Editing Vajiravudh

{{Short description|King of Siam from 1910 to 1925}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{distinguish|text=[[Mongkut]] (King Rama IV)}}
{{Infobox royalty
| title        = King Rama VI
| image        = Vajiravudh of Siam (cropped).jpg
| caption      = Formal portrait, {{circa}} 1920
| name         = {{ubl|Vajiravudh|{{langn|th|วชิราวุธ}}}}
| succession   = [[Monarchy of Thailand|King of Siam]]
| reign        = 23 October 1910 – {{nowrap|26 November 1925}}
| coronation   = {{ubl|11 November 1910 (1st)|28 November 1911 (2nd)}}
| cor-type     = [[Coronation of the Thai monarch|Coronation]]
| predecessor  = [[Chulalongkorn]] (Rama V)
| successor    = [[Prajadhipok]] (Rama VII)
| birth_date   = {{birth date|df=y|1881|1|1}}
| birth_place  = [[Bangkok]], [[Rattanakosin Kingdom (1782–1932)|Siam]]
| death_date   = {{death date and age|df=y|1925|11|26|1881|1|1}}
| death_place  = Bangkok, Siam
| spouse       = {{ubl|[[Sucharit Suda|Prueang Sucharitakul]]|[[Indrasakdi Sachi|Praphai Sucharitakul]]|[[Lakshamilavan|Wanphimon Worawan]]|[[Suvadhana|Khrueakaeo Abhayavongsa]]}}
| issue        = Princess [[Bejaratana]]
| house        = [[Chakri dynasty]]
| father       = [[Chulalongkorn]] (Rama V)
| mother       = [[Saovabha Phongsri]]
| religion     = [[Theravada Buddhism]]
| signature    = Signature of King Vajiravudh.svg
}}

'''Vajiravudh'''{{efn|{{langx|th|วชิราวุธ}}; {{RTGS|''Wachirawut''}}}}  (1 January 1881{{spnd}}26 November 1925) was the sixth [[Monarchy of Thailand|king of Siam]] from the [[Chakri dynasty]], titled '''Rama VI'''. He reigned from 1910 until his death in 1925. King Vajiravudh is best known for his efforts to create and promote [[Thaification|Siamese nationalism]]. His reign was characterized by Siam's movement further towards democracy and minimal participation in [[World War I]]. He had keen interests in Siamese history, archaeology, and literature, as well as economics, politics and world affairs, and founded the country's first university, [[Chulalongkorn University]].

==Education==
[[File:Vajiravudh by Vandyk c1890s.png|thumb|left|upright|Portrait while studying in England]]
Vajiravudh was born on 1 January 1881 to [[Chulalongkorn]] and one of his four queens and [[Inbreeding|half sister]] [[Saovabha|Saovabha Phongsri]]. In 1888, upon coming of age, Vajiravudh received the title '''''Kromma Khun'' [[Ayutthaya Kingdom|Debdvaravati]]''' (Prince of Ayutthaya).<ref>{{cite web|author=We Love Mahavajiravudh |url=http://kingramavi.blogspot.com/p/blog-page_13.html |title=สมเด็จพระมหาธีรราชเจ้า: พระราชประวัติ รัชกาลที่ 6 |publisher=Kingramavi.blogspot.com |access-date=2019-07-14}}</ref> Also in 1888, Vajiravudh began suffering from a severe illness and was brought to [[Ko Sichang district|Ko Sichang]] by his father to recover.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |title=Place of peace and tranquility |url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/life/travel/2022159/place-of-peace-and-tranquility |access-date=2024-02-11 |work=Bangkok Post |language=en}}</ref>

Prince Vajiravudh was first educated in the royal palace in Thai and English. His full siblings were [[Bahurada Manimaya]], [[Tribejrutama Dhamrong]], [[Chakrabongse Bhuvanath]], [[Siriraj Kakudhabhand]], [[Asdang Dejavudh]], [[Chudadhuj Dharadilok]] and [[Prajadhipok]], who succeeded him as King Rama VII. In 1895, his half-brother Crown Prince [[Vajirunhis]] died and Vajiravudh was appointed the new [[Crown Prince of Thailand|Crown Prince of Siam]]. In 1898, he continued his education in Britain at the [[Royal Military College, Sandhurst]] and was commissioned as a captain in the [[Durham Light Infantry]], which he served with for three months of exercises in the south of England upon graduation. He studied law and history at [[Christ Church, Oxford]] in 1899, where, coming from a royal household, he was a member of the exclusive [[Bullingdon Club]]. However, he suffered from [[appendicitis]], which barred him from graduating in 1901. He visited other European countries while he lived in England, including [[Belgium]] where he inspected [[Blegny]] fort.<ref>Worachart Michubut. History of King Vajiravudh. Lecture Transcript, Vajiravudh School Website, Bangkok, accessed 2020.</ref> He went to Berlin in May 1902 and Copenhagen in September 1902.<ref name="TT02061902">{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Germany |date=2 June 1902 |page=7 |issue=36783}}</ref><ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Court Circular |date=17 September 1902 |page=7 |issue=36875}}</ref> He attended the 15 May 1902 enthronement ceremonies for [[King Alfonso XIII]] of Spain in Madrid. On behalf of his father, King Chulalongkorn, he attended the coronation of King [[Edward VII]] on 9 August 1902.<ref>Royal Military College Sandhurst.</ref>

Crown Prince Vajiravudh left England in October 1902 and returned to Siam in January 1903, traveling via US and Japan.<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Court News |date=9 October 1902 |page=4 |issue=36894}}</ref> In 1904, he became a temporary monk in accordance with Siamese tradition. In 1907, his father Chulalongkorn travelled to Europe to seek treatment for his kidney disease, and Chulalongkorn made Vajiravudh [[Regent of Thailand|Regent of Siam]]. One of Crown Prince Vajiravudh's accomplishments during this regency was his supervision of the construction of the [[equestrian statue of King Chulalongkorn]].

