Editing V

{{short description|22nd letter of the Latin alphabet}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{About|the letter of the Latin alphabet|the lowercase letter of the Greek alphabet <!-- lowercase form is v -->|Nu (letter)|other uses}}
{{pp-semi-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{pp-move|small=yes}}
{{Infobox grapheme
|name=V
|letter=V v
|script=[[Latin script]]
|type=[[Alphabet]]
|typedesc=ic and [[logographic]]
|language=[[Latin language]]
|phonemes=[{{IPAlink|v}}]<br>[{{IPAlink|w}}]<br>[{{IPAlink|β̞}}]<br>[{{IPAlink|f}}]<br>[{{IPAlink|b}}]<br>[{{IPAlink|u}}]<br>[{{IPAlink|ə}}]<br>[[Nasalization|[ə̃]]]<br>[{{IPAlink|y}}]<br>[{{IPAlink|ʋ}}]<br>[{{IPAlink|ɯ}}]<br>[{{IPAlink|ɤ}}]
|unicode=U+0056, U+0076
|alphanumber=22
|number=
|fam1=<hiero>G43</hiero><hiero>T3</hiero>
|fam2=[[Image:Proto-semiticW-01.svg|class=skin-invert-image|20px|Waw]]
|fam3=[[File:PhoenicianW-01.svg|class=skin-invert-image|20px]]
|fam4=[[Image:Phoenician waw.svg|class=skin-invert-image|20px|Waw]]
|fam5=[[Image:Early Aramaic character - vav.svg|class=skin-invert-image|20px|Waw]]
|fam6=[[Upsilon|Υ υ]]
|fam7=[[𐌖]]
|fam8=[[U]]
|usageperiod= {{circa}} 700 BCE to present
|children={{bull}}[[U]]<br>{{bull}}[[W]]<br>{{bull}}[[Logical disjunction|∨]]<br>{{bull}}[[℣]]<br>{{bull}}[[Ꮴ]]<br>{{bull}}[[Ꮙ]]<br>{{bull}}[[Ꮩ]]
|sisters=[[F]]<br>[[Ѵ]]<br>[[У]]<br>[[Ў]]<br>[[Ұ]]<br>[[Ү]]<br>[[Ꝩ]]<br>[[Waw (letter)|ו<br>و<br>ܘ]]<br>[[וּ]]<br>[[וֹ]]<br>[[ࠅ]]<br>[[𐎆]]<br>[[𐡅]]<br>[[ወ]]<br>[[વ]]<br>[[ૂ]] [[ુ]]<br>[[उ]]
|equivalents=[[Y]], [[U]], [[W]]
|associates=[[List of Latin-script digraphs#V|v(x)]]
|direction=Left-to-right
|Sample pronunciation alphabet=/t͡h/
/ð/
/v/
/vh/|image=Latin_letter_V.svg
|imageclass=skin-invert-image
}}
{{Latin letter info|v}}

'''V''', or '''v''', is the twenty-second [[Letter (alphabet)|letter]] of the [[Latin alphabet]], used in the [[English alphabet|modern English alphabet]], the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is [[English alphabet#Letter names|''vee'']] (pronounced {{IPAc-en|'|v|iː|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-V.wav}}), plural ''vees''.<ref>"V", ''Oxford English Dictionary,'' 2nd edition (1989); ''Merriam-Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged'' (1993); "vee", ''op. cit''.</ref>

