Editing Utility knife

{{Short description|Knife used for general or utility purposes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
[[File:Outdoor knife.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Finnish outdoor utility knife, [[puukko]]]]
[[File:Aaknife2.jpg|thumb|right|Retractable blade knife with replaceable utility blade]]

A '''utility knife''' is any type of [[knife]] used for general [[manual work]] purposes.<ref name="PET">Peterson, Harold L., ''Daggers and Fighting Knives of the Western World'', London: Herbert Jenkins Ltd., {{ISBN|0-486-41743-3}}, p. 1</ref>  Such knives were originally fixed-blade knives with durable cutting edges suitable for rough work such as cutting [[rigging|cordage]], cutting/scraping [[hide (skin)|hide]]s, [[butchering]] animals, cleaning [[fish scale]]s, reshaping timber, and other tasks. '''Craft knives''' are small utility knives used as precision-oriented tools for finer, more delicate tasks such as [[carving]] and [[papercutting]].

Today, the term "utility knife" also includes small [[folding knife|folding-]], [[retractable knife|retractable-]] and/or replaceable-[[blade]] knives suited for use in the general workplace or in the [[construction industry]]. The latter type is sometimes generically called a '''Stanley knife''', after a prominent brand designed by the American tool manufacturing company [[Stanley Black & Decker]].

There is also a [[Kitchen knife#Utility|utility knife for kitchen use]], which is sized between a [[chef's knife]] and [[paring knife]].

==History==
The fixed-blade utility knife was developed some 500,000 years ago, when human ancestors began to make stone knives.<ref name="PET"/>  These knives were general-purpose tools, designed for cutting and shaping wooden implements, scraping hides, preparing food, and for other utilitarian purposes.<ref name="PET"/>

By the 19th century the fixed-blade utility knife had evolved into a steel-bladed outdoors field knife capable of butchering game, cutting wood, and preparing campfires and meals. With the invention of the backspring, pocket-size utility knives were introduced{{when|date=July 2012}} with folding blades and other folding tools designed to increase the utility of the overall design. The folding pocketknife and utility tool is typified by the ''Camper'' or ''Boy Scout'' pocketknife, the [[Swiss Army Knife]], and by [[multi-tool]]s fitted with knife blades.  The development of stronger locking blade mechanisms for folding knives&mdash;as with the Spanish [[navaja]], the [[Opinel]], and the [[Buck Knives|Buck 110 Folding Hunter]]{{citation needed|date=July 2012}}&mdash;significantly increased the utility of such knives when employed for heavy-duty tasks such as preparing game or cutting through dense or tough materials.

== Contemporary utility knives ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=July 2012}}
[[File:Stanley knife 1.jpg|thumb|right|A Stanley 99E utility knife, fully retracted]]

The fixed or folding blade utility knife is popular for both indoor and outdoor use.  One of the most popular types of workplace utility knife is the retractable or folding utility knife (also known as a ''Stanley knife'', ''box cutter'', or by various other names).  These types of utility knives are designed as multi-purpose cutting [[tool]]s for use in a variety of trades and crafts. Designed to be lightweight and easy to carry and use, utility knives are commonly used in [[factory|factories]], warehouses, construction projects, and other situations where a tool is routinely needed to mark cut lines, trim plastic or wood materials, or to cut tape, cord, strapping, cardboard, or other packaging material.

==Names==
In [[British English|British]], [[Australian English|Australian]] and [[New Zealand English]], along with [[Dutch language|Dutch]], [[Danish language|Danish]] and [[Austrian German]], a utility knife is often referred to as a ''Stanley knife''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Stanley knife| url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/246899?rskey=n8ldno&result=1&isAdvanced=false#|work=Oxford English Dictionary|access-date=21 March 2011|quote=A knife made by the Stanley Works; esp. a small utility knife with a very fine and sharp replaceable blade, typically used in do-it-yourself and craft work.}}</ref> This name is a [[generic trademark]] named after [[Stanley Works]], a manufacturer of such knives.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.genericides.org/trademark/stanley-knife |title= Has stanley knife become a generic trademark?  |access-date= February 18, 2021 |website= genericides.org }}</ref>   In Israel and Switzerland, these knives are known as ''Japanese knives''. In Brazil they are known as ''estiletes'' or ''cortadores [[Olfa]]'' (the latter, being another genericised trademark<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.genericides.org/trademark/olfa |title= Has olfa become a generic trademark?  |access-date= February 18, 2021 |website= genericides.org }}</ref>). In Portugal, Panama and Canada they are also known as ''[[X-Acto]]'' (yet another [[genericised trademark]]<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.genericides.org/trademark/x-acto |title= Has x-acto become a generic trademark?  |access-date= February 18, 2021 |website= genericides.org }}</ref> ). In India, Russia, the Philippines, France, Iraq, Italy, Egypt, and Germany,<ref>{{cite web | title=Cutter ▶ Rechtschreibung, Bedeutung, Definition, Herkunft | website=Duden | date=2018-04-26 | url=https://www.duden.de/rechtschreibung/Cutter | language=de }}</ref> they are simply called ''cutter''.{{citation needed|date=July 2012}} In the Flemish region of Belgium it is called ''cuttermes(je)'' (cutter knife).<ref>{{cite web|title=Het Vlaams Woordenboek: cuttermes|url=http://www.vlaamswoordenboek.be/definities/term/cuttermes}}</ref> In general Spanish, they are known as ''cortaplumas'' (penknife, when it comes to folding blades);{{citation needed|date=July 2012}} in Spain, Mexico, and Costa Rica, they are colloquially known as ''cutters''; in Argentina and Uruguay the segmented fixed-blade knives are known as "Trinchetas".{{citation needed|date=July 2012}} In Turkey, they are known as ''maket bıçağı'' (which literally translates as ''model knife'').<ref>{{cite web|title=maket bıçağı| url=http://www.tdk.gov.tr/index.php?option=com_gts&arama=gts&kelime=maket%20b%C4%B1%C3%A7a%C4%9F%C4%B1|work=Türk Dil Kurumu Güncel Türkçe Sözlük|access-date=24 November 2015|quote=Genellikle maket yapımında kullanılan ince ve keskin bıçak.}}</ref>