Chulalongkorn died on 23 October 1910, and Vajiravudh succeeded his father as king of Siam.

==Accession and early reforms==
[[File:Vajiravudh (13).jpg|thumb|King Vajiravudh's coronation portrait, 1911]]
Even before his coronation, Vajiravudh initiated several reforms. He organized Siam's defence and established military academies. He created the rank of "general" for the first time in Siam, with his uncle, Prince [[Bhanurangsi Savangwongse]] as the first Siamese [[Field Marshal (Thailand)|Field Marshal]]. On 11 November 1910, Vajiravudh underwent a provisional [[Coronation of the Thai monarch|coronation ceremony]], with a more lavish one planned for after the funerary rites of his father were complete.

His first act following his accession to the throne was to build the Royal Pages College, subsequently renamed [[Vajiravudh College]] by King Prajadhipok to honour his brother. It was built as an all-boy's boarding school in the same tradition as English public schools such as [[Eton College|Eton]] and [[Harrow School|Harrow]]. The school was built instead of a royal monastery, formerly a custom of Thai kings, as King Vajiravudh deemed that there were already too many temples in Bangkok. In his own hand written letter, King Vajiravudh wrote that "In the Royal Pages College, what I want is not so much to turn out model boys, all of the same standard, all brilliant scholars with thousands of marks each, as to turn out efficient young men— young men who will be physically and morally clean, and who will be looking forward keenly to take up whatever burden the future of our state may lay upon them". Later he also raised the Civil Servant School to "Chulalongkorn Academy for Civil Officials", then [[Chulalongkorn University]]. Both Vajiravudh College and Chulalongkorn University still benefit from the funds that King Vajiravudh set aside for the use of the two elite institutions. He also improved Siamese healthcare systems and set up some of the earliest public hospitals in Siam, [[Vajira Hospital]] in 1912 and [[Chulalongkorn Hospital]] in 1914.
 
In 1911, he established the [[Wild Tiger Corps]] [{{lang|th|เสือป่า}}]) a para-military corp outside of the established military hierarchy. Initially a ceremonial guard, it became a military force of 4,000 within its first year and consumed much of the King's time and energy. It became the source of deep dissatisfaction between the army and the King. A branch for children was also established known as ({{lang|th|ลูกเสือ }} {{lang|th-Latn|Tiger Cubs}}) which became the [[National Scout Organization of Thailand|Boy Scouts]].

On 28 November 1911 Vajiravudh's second and formal coronation was held with visiting royals from Europe and Japan as guests, a first for Siam, which festivities took 13 days. Later that year, the first airplane was flown in Siam.

The early years of Vajiravudh's administration were largely dominated by his two uncles, Prince [[Damrong]] and Prince [[Devawongse]], both of them Chulalongkorn's right-hand men. However, the king disagreed with Prince Damrong, Minister of Interior, over Damrong's negotiation of the [[Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909]] that ceded four sultanates to the British Empire.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reurnthai.com/index.php?topic=1816.0 |title=พระบาทสมเด็จพระมงกุฎเกล้า vs สมเด็จกรมพระยาดำรงราชานุภาพ |publisher=Reurnthai.com|access-date=2012-02-03}}</ref>

Vajiravudh reformed his father's [[monthon]] system by creating the "paks" ({{langx|th|ภาค}}) or "regions" over the administrative monthons. Each pak was governed by an [[Uparaja]] ([[viceroy]]) directly responsible to the king. The ''Uparaja'' presided over the intendants of monthons in the region—thus concentrating local administrative powers in his hands—much to the dismay of Prince Damrong.

==Attempted coup==
{{main|Palace Revolt of 1912}}

{{Chakri Kings}}
[[File:Siamese 1912 plotters130 02.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Photograph of Palace Revolt of 1912 key plotters]]
Radicals expected a new constitution upon the coronation of Vajiravudh. However, no constitution was forthcoming. In 1911, the [[Wuchang Uprising]] that led to the fall of [[Qing dynasty]] prompted Siamese radicals to act. So, for the first time in Siam, an attempt was made to overthrow the monarchy and establish democracy.

The immediate cause, however, occurred even before Vajiravudh's coronation. In 1909, Crown Prince Vajiravudh ordered a [[Chulachomklao Royal Military Academy|Thai Royal Military Academy]] student who had had an argument with one of Vajiravudh's pages to be caned. Academy alumni were further provoked by Vajiravudh's creation of the [[Wild Tiger Corps]], seen by the army as a threat to their prerogatives.

The plotters were relatively young army and naval officers, students during the 1909 incident. The coup was planned for 1 April—the traditional Siamese [[Songkran|New Year's Day]]. They planned to elevate one of Vajiravudh's half brothers, Prince [[Raphi Phatthanasak]], to be the first [[presidential system|president]] of Siam. They believed that, if the absolute monarchy were removed, Siam would achieve modernization as in Japan under [[Emperor Taishō]]. The coup leaders accused the king of devoting his time to writing and acting in theatrical plays with his companions. They also accused him of living a luxurious Western-style life, building [[Sanam Chan Palace]] and [[Lumphini Park]], and owning expensive horses from Australia, while preaching austerity and nationalism to his subjects. The counter-argument is that the assertions were political and his developments were for the good of the state, in terms of impressing visiting dignitaries, or developing assets for the nation. Rama VI donated Lumphini Park, originally an exhibition ground on royal land, to the public in 1925 at his expense.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Klomsuan|first=Kantika|title=The Siamese Kingdom Exhibition|year=2013|location=Bangkok|language=Thai}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=7 May 2021|title=The First Siamese Kingdom International Expo in the Reign of King Rama VI|url=https://www.silpa-mag.com/history/article_67044|website=silpa-mag.com}}</ref>

The coup plan was leaked. Captain Yut Kongyu, who was selected as the assassin by [[lottery]], told ''Mom Chao'' Prawatpan, and then Prince [[Chakrabongse]], of the intended coup. Prince Chakrabongse arrested all the conspirators. Their sentences were severe, ranging from execution to long-term imprisonment. However, Vajiravudh rescinded the punishments and released the plotters, saying that what they did was for the sake of the kingdom.