==Name==
*{{langx|ca|ve}} ({{IPA|ca|ˈve|pron}}); in dialects that lack contrast between {{IPA|/v/}} and {{IPA|/b/}}, the letter is called {{lang|ca|ve baixa}} {{IPA|ca|ˈbe ˈbajʃə|}}, "low B/V".
*{{langx|cs|vé}} {{IPA|cs|'vɛː|}}
*{{langx|fr|vé}} {{IPA|fr|'ve|}}
*{{langx|de|Vau}} {{IPA|de|ˈfaʊ|}}
*{{langx|it|vi}} {{IPA|it|ˈvi|}} or {{lang|it|vu}} {{IPA|it|ˈvu|}}
*[[Japanese language|Japanese]]: {{vr|v}} is called a variety of names originating in English, most commonly {{lang|ja|ブイ}} {{IPA|ja|bɯi|}} or {{IPA|ja|bui|}}, but less nativized variants, violating to an extent the [[phonotactics]] of Japanese, of {{lang|ja|ヴィ}}ー {{IPA|ja|viː|}}, {{lang|ja|ヴイ}} {{IPA|ja|vɯi|}} or {{IPA|ja|vui|}}, and {{lang|ja|ヴィ}} {{IPA|ja|vi|}} are also used. The phoneme {{IPA|/v/}} in Japanese is used properly only in loanwords, where the preference for either {{IPA|/v/}} or {{IPA|/b/}} depends on many factors; in general, words that are perceived to be in common use tend toward {{IPA|/b/}}.
*{{langx|pl|fał}} {{IPA|pl|'faw|}}
*{{langx|pt|vê}} {{IPA|pt|ˈve|}}
*{{langx|es|uve}} {{IPA|es|ˈuβe|}} is recommended, but {{lang|es|ve}} {{IPA|es|ˈbe|}} is traditional. If {{vr|v}} is referred to as the latter, it would have the same pronunciation as the letter {{vr|b}} in Spanish (i.e. {{IPA|es|ˈbe|}} after pause or nasal sound, otherwise {{IPA|es|ˈβe|}});<ref>{{cite book |title=La tribuna del idioma |last=Díez Losada |first=Fernando |year=2004 |publisher=Editorial Tecnologica de CR |language=es |isbn= 978-9977-66-161-2 |page=176 }}</ref> thus further terms are needed to distinguish {{lang|es|ve}} from {{lang|es|be}}. In some countries it is called {{lang|es|ve corta}}, {{lang|es|ve baja}}, {{lang|es|ve pequeña}}, {{lang|es|ve chica}} or {{lang|es|ve [[labiodental]]}}.

==History==<!--linked-->
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|- 
! Proto-Sinaitic
! Phoenician<br />[[Waw (letter)|Waw]]
! Western Greek<br />[[Upsilon]]
! Latin<br />V
|-
| [[File:Proto-semiticW-01.png|class=skin-invert-image|40px]]
| [[File:PhoenicianW-01.svg|class=skin-invert-image|frameless|40x40px]]
| [[File:Greek_Upsilon_normal.svg|class=skin-invert-image|40px]]
| [[File:Capitalis monumentalis V.SVG|class=skin-invert-image|x30px]]
|}

The letter {{vr|v}} ultimately comes from the [[Phoenician alphabet#Waw|Phoenician]] letter ''[[Waw (letter)|waw]]'' by way of {{vr|[[u]]}}.

During the [[Late Middle Ages]], two [[wikt:Special:Search/minuscule|minuscule]] glyphs of U developed which were both used for sounds including {{IPA|/u/}} and modern {{IPA|/v/}}. The pointed form {{vr|v}} was written at the beginning of a word, while a rounded form {{vr|u}} was used in the middle or end, regardless of sound. So whereas ''valour'' and ''excuse'' appeared as in modern printing, ''have'' and ''upon'' were printed as "haue" and "vpon". The first distinction between the letters {{vr|v}} and {{vr|u}} is recorded in a [[Blackletter|Gothic script]] from 1386, where {{vr|v}} preceded {{vr|u}}. By the mid-16th century, the {{vr|v}} form was used to represent the consonant and {{vr|u}} the vowel sound, giving us the modern letter {{vr|v}}. {{vr|u}} and {{vr|v}} were not accepted as distinct letters until many years later.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pflughaupt |first1=Laurent |others=trans. Gregory Bruhn |title=Letter by Letter: An Alphabetical Miscellany |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=63Qnbt2CMiMC&pg=PA124 |access-date=2009-06-21 |year=2008 |publisher=[[Princeton Architectural Press]] |isbn=978-1-56898-737-8 |pages=123–124 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510104124/http://books.google.com/books?id=63Qnbt2CMiMC&pg=PA124 |archive-date=2013-05-10 |url-status=live }}</ref> The rounded variant became the modern-day version of {{vr|u}}, and the letter's former pointed form became {{vr|v}}.