Other names for the tool are ''box cutter'' or ''boxcutter'', ''blade knife'', ''carpet knife'', ''pen knife'', ''stationery knife'', ''sheetrock knife'', or ''drywall knife''.

==Design==
Utility knives may use fixed, folding, or retractable or replaceable blades, and come in a wide variety of lengths and styles suited to the particular set of tasks they are designed to perform.  Thus, an outdoors utility knife suited for camping or hunting might use a broad {{convert|75|to(-)|130|mm|in|sigfig=1}} fixed blade, while a utility knife designed for the construction industry might feature a replaceable utility blade for cutting packaging, cutting shingles, marking cut lines, or scraping paint.

===Fixed blade utility knife===
{{for|the kitchen knife|Kitchen knife#Utility}}
[[File:X-Acto-knife.jpg|thumb|right|Fixed-blade [[X-Acto]] knife for handicrafts and model making]]

Large fixed-blade utility knives are most often employed in an outdoors context, such as fishing, camping, or hunting.  Outdoor utility knives typically feature sturdy blades from {{convert|100|to(-)|150|mm|in|sigfig=1}} in length, with edge geometry designed to resist chipping and breakage.

The term "utility knife" may also refer to small fixed-blade knives used for crafts, model-making and other artisanal projects.  These small knives feature light-duty blades best suited for cutting thin, lightweight materials.  The small, thin blade and specialized handle permit cuts requiring a high degree of precision and control.

===Retractable utility knife===
{{unreferenced section|date=July 2012}}
Construction utility knives, typically made from [[die casting|die-cast metal]] or robust [[molding (process)|molded plastic]], have retractable and replaceable blades. The user of the knife can adjust the distance that the blade extends from the handle. For example, cutting the tape that seals a package without damaging the contents requires the blade to be extended slightly, while cutting the cardboard box requires the blade to be extended further forward.

A utility blade that has become dull can be reversed or replaced with a new one. Spare or used utility blades can be stored in the handle of some utility knife models and can be accessed by removing a bolt and opening the handle. There are also models of utility knives equipped with a quick-change feature that allows blades to be replaced without additional tools. Retractable utility knives are commonly used in construction, crafting, utility and warehouse work.

==== Utility knife blades ====
It is the material to be cut that determines which type of utility blade is required to be installed in the utility knife. In standard knives can be installed different forms of blades, varying and expanding the functionality of the knife. So the standard and universal option for craft and construction work is considered a trapezoidal blade, which is suitable for [[drywall]], [[cardboard]], cutting [[Flooring|flooring covering]] materials, and more. There are also specialized blades for cutting [[Bituminous waterproofing|roofing felt]], [[linoleum]], [[Fitted carpet|carpeting]], [[foam]], [[Building insulation material|insulation]] and other building materials.

Standard blade types include:

* [[Trapezoid]]al blade: the sturdy blade is sharpened on both sides and has 2 pointed and sharp tips, so it can be turned over and reused. The most common replacement blade, suitable for universal use.
* [[Hook]] blade: a trapezoid-shaped blade that has hooks instead of pointed tips. Hook utility blades are suitable for cutting with a pulling motion such materials as roofing felt, linoleum, carpeting.
* Concave blade: similar to a hook blade, but has a more elongated hook on only one side. Suitable for cutting out details and forming shapes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-04 |title=[GUIDE] 8 Types of Utility Blades |url=https://www.sollex.com/blog/post/8-types-of-utility-blades-guide |access-date=2025-02-25 |website=Sollex |language=en}}</ref>

==== Snap-off utility knife ====
Another type of utility knife is a snap-off utility knife that contains a long, segmented blade that slides out from it. As the endmost edge becomes dull, it can be broken off the remaining blade, exposing the next section, which is sharp and ready for use. The snapping is best accomplished with a blade snapper that is often built-in, or a pair of pliers, and the break occurs at the score lines, where the metal is thinnest. When all of the individual segments are used, the knife may be thrown away, or, more often, refilled with a replacement blade. 