==Administration, economy, infrastructure==
[[File:King Vajiravudh in barrister-at-law gown.jpg|thumb|upright=1|King Vajiravudh wearing the ''[[khrui]]'' of a barrister-at-law]]
Rama VI inherited his father's plan of building a modern nation although he was more skeptical of outside methods. Disagreements occurred incessantly with "old aristocrats", many of whom were his relatives such as the celebrated [[Prince Damrong]], his uncle, who took charge of the Ministry of Interior. As more and more corruption in the newly created provinces was reported, Rama VI created a viceroy system. Viceroys, appointed directly by the king, were sent to supervise provincial governors and local officials.

In 1912, Vajiravudh announced the change in the [[Thai solar calendar#Buddhist Era|solar calendar era]] from the [[Rattanakosin Era (calendar era)|Rattanakosin Era]] (R.S.) designated by Chulalongkorn to the [[Buddhist Era]] with the year beginning 1 April 2455 BE (1912 CE).

In 1913, Siam faced a financial crisis as the Chinese-Siamese Bank went bankrupt.<ref>Edward Van Roy. "Siamese Melting Pot", (2018).</ref>

In 1914, Vajiravudh, having determined that the act providing for the invocation of [[martial law#Thailand|martial law]], first promulgated by his father in 1907, was not consistent with modern [[laws of war]] nor convenient for the preservation of the external or internal security of the state, changed to the modern form that, with minor amendments, continues in force.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.thailawforum.com/laws/Martial%20Law.pdf|title= Martial Law, B.E. 2457 (1914) unofficial translation|access-date= May 30, 2014|author= Pakorn Nilprapunt|date= April 2, 2012|orig-year= 2006|website= Thailand Law Forum|publisher= [[:th:สำนักงานคณะกรรมการกฤษฎีกา (ประเทศไทย)|Office of the Council of State (Thailand)]]|quote= Reference to Thai legislation in any jurisdiction shall be to the Thai version only. This translation has been made so as to establish correct understanding about this Act to the foreigners.|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130416100156/http://www.thailawforum.com/laws/Martial%20Law.pdf|archive-date= 2013-04-16|url-status= dead}}</ref>

Also in 1914, the construction of [[Don Mueang International Airport|Don Mueang Airport]] began. In the same year the Siamese government borrowed from the [[Federated Malay States]] to extend railways to the south. In 1915, Vajiravudh himself visited the southern provinces to oversee railway construction. The Bangkok railway station at [[Hua Lamphong]] was then established as a center of Siamese railroads. Prince Damrong eventually left the Ministry of Interior in 1915. In 1916, Vajiravudh appointed his half-brother, [[Purachatra Jayakara|Prince of Kamphang Phet]], as the Head of the Railway Department.

The king continued his father's [[rice varieties]] competition. He also continued the overall royal encouragement of [[plant breeding|development of rice varieties]], founding the Rangsit Rice Experiment Station in 1916 (now called [[Pathum Thani Rice Research Center]] and run by the Ministry of Agriculture).<ref name="Thai-Min-Ag-hist">{{cite web | title=History | trans-website=[[Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives (Thailand)|Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives]] | website=กระทรวงเกษตรและสหกรณ์ | url=http://www.moac.go.th/moaceng-history | access-date=2021-08-30 | archive-date=2021-11-17 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117010531/https://www.moac.go.th/moaceng-history | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="FFTC-AP-rice-breeding">{{cite web | title=Rice Breeding and R&D Policies in Thailand | website=[[Food and Fertilizer Technology Center]] Agricultural Policy Platform (FFTC-AP) | date=2018-04-26 | url=http://ap.fftc.org.tw/article/1278 | access-date=2021-08-30}}</ref>

In 1917, Vajiravudh established the Nakorn Sri Thammarat Regiment as his personal guard. In the same year Vajiravudh founded Chulalongkorn University, the first university in Siam, named in honor of his father. In 1918, Vajiravudh founded the [[Dusit Thani]] near [[Dusit Palace]] as an experimental site for democracy. The democratic institutions were imitated including elections, parliament, and the press. Vajiravudh himself acted as one of the citizens of Dusit Thani, yet the city was criticized by others{{who|date=November 2021}} as another of Vajiravudh's theatrical conceits.

During 1918–1919 the price of rice soared. The government faced public criticism due to its tepid response. The major cause of the problem was the hoarding of rice. Chinese millers and rice merchants bought huge amounts of rice from farmers for export to Singapore, the largest rice market in the region. Price speculation was rampant. The government imposed a ban on rice exports. At the same time, public servants asked for higher wages due to the rising cost of living. The public, mainly the urban "middle-class", and Chinese traders became more and more unhappy with the government.