==Use in writing systems==
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+ Pronunciation of {{angbr|v}} by language
! Orthography
! Phonemes
|-
! [[Catalan orthography|Catalan]]
| {{IPAslink|v}} or {{IPAslink|b}}
|-
! [[Cherokee language|Cherokee]] romanization
| {{IPAslink|ə̃}}
|-
! {{nwr|[[Standard Chinese]]}} (substitute for {{vr|ü}} in [[Pinyin]])
| {{IPAslink|y}}
|-
! [[Choctaw language|Choctaw]] (substitute for {{angbr|ʋ}})
| {{IPAslink|ə}}
|-
! [[Dutch orthography|Dutch]]
| {{IPAslink|v}} or {{IPAslink|f}}
|-
! [[English orthography|English]]
| {{IPAslink|v}}
|-
! [[Esperanto orthography|Esperanto]]
| {{IPAslink|v}}
|-
! [[French orthography|French]]
| {{IPAslink|v}}
|-
! [[Galician alphabet|Galician]]
| {{IPAslink|b}}
|-
! [[German orthography|German]]
| {{IPAslink|f}}, {{IPAslink|v}}
|-
! [[Indonesian orthography|Indonesian]]
|{{IPAslink|f}}
|-
! [[Italian orthography|Italian]]
|{{IPAslink|v}}
|-
! [[Irish orthography|Irish]]
| {{IPAslink|w}}, {{IPAslink|vʲ}}
|-
! [[Malay orthography|Malay]]
| {{IPAslink|v}}
|-
! [[Muscogee language|Muscogee]]
| {{IPAslink|ə}} ~ {{IPAslink|a}}
|-
! [[Old Norse orthography|Old Norse]]
| {{IPAslink|w}}
|-
! [[Portuguese orthography|Portuguese]]
| {{IPAslink|v}} or {{IPAslink|b}}
|-
! [[Spanish orthography|Spanish]]
| {{IPAslink|b}}
|-
! [[Turkish alphabet|Turkish]]
| {{IPAslink|v}}
|}
===English===
In English, {{vr|v}} represents a [[voiced labiodental fricative]].

Special rules of orthography normally apply to the letter {{vr|v}}:
* Traditionally, {{vr|v}} is not doubled to indicate a [[short vowel]], the way, for example, {{vr|p}} is doubled to indicate the difference between ''super'' and ''supper''. However, that is changing with newly coined words, such as {{wikt-lang|en|savvy}}, ''divvy up'' and ''skivvies''.
* A word-final {{IPAc-en|v|}} sound (except in ''of'') is normally spelled -{{vr|ve}}, regardless of the pronunciation of the vowel before it. This rule does not apply to transliterations of Slavic and Hebrew words, such as ''[[Kyiv]]'' (''Kiev''), or to words that started out as abbreviations, such as ''sov'' for ''sovereign''.
* The {{IPAc-en|V|}} sound is spelled {{vr|o}}, not {{vr|u}}, before the letter {{vr|v}}. This originated with a mediaeval scribal practice designed to increase legibility by avoiding too many vertical strokes ([[minim (palaeography)|minim]]s) in a row.

