The website of the project contains issues about language and history.<ref>{{cite web |title=Urum documentation project |url=http://projects.turkmas.uoa.gr/urum/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426091722/http://urum.lili.uni-bielefeld.de/ |archive-date=2012-04-26 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://doreco.huma-num.fr/languages/urum1249 Urum DoReCo corpus] compiled by Stavros Skopeteas, Violeta Moisidi, Nutsa Tsetereli, Johanna Lorenz and Stefanie Schröter. Audio recordings of narrative texts with transcriptions time-aligned at the phone level, translations, and time-aligned morphological annotations.

{{Languages of Georgia (country)}}
{{Turkic languages}}
{{Languages of Ukraine}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Urum Language}}
[[Category:Agglutinative languages]]
[[Category:Kipchak languages]]
[[Category:Pontic Greeks]]
[[Category:Languages of Ukraine]]
[[Category:Pontic Greek culture]]
[[Category:Turkic languages]]