==World War I and Siamese nationalism==
[[File:Siamese Troops (Thai) Arc de Triomphe WW1 1919.jpg|thumb|The Siamese Expeditionary Force with the tricolor flag of Siam in [[Paris]], 1919]]
{{See also|Siam in World War I}}
On 22 July 1917 Vajiravudh declared war on [[German Empire|Germany]] and [[Austria-Hungary]].<ref name=TB>{{cite journal|last1=Boontanondha|first1=Thep|title=King Vajiravudh and the Making his Military Image|url=https://www.academia.edu/4160335|website=Academia|publisher=Paper presented at the 8th Singapore Graduate Forum on SE Asian Studies|access-date=7 July 2016}}</ref> He aligned Siam with the [[Allies of World War I|Allied Powers]] and expelled German and Austrian officials from the Railway Department and Siam Commercial Bank. He also put the properties of the [[Central Powers]] under a Siamese government protectorate. Vajiravudh saw the war as an opportunity to create and promote Siamese nationalism. He changed the [[Flag of Thailand|flag of Siam]] from the elephant banner to the tricolor banner. King Vajiravudh is considered by some writers to be the father of [[Thai nationalism]], which was later built upon by Field Marshal [[Plaek Phibunsongkhram|Phibunsongkhram]] and [[Sarit Thanarat]]. The alternative view is that the idea of nationalism by Rama VI was a later political construct. Prince [[Chakrabongse Bhuvanath|Chula Chakrabongse]] classified him as a liberal.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Chakrabongse|first=Chula|title=Lords of Life. A History of the Kings of Thailand|publisher=Alvin Redman Ltd|year=1967}}</ref>

Vajiravudh wrote a letter (held in the [[Gloucestershire Archives]], England) to his friend Maynard Colchester Wemyss setting out his reasons for going to war, dated 18 September 1917.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mann|first=Neela|date=2015|title=The extraordinary story of the letters between Maynard Willoughby Colchester Wemyss and King Rama VI of Siam|url=https://gloucestershirearchives.wordpress.com/2015/07/21/the-extraordinary-story-of-the-letters-between-maynard-willoughby-colchester-wemyss-and-king-rama-vi-of-siam/comment-page-1/}}</ref> Wemyss was guardian to King Bhumipol's father and two of his brothers. Vajiravudh described the presence of Imperial German spy activity in Bangkok, allying with business groups for economic arrangements after a German take-over of Siam. Wemyss and the King also corresponded about [[Wilhelm II, German Emperor|Kaiser Wilhelm II]]'s Asian aggression, on atrocities involving the Kaiser's army in Belgium (the [[Rape of Belgium]]) and the killing of British civilians by naval bombardment during the [[raid on Scarborough, Hartlepool and Whitby]]. In 1921, Rama VI wrote to Wemyss that in avoiding the "German militaristic spirit . . .  Thai people had been protected as free minds".<ref>Letter, King Rama VI to Wemyss, Gloucester Archives, Gloucester, UK, 28 July 1921</ref>
Vajiravudh introduced the practice of using the name [[Rama]] for the Chakri kings in deference to the dynasty and following western practice, being then himself Rama VI.{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}}

Other than 140,000 [[Vietnam]]ese colonial troops and workers drafted by the [[France|French]], Siamese troops were the only Southeast Asians in the European theatre of World War I.<ref>Sanderson Beck: Vietnam and the French: South Asia 1800-1950, paperback, 629 pages</ref> However, the Siamese troops did not see much action, as they arrived in Europe towards the end of the war. Participation in the war allowed Siam to later negotiate with the Western powers as a partner, albeit a junior one.<ref>[http://knowledge.eduzones.com/knowledge-2-4-2051.html ไทยกับสงครามโลกครั้งที่ 1<!-- bot-generated title -->] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806020339/http://knowledge.eduzones.com/knowledge-2-4-2051.html |date=6 August 2017 }} at knowledge.eduzones.com</ref> Although the Siamese pilots who trained in France did not see combat because the war ended, Siam's participation in the First World war led to the founding of the [[Royal Thai Air Force|Royal Thai Airforce]] and the airborne postal service. The Royal Siamese Transport Corps (Ror Yor) and Medical Corps did see front line action, but not in combat.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Phusrisom|first=K|title=Soldiers of Siam: A First World War Chronicle.|publisher=Lemongrass Books|year=2020|isbn=978-1-9163563-0-6|location=Durham, UK|pages=31|language=English}}</ref> Nineteen soldiers died, some in accidents, but mainly from the [[Spanish flu|Spanish Flu]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Phusrisom|first=K|date=2016|title=The Siamese Expeditionary Force of World War One and the Spanish Flu.|url=https://hekint.org/2017/01/22/the-siamese-expeditionary-force-of-world-war-i-and-the-spanish-flu/|journal=Hektoen International Journal of Medical Humanities|volume=Fall 2016}}</ref>

==Financial crisis==
In 1917, the price of silver rose and exceeded the face value of silver coins. The coins were then melted down and sold. The government solved this by changing the pure silver coin to alloy. Vajiravudh eventually forbade exports of Siamese coins. In 1918, the usage of 1-baht coins was nullified and 1-baht banknotes were introduced. Coins were recalled and kept as a national reserve. In 1919, Vajuravudh imposed a military-exemptation tax ({{langx|th|เงินรัชชูปการ}}) nationwide including on the royal members. As the need for huge capital increased, a new bank, later known as the "[[Government Savings Bank (Thailand)|Government Savings Bank]]", was founded in 1923.

Though the Siamese forces that joined the march at [[Treaty of Versailles|Versailles]] returned triumphant in 1919, the worldwide economic problems caused by World War I were serious. In the same year, drought hit Siam and rice shortages ensued. The government forbade the export of rice, the main Siamese export since the [[Bowring Treaty]]. Queen Mother [[Saovabha]], Vajiravudh's mother, died in 1919. Siamese participation in World War I opened the way to reconciliation, first with the [[United States]] in 1920, then to redress the unequal treaties imposed by Western powers in the 19th century.