Like {{vr|[[j]]}}, {{vr|[[k]]}}, {{vr|[[w]]}}, {{vr|[[x]]}} and {{vr|[[z]]}}, {{vr|v}} is not used very frequently in English. It is the [[Letter frequency|sixth least frequently used letter]] in the English language, occurring in roughly 1% of words. {{vr|v}} is the only letter that cannot be used to form an English two-letter word in the British<ref>Collins Scrabble Dictionary Revised 6th edition (2022) Harper Collins {{ISBN|978 00085 2391 6}}</ref> and Australian<ref>{{cite web|title=2-Letter Words with Definitions|url=http://www.scrabble.org.au/words/twos.htm|publisher=Australian Scrabble Players Association (ASPA)|access-date=20 February 2013|date=8 May 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130305065759/http://www.scrabble.org.au/words/twos.htm|archive-date=5 March 2013|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> versions of the game of [[Scrabble]]. It is one of only two letters (the other being {{vr|c}}) that cannot be used this way in the American version.<ref>{{cite web|author=Hasbro staff |year=2014 |url=http://www.hasbro.com/scrabble/en_US/2LetterList.cfm |title=Scrabble word lists:2-Letter Words |publisher=Hasbro |access-date=11 March 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407014234/http://www.hasbro.com/scrabble/en_US/2LetterList.cfm |archive-date=2014-04-07 }}</ref><ref>[[Official Scrabble Players Dictionary]], 6th Edition (2018) Merriam Webster {{ISBN|978 08777 9422 6}}</ref> {{vr|v}} is also the only letter in the English language that is never silent.<ref>{{cite news|title=Every Letter Is Silent, Sometimes|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/words-at-play/mums-the-letter-when-letters-dont-say-a-thing/v|access-date=5 March 2023|archive-date=5 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305065324/https://www.merriam-webster.com/words-at-play/mums-the-letter-when-letters-dont-say-a-thing/v|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Romance languages===
The letter represents {{IPAslink|v}} in several [[Romance languages]], but in others it represents the same sound as {{vr|b}}, i.e. {{IPAslink|b}}, due to a process known as [[betacism]]. Betacism occurs in most dialects of [[Spanish language|Spanish]], in some dialects of [[Catalan language|Catalan]] and [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], as well as in [[Aragonese language|Aragonese]], [[Asturleonese language|Asturleonese]] and [[Galician language|Galician]].

In Spanish, the phoneme has two main [[allophones]]; in most environments, it is pronounced {{IPA|{{IPAblink|β̞}}|lang=es}}, but after a pause or a [[Nasal consonant|nasal]] it is typically {{IPAblink|b|lang=es}}. See [[Spanish phonology#Consonants|Allophones of /b d g/ in Spanish phonology]] for a more thorough discussion.

In [[Corsican language|Corsican]], {{vr|v}} represents {{IPAblink|b}}, {{IPAblink|v}}, {{IPAblink|β}} or {{IPAblink|w}}, depending on the position in the word and the sentence.

===Other languages===
[[File:Newes ABC Buchlein MET DP855605.jpg|thumb|180px|Late [[Renaissance]] or early [[Baroque]] design of {{vr|v}}, from 1627]]
In most languages that use the Latin alphabet, {{vr|v}} represents a [[voiced]] [[bilabial]] or [[labiodental]] sound.

In contemporary [[German language|German]], it represents {{IPAslink|v}} in most loanwords, while in native German words, it always represents {{IPAslink|f}}.

In standard [[Dutch language|Dutch]], it traditionally represents {{IPAslink|v}}, but in many regions, it represents {{IPAslink|f}} in some or all positions.

In the Latinization of the [[Cherokee syllabary]], {{vr|v}} represents a nasalized schwa, {{IPAslink|ə̃}}.

In [[Chinese language|Chinese]] [[pinyin]], while {{IPA|v}} is not used, the letter {{vr|v}} is used by most input methods to enter the letter {{vr|ü}}, which most keyboards lack ([[Romanization of Chinese|romanized-input Chinese]] is a popular method to enter Chinese text). Informal [[romanization of Chinese|romanizations]] of [[Standard Mandarin|Mandarin]] [[Chinese language|Chinese]] use {{vr|v}} as a substitute for the [[close front rounded vowel]] [[Help:IPA/Mandarin|/y/]], properly written {{vr|ü}} in both pinyin and [[Wade–Giles]].

