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V/STOL
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{{distinguish|STOVL}} {{Short description|Aircraft takeoff and landing class}} {{Refimprove|date=September 2017}} [[File:BAe Harrier GR9 ZG502 landing arp.jpg|thumb|right|[[RAF]] Harrier GR9 arrives at [[RIAT]] 2008]] [[File:US Navy 080220-N-5180F-015 A Marine Corps MV-22 Osprey prepares to land aboard the amphibious assault ship USS Nassau (LHA 4).jpg|thumb|right|A U.S. Marine Corps [[Bell-Boeing V-22 Osprey|MV-22 Osprey]] prepares to land aboard a ship]] A '''vertical and/or short take-off and landing''' ('''V/STOL''') aircraft is an [[airplane]] able to [[takeoff and landing|take-off or land]] vertically or on short runways. [[VTOL|Vertical takeoff and landing]] (VTOL) aircraft are a subset of V/STOL craft that do not require runways at all. Generally, a V/STOL aircraft needs to be able to hover. Helicopters are not considered under the V/STOL classification as the classification is only used for aeroplanes, aircraft that achieve [[lift (force)]] in forward flight by planing the air, thereby achieving speed and [[fuel efficiency]] that is typically greater than the capability of helicopters. Most V/STOL aircraft types were experiments or outright failures from the 1950s to 1970s. V/STOL aircraft types that have been produced in large numbers include the [[F-35B Lightning II]], [[Harrier jump jet|Harrier]] and [[V-22 Osprey]]. A rolling takeoff, sometimes with a ramp ([[Aircraft ski-jump|ski-jump]]), reduces the amount of thrust required to lift an aircraft from the ground (compared with vertical takeoff), and hence increases the payload and range that can be achieved for a given thrust. For instance, the Harrier is incapable of taking off vertically with full weapons and fuel load. Hence V/STOL aircraft generally use a runway if it is available. I.e. short takeoff and vertical landing ([[STOVL]]) or conventional takeoff and landing ([[CTOL]]) operation is preferred to [[VTOL]] operation. V/STOL was developed to allow fast jets to be operated from clearings in forests, from very short runways, and from small [[aircraft carrier]]s that would previously only have been able to carry [[helicopter]]s. The main advantage of V/STOL aircraft is closer basing to the enemy, which reduces response time and tanker support requirements. In the case of the [[Falklands War]], it also permitted high-performance fighter air cover and ground attack without a large aircraft carrier equipped with [[aircraft catapult]]. ==Lists of V/STOL aircraft== This is a partial list; there have been many designs for V/STOL aircraft. ===Vectored thrust=== * [[Hawker P.1127|Hawker P.1127/Kestrel]]/[[Harrier jump jet|Harrier]]; four rotating nozzles for vectored thrust of fan and jet exhaust. ===Tilt-jet=== * [[Bell XF-109]] * [[Bell 65]] * [[EWR VJ 101]] ===Tilt-rotor=== * [[AgustaWestland AW609]] (originally Bell 609) * [[AgustaWestland Project Zero]] technology demonstrator * [[Bell XV-3]] * [[Bell XV-15]] * [[Bell-Boeing V-22 Osprey]] (scale up of XV-15) * [[Bell V-280 Valor]] ===Tilt-wing=== * [[Curtiss-Wright X-19]] β four rotating propellers, tilt-wing. * [[Canadair CL-84 Dynavert]], two [[turboprop]] tilt-wing * [[LTV XC-142]] four-engine tilt-wing cross-shafted [[turboprop]] * [[Bell X-22]] rotating ducted propellers. Small transport prototype. Slightly smaller than V-22 Osprey. * [[Hiller X-18]] ===Separate thrust and lift=== * [[Dornier Do 31]] Jet transport with podded vector nozzles and lift engines * [[Kamov Ka-22]] * [[Lockheed XV-4 Hummingbird]] * [[Dassault Balzac V]] (V stands for vertical and is a modified Mirage III) * [[Dassault Mirage IIIV]] the first VTOL capable of supersonic flight (Mach 2.03 during tests) * [[Fokker/Republic D-24 Alliance]] * Ryan [[XV-5 Vertifan|XV-5]]. Fans in wings driven by engine exhaust gas. * [[VFW VAK 191B]] Attack fighter similar to Harrier but supersonic dash speed, smaller wings and lift engines. Flown, but not operational. * [[Yakovlev Yak-38]] * [[Yakovlev Yak-141]] * [[Short SC.1]] ===Supersonic=== Although many aircraft have been proposed and built, with a few being tested, the F-35B is the first and only supersonic V/STOL aircraft to have reached operational service, having entered service in 2016.<ref>[http://www.cqpolitics.com/wmspage.cfm?docID=news-000003175295 "Report: F-35 Work Falls Behind Two More Years."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090727083410/http://www.cqpolitics.com/wmspage.cfm?docID=news-000003175295 |date=2009-07-27 }} ''CQ Politics'', 23 July 2009.</ref> * [[Bell D-188A]] Mach 2 swivelling engines, mockup stage * [[EWR VJ 101]] Mach 2 fighter, flown to Mach 1.04 but not operational * [[Dassault Mirage IIIV]] Delta wing Mach 2 fighter with lift engines, first VTOL capable of supersonic and Mach 2 flight (Mach 2.03 during tests), not operational * Hawker Siddeley HS 138 Strike fighter with lift fans, It was not completed * [[Hawker Siddeley P.1017]] Lift engines with thrust vectoring. It was not completed * [[Hawker Siddeley P.1154]] M1.7 Supersonic Harrier. It was not completed * Hawker Siddeley P.1184-16 Dash 18 * Hawker Siddeley P.1217 * [[Republic AP-100]] strike fighter concept * [[Convair Model 200]] Lift engines plus swivel tailpipe, not built * [[Rockwell XFV-12]] Built with complex "window blind" wings but could not lift its own weight * [[Yakovlev Yak-141]] Lift engines plus swivel tailpipe * [[Lockheed Martin X-35|Lockheed Martin X-35B]] / [[Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II|F-35B]] uses a vectored-thrust tailpipe (the [[Pratt & Whitney F135]]) plus a shaft-driven [[Rolls-Royce LiftSystem|lifting fan]]. It is the first aircraft capable of demonstrating transition from short take-off to supersonic flight to vertical landing on the same sortie.<ref name="ss-hover">Kjelgaard, Chris (Senior Editor). [http://www.space.com/businesstechnology/071221-how-f-35b-stovl-propulsion-system-works.html "From Supersonic to Hover: How the F-35 Flies."] ''space.com,'' 21 December 2007.</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== * [http://vertipedia.vtol.org/vstol/wheel.htm V/STOL Wheel of Misfortune] {{commonscat|V/STOL aircraft}} {{Types of take-off and landing}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:V STOL}} [[Category:Types of take-off and landing]]
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