In spite of the financial crisis, railway constructions continued. The railway reached [[Narathiwat]] and was expanded north and east. The construction of the [[Rama VI Bridge]] carrying the railway over the [[Chao Phraya River]] in Bangkok began in 1922 and the same year the railway reached [[Chiang Mai]]. However, the treasury was in such straits that a large loan from Britain was negotiated. Also in 1922, an insurgency occurred in [[Pattani Province|Pattani]] over new taxation policies. It was readily suppressed by the Nakorn Sri Thammarat Regiment. In 1923, Vajiravudh announced his six principles in the governance of Pattani Province, emphasizing local freedom and tax measures.

==Personal life==
===Vajiravudh as a writer===
[[File:Maha Vajiravudh.jpg|thumb|250px|King Vajiravudh inspecting a Sukhothai-era Buddha in 1907 (Ror Yor 126), with a [[Nāga|naga]] and a lotus finial. The caption, in the King's hand, classified the Buddha. He signed the photo on top right.]]
{{main|Works of Vajiravudh}}
King Vajiravudh was one of Thailand's most highly renowned artists, writing modern novels, short stories, newspaper articles, poems, plays, and journals. He translated many works of [[English literature|English]] and [[French literature]] into Thai, Among his works were translations of three [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]] plays: ''[[The Merchant of Venice]]'', ''[[As You Like It]]'', and ''[[Romeo and Juliet]]''. He wrote many other pieces promoting Thai [[nationalism]], one of his nationalistic works is "{{ill|The Honour of Tiger Soldier|th|เกียรติศักดิ์ทหารเสือ}}" ({{langx|th|เกียรติศักดิ์ทหารเสือ}}) based on ancient French chivalric rhyme "Mon âme à Dieu, Ma vie au Roi, Mon cœur aux Dames, L'honneur pour moi", and might also be influenced by [[Alexandre Dumas]]'s ''[[The Three Musketeers]]''. King Vajiravudh also composed nonfiction such as “The War of Polish Succession”, which he wrote while he was Crown Prince<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/warofpolishsucce00vajirich | title=Internet Archive: The War of Polish Succession | access-date=October 6, 2019}}</ref> (see also external links below).

The king was among those writers who introduced mysteries and detective stories to the Thai reading public. He translated [[Agatha Christie]]'s [[Hercule Poirot]] novels into Thai, and created the character "[[Nai Thong-Inhttps://so06.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/pub_jss/article/view/274812/183281|Nai Thong-In]]" ({{langx|th|นักสืบนายทองอิน}}) as a Siamese consulting detective, using [[Sir Arthur Conan Doyle]]'s [[Sherlock Holmes]] and [[Edgar Allan Poe]]'s [[Dupin]] as an archetypes.<ref>"Elementary, My Dear Wat:" influence and imitation in the early crime fiction of 'Late-Victorian' Siam by Rachel Harrison, in ''Chewing Over the Pest: Occidental Narrative in Non-Western Readings'', Rachel Harrison ed.</ref><ref>https://so06.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/pub_jss/article/view/274812/183281 Journal of the Siam Society, Vol. 112, Pt. 1, June 2024 by Tony Waters, pp. 191–</ref> He translated [[Sax Rohmer]]'s ''The Golden Scorpion''.

The king was well-versed in [[Sanskrit]] and [[Hindu]] literature, including the [[Ramayana]] and the [[Mahabharata]] epics. He translated many stories from the two epics into Thai and also wrote plays inspired by Hindu literature. He was influenced by [[Rama]], the incarnation of Lord [[Vishnu]] and hero of the Ramayana epic, to the extent that he systemized and promoted the use of the name ''Rama'' as the (English) reign names of all Thai kings of the Bangkok (Rattanakosin) era. His own reign was dubbed as "Rama VI". (See [[Rama (Kings of Thailand)]])

As a homage to his great, great, great-grandfather, Tao Sên-pom, King Vajiravudh published a fictional play in Thai, based on the Prince and designed for performance with musical accompaniment in 1913.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Vajiravudh|first=H M King|title=The story of Tao Sên-pom|year=1913|location=Cragside House, Rothbury, England|language=Thai}}</ref> Prince Sên-pom was the father of Chao Praya Chakri, [[Rama I]]. The drama centres on a tale of Siamese courtly romance. It is absorbing fun and well-written. A copy of the play was given as a present to the Armstrong family in [[Cragside]] House, [[Rothbury]], where it remains in the library. On a trip to the English [[Lake District]], Vajiravudh directed the performance of a play at the Stonehenge-like setting of [[Castlerigg stone circle|Castlerigg Stone Circle]], in the mountains near [[Keswick, Cumbria|Keswick]].

In 1914 King Vajiravudh published in a Thai newspaper an article titled "Jews of the Orient" ({{langx|th|ยิวแห่งบูรพาทิศ}}).Vajiravudh explicitly adopted Western antisemitic tropes and applied them to Chinese in Siam.<ref name=":Han">{{Cite book |last=Han |first=Enze |title=The Ripple Effect: China's Complex Presence in Southeast Asia |date=2024 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-769659-0 |location=New York, NY |pages=127}}</ref> The essay was written in the context of a recent strike by Chinese merchants and workers which had paralyzed Bangkok, and may also have been the product of Vajiravudh's exposure to European [[anti-Semitism]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chaloemtiarana |first1=Thak |title=Are We Them? Textual and Literary Representations of the Chinese in Twentieth-Century Thailand |journal=Southeast Asian Studies |date=25 December 2014 |volume=3 |issue=3 |url=https://englishkyoto-seas.org/2014/12/vol-3-no-3-thak-chaloemtiarana/ |access-date=28 April 2020}}</ref> The article described [[Thai Chinese|Chinese immigrants in Thailand]] as having excessive "racial loyalty and astuteness in financial matters." The king wrote, "Money is their God. Life itself is of little value compared with the leanest bank account."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Zenner |first=Walter P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FljGSzbhr4oC |title=Minorities in the Middle: A Cross-Cultural Analysis |date=1991-01-01 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-0-7914-0642-7 |language=en}}</ref>