===Other systems===
In the [[help:IPA|International Phonetic Alphabet]], {{angbr IPA|v}} represents the [[voiced labiodental fricative]].

==Other uses==
{{main article|V (disambiguation)}}
* V is used to represent the [[Roman numerals|Roman numeral]] 5.
* V is the symbol for [[vanadium]]. It is number 23 on the periodic table. [[Emerald]] derives its green coloring from either [[vanadium]] or [[chromium]].
* ''v'', ''v.'', and ''vs'' can also be used as an abbreviation for the word [[wikt:versus|versus]] when between two or more competing items (e.g. [[Brown v. Board of Education]]).

==Related characters==
<!-- Please only list characters (symbols in a writing system, but not just convenience code points in Unicode) that are actually related in terms of origin to the letter that is the topic of this article. Characters that merely look subjectively similar need not apply. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability and https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources before adding more. -->

===Descendants and related letters in the Latin alphabet===
*U u : Latin letter {{vr|[[u]]}}, originally the same letter as {{vr|v}}
*W w : Latin letter {{vr|[[w]]}}, descended from {{vr|u}}
*Ỽ ỽ : [[Ỽ|Middle Welsh {{vr|v}}]]
*{{vr|v}} with [[diacritic]]s: [[tilde|Ṽ ṽ]] [[Dot (diacritic)|Ṿ ṿ]] [[Ʋ|Ʋ ʋ]] [[ᶌ]]<ref name="L204132">{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2004/04132-n2740-phonetic.pdf|title=L2/04-132 Proposal to add additional phonetic characters to the UCS|date=2004-04-19|first=Peter|last=Constable|access-date=2018-03-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011014355/http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2004/04132-n2740-phonetic.pdf|archive-date=2017-10-11|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]-specific symbols related to {{vr|v}}: {{IPA link|ⱱ}} {{IPA link|ʋ}} <!-- There are a couple more linked on [[Help:IPA]] but they seem to come from Gamma to me, not listing them without sources -->
*{{not a typo|ᶹ}} : Modifier letter small {{vr|v}} with hook is used in phonetic transcription<ref name="L204132"/>
*{{not a typo|𐞰}} : Modifier letter small {{vr|v}} with right hook is a [[International Phonetic Alphabet#Superscript IPA|superscript IPA letter]]<ref name="L220252">{{Cite web|title=L2/20-252R: Unicode request for IPA modifier-letters (a), pulmonic|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2020/20252r-mod-ipa-a.pdf|date=2020-11-08|first1=Kirk|last1=Miller|first2=Michael|last2=Ashby|access-date=2022-10-13|archive-date=2021-07-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730010133/https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2020/20252r-mod-ipa-a.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
*Ʌ ʌ ᶺ: [[Turned v|Turned {{vr|v}}]]
*ⱴ : [[V with curl|{{vr|v}} with curl]]
*[[Uralic Phonetic Alphabet]]-specific symbols related to {{vr|v}}:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2002/02141-n2419-uralic-phonetic.pdf|title=L2/02-141: Uralic Phonetic Alphabet characters for the UCS|date=2002-03-20|first1=Michael|last1=Everson|author-link1=Michael Everson|display-authors=etal|access-date=2018-03-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180219081033/http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2002/02141-n2419-uralic-phonetic.pdf|archive-date=2018-02-19|url-status=live}}</ref>
**{{Unichar|1D20|LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL V}}
**{{Unichar|1D5B|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL V}}
**{{Unichar|1D65|LATIN SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER V}}
**{{Unichar|2C7D|MODIFIER LETTER CAPITAL V}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2006/06215-n3070.pdf|title=L2/06-215: Proposal for Encoding 3 Additional Characters of the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet|date=2006-04-07|first1=Klaas|last1=Ruppel|first2=Jack|last2=Rueter|first3=Erkki I.|last3=Kolehmainen|access-date=2018-03-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706090340/http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2006/06215-n3070.pdf|archive-date=2017-07-06|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Corinthian Vase depicting Perseus, Andromeda and Ketos.jpg|thumb|upright=1.10|[[Ancient Corinth]]ian vase depicting [[Perseus]], [[Andromeda (mythology)|Andromeda]] and [[Ketos]]. The inscriptions denoting the depicted persons are written in an archaic form of the [[Greek alphabet]]. ''Perseus'' (classical ΠΕΡΣΕΥΣ) is inscribed as {{vr|ϺVBϺΡBΠ}} (from right to left), using {{vr|V}} to represent the vowel {{IPA|[u]}}. [[San (letter)|San]] ({{vr|Ϻ}}) is used instead of [[Sigma]] ({{vr|Σ}}).]]