This design was introduced by Japanese manufacturer [[OLFA]] in 1956 as the world's first snap-off blade and was inspired from analyzing the sharp cutting edge produced when glass is broken and how pieces of a chocolate bar break into segments. The sharp cutting edge on these knives is not on the edge where the blade is snapped off; rather one long edge of the whole blade is sharpened, and there are scored diagonal breakoff lines at intervals down the blade. Thus each snapped-off piece is roughly a parallelogram, with each long edge being a breaking edge, and one or both of the short ends being a sharpened edge.

==== Box cutter knife ====
{{Redirect2|Box cutter|Boxcutter}}
Another utility knife often used for cutting open [[Cardboard box|boxes]] consists of a simple sleeve around a rectangular handle into which single-edge utility blades can be inserted.  The sleeve slides up and down on the handle, holding the blade in place during use and covering the blade when not in use.  The blade holder may either retract or fold into the handle, much like a folding-blade pocketknife.  The blade holder is designed to expose just enough edge to cut through one layer of [[corrugated fibreboard]], to minimize chances of damaging contents of cardboard boxes.

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
File:Safety cutter and simple box cutter blades extended.jpg|A modern safety cutter at top, with blunted tip blade and cutting guide/tape hook. At bottom, an older style simple plastic box cutter using standard straight edged blades.
File:Cutter olfa.jpg|[[OLFA]] segmented blade or "snap-off blade" utility knife
File:BoxCutter.jpg|Inexpensive stamped steel and aluminum box cutter with disposable blade
</gallery>

== Use as weapon ==

{{see also|Airport security repercussions due to the September 11 attacks}}

Most utility knives are not well suited to use as offensive weapons, with the exception of some outdoor-type utility knives employing longer blades.  However, even small blade type utility knives may sometimes find use as slashing weapons, particularly when used [[crime of opportunity|opportunistically]] due to their [[crime pattern theory|ubiquity]]. The [[9/11 Commission]] report stated passengers in cell phone calls reported knives or "box-cutters" were used as weapons (also Mace or a bomb) in hijacking airplanes in the [[September 11 attacks|September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks]] against the United States, though the exact design of the knives used is unknown.<ref>{{cite web
 | access-date  = 2016-09-19
 | title        = National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States
 | url          = http://9-11commission.gov/report
 | website      = 9-11commission.gov
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
 | archive-date = 2022-10-09
 | archive-url  = https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/govinfo.library.unt.edu/911/report/911Report.pdf
 | title        = The 9/11 Commission report
 | url          = http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/911/report/911Report.pdf
 | url-status   = live
}}</ref> Two of the hijackers were known to have purchased [[Leatherman]] knives, which feature a {{convert|4|in|cm|adj=on}} [[slip joint|slip-joint blade]], which were not prohibited on U.S. flights at the time. Those knives were not found in the possessions the two hijackers left behind.<ref>{{cite web
 | access-date  = 30 May 2016
 | date         = January 27, 2004
 | first        = Mike M.
 | last         = Ahlers
 | title        = 9/11 panel: Hijackers may have had utility knives
 | url          = http://cnn.com/2004/US/01/27
 | work         = [[CNN]]
}}</ref> Similar cutters, including [[paper cutters]], have also been known to be used as a lethal weapon.<ref>{{cite news
 | access-date  = 1 December 2015
 | first1       = Elena
 | last1        = Chong
 | newspaper    = Straits Times
 | title        = Death in Yishun flat: Woman remanded for psychiatric assessment
 | url          = http://straitstimes.com/singapore/courts-crime/death-in-yishun-flat-woman-remanded-for-psychiatric-assessment
}}</ref>

Small work-type utility knives have also been used to commit robbery and other crimes. In June 2004, a Japanese student [[Sasebo slashing|was slashed to death]] with a segmented-type utility knife.

In the United Kingdom, the law was changed (effective 1 October 2007)<ref>{{cite web
 | access-date  = 7 February 2019
 | quote        = Word in s. 141A(1) substituted (E.W.) (1.10.2007) by Violent Crime Reduction Act 2006 (c. 38), ss. 43(2), 66(2); S.I. 2007/2180, art. 3(j)
 | title        = Criminal Justice Act 1988 (1988 c. 33) Part XI, Articles with blades or..., Section 141A
 | url          = http://legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1988/33/section/141A#commentary-c19075121
 | website      = legislation.gov.uk
}}</ref> to raise the age limit for purchasing knives, including utility knives, from 16 to 18, and to make it illegal to carry a utility knife in public without a good reason.<ref>{{cite web
 | url          = https://www.gov.uk/find-out-if-i-can-buy-or-carry-a-knife
 | title        = Selling, buying and carrying knives
 | website      = gov.uk
}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Automatic box-opening technology]]
* [[Everyday carry]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline|Utility knives}}

{{Knives}}
{{Cutting and abrasive tools}}

[[Category:Knives]]
[[Category:Office equipment]]
[[Category:Woodworking hand tools]]