===Marriages===
Vajiravudh had been a king without a queen for about ten years. In 1920, he met ''Her Serene Highness'' Princess Varnvimol at his theatre at [[Phayathai Palace]]. They were engaged and Princess Vanbimol was elevated to Princess [[Vallabhadevi]]. However, four months later in 1921, Vajiravudh nullified the engagement and pursued Princess Vallabha's sister, [[Lakshamilavan|Princess Lakshamilavan]], whom he engaged. However, the marriage was never held and the couple then separated. Princess Vallabha Devi was house-arrested in the [[Grand Palace]] from then on.

In 1921, Vajiravudh married [[Sucharit Suda|Prueang Sucharitakul]], who was a daughter of Lord Suthammamontri and elevated her to Lady Sucharitsuda. He then married Sucharitsuda's sister, [[Indrasakdi Sachi|Prabai Sucharitakul]], with the title of Lady Indrani. In 1922, Lady Indrani was elevated to Princess and Queen Indrasakdisachi. However, the queen suffered two miscarriages. In 1924, Vajiravudh married Krueakaew Abhaiwongse, later renamed [[Suvadhana]], a daughter of Lord Aphaiphubet. Queen Indrasakdisachi was then demoted to Princess Consort in 1925.

Vajiravudh had only one child, a daughter with [[Suvadhana]], [[Bejaratana Rajasuda|Princess Bejaratana Rajasuda]] ({{langx|th|เพชรรัตนราชสุดา}}; 1925–2011). In his influential book ''[[Imagined Communities]]'', Anglo-Irish political scientist and historian [[Benedict Anderson]] speculated that the king was [[homosexuality|homosexual]] and that this would have prevented him from accession if the law of succession had not been reformed.<ref name="Anderson">{{cite book |author1= [[Benedict Anderson]] |date=1991 |title=Imagined Communities |page=21 |url= |location=[[New York City|New York]] & [[London]] |publisher=[[Verso Books]] |isbn=0-86091-329-5}}</ref> Anderson was the first modern scholar to break the taboo and write about the king's personal preferences.<ref name="Reynolds">{{cite journal |last=Reynolds |first=Craig J. |date=2014 |title=Homosociality in modern Thai political culture |journal=[[Journal of Southeast Asian Studies]] |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=258–277 |doi=10.1017/S0022463414000095 |s2cid=159778879 |url=https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022463414000095 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

<gallery class="center">
File:Lashamilavan.jpg| [[Lakshamilavan]]
File:SucharitSuda and King Vajiravudh (Rama VI).jpg| [[Sucharit Suda]]
File:HM Queen Indrasakdi Sachi.jpg| [[Indrasakdi Sachi]]
File:Queen Suvadhana in Rama VI.jpg| [[Suvadhana]]
</gallery>

==Succession law==
{{main|1924 Palace Law of Succession}}
In 1924, Vajiravudh promulgated his Law of Succession, which has since become the code for [[Chakri dynasty]] successions. According to the law, the throne would be passed to the king's sons and grandsons. However, in the case of Vajiravudh who had no sons, the throne would pass to his eldest "true" or full brother, that is, a brother who shared both the same father and mother, Queen [[Saovabha Phongsri]]. The law gave priority to the descendants of princes born to Queen Saovabha, then to Queen [[Savang Vadhana]], and then to Queen [[Sukhumala Marasri]]. The law also forbade princes whose mother was foreign from the throne. This referred to his brother, Prince Chakrabongse, who had married a Russian woman. His son, Prince Chula Chakrabongse, was therefore barred from the throne.

==Financial problems and death==
[[File:Royal Crematorium of Vajiravudh at night (actual royal cremation).gif|thumb|200px|Cremation pyre of King Vajiravudh at night]]
In 1924, King Vajiravudh, accompanied by Suvadhana, visited the Federated Malay States. The reconciliation with European powers on unequal treaties progressed gradually, while the financial crisis was taking a great toll on Siam as another loan was taken from Britain and the firing of numerous government officials occurred. In 1925 Vajiravudh had to dissolve his Nakorn Sri Thammarat Regiment and merged provinces into larger units to lower maintenance costs.

In November 1925, it was announced that Vajiravudh fell ill.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kingvajiravudh.org/main/index.php/2009-01-09-07-31-48/2009-01-05-08-35-11 |title=พระราชประวัติพระบาทสมเด็จพระมงกุฎเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว |access-date=April 26, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090408215205/http://www.kingvajiravudh.org/main/index.php/2009-01-09-07-31-48/2009-01-05-08-35-11 |archive-date=April 8, 2009 }}</ref> Princess Consort Suvadhana was then pregnant. Vajiravudh then announced his succession instructions: if Princess Suvadhana gave birth to a son, the throne would go to him. If not, the throne would pass to his surviving brother, Prince [[Prajadhipok]] of Sukhothai. He barred Princess Inthrasaksachi from being interred with him in the future and instead granted that right to Princess Suvadhana. Vajiravudh also barred his uncle, Prince Damrong, from the government.