===Ancestors and siblings in other alphabets===
*𐤅: [[Phoenician alphabet|Semitic]] letter [[Waw (letter)|Waw]], from which the following symbols originally derive:
**Υ υ : [[Greek alphabet|Greek]] letter [[Upsilon]], from which {{vr|v}} derives
***Y y : Latin letter {{vr|[[y]]}}, which, like {{vr|v}}, also derives from Upsilon (but was taken into the alphabet at a later date)
***Ѵ ѵ : Cyrillic letter [[izhitsa]], also descended from Upsilon
***У у : [[Cyrillic]] letter {{vr|[[U (Cyrillic)|u]]}}, also descended from Upsilon via the digraph of omicron and upsilon
**** Ү ү : [[Cyrillic]] letter {{vr|[[Ue (Cyrillic)|Ү]]}}, descended from {{vr|У}} and izhitsa, is used in the scripts for languages in the former [[Soviet Union]] and currently the [[Russia|Russian Federation]], as well as in [[Mongolian Cyrillic alphabet|Mongolian]]. Most commonly, it represents {{IPA|/y/}} or {{IPA|/ʏ/}}.

===Ligatures and abbreviations===
*℣ : [[Versicle]] sign<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.romanliturgy.org/?p=144|title=Roman Liturgy Fonts containing the response and versicle characters – Roman Liturgy|newspaper=Roman Liturgy|date=7 September 2011|access-date=2016-06-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160723025939/http://www.romanliturgy.org/?p=144|archive-date=2016-07-23|url-status=live}}</ref>
*Ꝟ ꝟ : Forms of {{vr|v}} were used for medieval [[scribal abbreviation]]s<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2006/06027-n3027-medieval.pdf|title=L2/06-027: Proposal to add Medievalist characters to the UCS|date=2006-01-30|first1=Michael|last1=Everson|first2=Peter|last2=Baker|first3=António|last3=Emiliano|first4=Florian|last4=Grammel|first5=Odd Einar|last5=Haugen|first6=Diana|last6=Luft|first7=Susana|last7=Pedro|first8=Gerd|last8=Schumacher|first9=Andreas|last9=Stötzner|access-date=2018-03-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919051622/https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2006/06027-n3027-medieval.pdf|archive-date=2018-09-19|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Other representations==
===Computing <span class="anchor" id="Computing codes"></span>===
{{charmap
| 0056 | 0076 | FF36 | FF56 | name1 = Latin Capital Letter V | name2 = Latin Small Letter V | name3 = FULLWIDTH LATIN CAPITAL LETTER V | name4 = FULLWIDTH LATIN SMALL LETTER V
| map1 = [[EBCDIC]] family | map1char1 = E5 | map1char2 = A5
| map2 = [[ASCII]]{{efn|Also for encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings.}} | map2char1 = 56 | map2char2 = 76
}}

===Other===
{{Letter other reps
|NATO=Victor
|Morse=···–
|Character=V
|Braille=⠧
|fingerspelling=V
}}
{{clear}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*{{Commons-inline|V}}
*{{Wiktionary-inline|V}}
*{{Wiktionary-inline|v}}

{{Latin alphabet|V|}}

[[Category:ISO basic Latin letters]]