On the night of 25 November, Princess Suvadhana gave birth to a princess only two hours before Vajiravudh's death. Vajiravudh glimpsed his sole daughter for the first and only time before his demise on the 26 November 1925. The throne passed to his brother, Prajadhipok, who named Vajiravudh's daughter as Princess [[Bejaratana]].

==Tributes to Vajiravudh==
The 1930 poem "Elegia do rei de Sião" ("Elegy to the King of Siam") by Brazilian modernist poet [[Carlos Drummond de Andrade]] is dedicated to Vajiravudh.

<gallery>
File:Rama 6 in stamp.jpg|King Vajiravudh on a stamp
File:Monument of Rama VI at Lumphini Park (2).jpg|Statue of the king in [[Lumphini Park]], Dusit, Bangkok
</gallery>

==Honours==
{{Infobox royal styles
|royal name = {{ubl|King Vajiravudh|Rama VI of Siam}}
|image = King's Standard of Thailand.svg
|image_size = 100px
|dipstyle = [[Majesty|His Majesty]]
|offstyle = Your Majesty
}}

{{multiple image
| align = right
| total_width = 227
| image1 = Royal Monogram of Vajiravudh - วปร6.svg
| image2 = Royal Monogram of Vajiravudh - รร6.svg
| footer = Royal Monograms of King Vajiravudh{{blist
|Left: ว.ป.ร.6 ('''V'''ajiravudh '''P'''arama '''R'''ajadhiraja '''VI''')
|Right: ร.ร.6 ('''R'''ama '''R'''amadhipati '''VI''')}}
}}

=== Military ranks ===
* [[Field Marshal]], [[Admiral of the Fleet]] and [[Wild Tiger Corps|Captain General of the Wild Tiger Corps]]<ref>[http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2453/D/1945.PDF Archived copy] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814182726/http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2453/D/1945.PDF|date=14 August 2016}}</ref><ref>[http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2453/D/1946.PDF Archived copy] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814222525/http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2453/D/1946.PDF|date=14 August 2016}}</ref><ref>[http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2453/D/1951.PDF Archived copy] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615135004/http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2453/D/1951.PDF|date=15 June 2018}}</ref><ref>[http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2453/D/1953.PDF Archived copy] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615111514/http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2453/D/1953.PDF|date=15 June 2018}}</ref><ref>[http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2454/A/21.PDF Archived copy] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007025329/http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2454/A/21.PDF|date=7 October 2009}}</ref>
* Honorary General, [[British Army]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Supplement to the London Gazette |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/29317/supplement/9849/data.pdf |access-date=26 May 2023 |work=The London Gazette |date=5 October 1915}}</ref>

===National honours===
*[[File:Order of the Royal House of Chakri (Thailand) ribbon.svg|70px]] Knight (and Sovereign) of the Most Illustrious [[Order of the Royal House of Chakri]]
*[[File:Order of the Nine Gems (Thailand) ribbon.svg|70px]] Knight (and Sovereign) of the Ancient and Auspicious [[Order of the Nine Gems]]
*[[File:Order of Chula Chom Klao - Special Class (Thailand) ribbon.svg|70px]] Knight Grand Cordon (and Sovereign) of the Most Illustrious [[Order of Chula Chom Klao]]
*[[File:Ratana Varabhorn Order of Merit ribbon.svg|70x70px]] Knight of the [[Ratana Varabhorn Order of Merit]]
*[[File:Order of Rama 1st Class ribbon.svg|70px]] Knight Grand Commander (and Sovereign) of the Honourable [[Order of Rama]]
*[[File:Order of the White Elephant - Special Class (Thailand) ribbon.svg|70px]] Knight Grand Cordon (and Sovereign) of the Most Exalted [[Order of the White Elephant]]
*[[File:Order of the Crown of Thailand - Special Class (Thailand) ribbon.svg|70x70px]] Knight Grand Cordon of the Most Noble [[Order of the Crown of Thailand]]
*[[File:Vallabhabhorn Order ribbon.svg|70x70px]] Member of the [[Vallabhabhorn Order]]
*[[File:Vajira Mala Order ribbon.svg|70x70px]] Member of the [[Vajira Mala Order]]
*[[File:Rajaniyom Medal (Thailand) ribbon.png|70x70px]] Rajaniyom Medal
*[[File:War Medal of BE2461 (Thailand) ribbon.png|70x70px]] War Medal of B.E. 2461 ([[World War I|WW1]])
*[[File:Ribbon bar of Dushdi Mala - Military, Service to the Nation (Thailand).svg|70x70px]] [[Dushdi Mala Medal]] Pin of Service to the Nation (Military)
*[[File:Dushdi Mala - Civilian (Thailand).svg|70x70px]] [[Dushdi Mala Medal]] Pin of arts and sciences (Civilian)
*[[File:Chakra Mala Medal (Thailand) ribbon.svg|70x70px]] Chakra Mala Medal
*[[File:King Rama V Royal Cypher Medal (Thailand) ribbon.svg|70x70px]] [[Chulalongkorn|King Rama V]] Royal Cypher Medal, First Class
*[[File:King Rama VI Royal Cypher Medal (Thailand) ribbon.svg|70x70px]] King Rama VI Royal Cypher Medal, First Class
*[[File:King Rama VI Rajaruchi Medal (Thailand) ribbon.png|70x70px]] King Rama VI Court Medal, Gold Medal
*[[File:King Rama VI Coronation Medal (Thailand) ribbon.svg|70x70px]] King Rama VI Coronation Medal
*[[File:World War I Victory Medal ribbon.svg|70x70px]] Chai Medal

===Foreign honours===
* Sweden:
**[[File:Order of the Seraphim - Ribbon bar.svg|70px]] Knight of the [[Order of the Seraphim]] ('''RSerafO'''), ''14 July 1897''<ref>{{citation|title=Sveriges statskalender|year=1915|page=670|url=https://runeberg.org/statskal/1915/0670.html|via=runeberg.org|access-date=2018-01-06|language=sv}}</ref>
* Denmark:
**[[File:Order of the Elephant Ribbon bar.svg|70px]] Knight of the [[Order of the Elephant]] ('''RE'''), ''27 July 1897''<ref>{{cite book|author=Jørgen Pedersen|title=Riddere af Elefantordenen, 1559–2009|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=glw-AQAAIAAJ|year=2009|publisher=Syddansk Universitetsforlag|language=da|isbn=978-87-7674-434-2|page=471}}</ref>
* Spain:
**[[File:Order of the Golden Fleece ribbon bar.svg|70px]] Knight of the [[Order of the Golden Fleece]], ''15 May 1902'' -{{efn|from [[Maria Christina of Austria|Queen Maria Christina]], Regent of Spain, when he attended the enthronement ceremonies for King [[Alfonso XIII]] in [[Madrid]].}}<ref>[https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1902/147/A00885-00885.pdf ''Spanish Official Gazette (Madrid)'' - 27 May 1902]. BOE Spanish Official Journal</ref>
**[[File:ESP Charles III Order GC.svg|70px]] Grand Cross of the [[Order of Charles III]], with Collar, ''16 October 1897''<ref>{{cite book|url=http://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/issue.vm?id=0001011466&search=&lang=es|title=Guía Oficial de España|chapter=Real y distinguida orden de Carlos III|date=1914|access-date=21 March 2019|page=201|language=es}}</ref>
* Kingdom of Italy:
**[[File:Order of the Most Holy Annunciation BAR.svg|70px]] Knight of the [[Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation]], ''1 April 1901''<ref name="dell'interno1920">{{cite book|author=Italy. Ministero dell'interno|title=Calendario generale del regno d'Italia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KU1TIJPtKx0C&pg=PR3|year=1920|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=KU1TIJPtKx0C&pg=PA57 57]}}</ref>
* Austria-Hungary:
**[[File:Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary - Ribbon bar.svg|70px]] Grand Cross of the [[Order of St. Stephen of Hungary|Royal Hungarian Order of St. Stephen]], ''1902''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tornai.com/rendtagok.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101222022855/http://tornai.com/rendtagok.htm|url-status=dead|title="A Szent István Rend tagjai"|archivedate=December 22, 2010}}</ref>
* {{flag|United Kingdom}}:
**[[File:Order of the Bath UK ribbon.svg|70px]] Honorary Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Bath]] ('''GCB''')<ref name="thegazette.co.uk">''[https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/30655/page/5064/data.pdf]''"London Gazette"</ref>
**[[File:ImperialOrderCrownIndiaRibbon.svg|70px]] Honorary Knight Grand Commander of the Most Exalted [[Order of the Star of India]] ('''GCSI'''), ''26 April 1918''<ref name="thegazette.co.uk"/>
**[[File:UK Royal Victorian Order honorary member ribbon.svg|70px]] Honorary Grand Cross of the [[Royal Victorian Order]] ('''GCVO'''), ''21 April 1902''{{efn|invested by King [[Edward VII]] at Buckingham Palace after he reached his majority.}}<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Court Circular |date=22 April 1902 |page=9 |issue=36748}}</ref>
* German Empire:
**[[File:436px ribbon bar of the Order of Merit of the Prussian Crown.svg|70px]] Knight of the [[Order of Merit of the Prussian Crown]], ''30 May 1902''{{efn|from Emperor [[Wilhelm II, German Emperor|Wilhelm II]] during an official visit to [[Berlin]].}}<ref name=TT02061902 />
* Baden:
**[[File:BAD Order of Fidelity ribbon.svg|70px]] Knight of the [[House Order of Fidelity]], ''1902''<ref>''[https://digital.blb-karlsruhe.de/blbihd/periodical/pageview/1881289 Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogtum Baden]'' (1910), "Großherzogliche Orden" p. 41</ref>
* Empire of Japan:
**[[File:JPN Daikun'i kikkasho BAR.svg|70px]] Grand Cordon of the [[Order of the Chrysanthemum]], ''9 December 1902''<ref>{{cite book|author=刑部芳則|title=明治時代の勲章外交儀礼|url=http://meijiseitoku.org/pdf/f54-5.pdf|year=2017|publisher=明治聖徳記念学会紀要|language=ja|page=150}}</ref>
* France:
**[[File:Legion Honneur GC ribbon.svg|70px]] Grand Cross of the [[Legion of Honour|National Order of the Legion of Honour]], ''1903''<ref>ราชกิจจานุเบกษา, [http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2445/043/833.PDF ข่าวสมเด็จพระบรมโอรสาธิราช สยามมกุฎราชกุมารเสด็จเมืองปารีศ], เล่ม ๑๙, ตอน ๔๓, ๑๑ มกราคม พ.ศ. ๒๔๔๕, หน้า ๘๓๓ </ref>
* Netherlands:
**[[File:Order of the Netherlands Lion ribbon - Knight Grand Cross.svg|70px]] Knight Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Netherlands Lion]], ''1917''

==Ancestry==
{{ahnentafel
|collapsed=yes |align=center
| boxstyle_1 = background-color: #fcc;
| boxstyle_2 = background-color: #fb9;
| boxstyle_3 = background-color: #ffc;
| boxstyle_4 = background-color: #bfc;
| 1 = 1. '''King Vajiravudh, Rama VI of Siam'''
| 2 = 2. [[Chulalongkorn|King Chulalongkorn, Rama V of Siam]]
| 3 = 3. [[Saovabha Phongsri|Princess Saovabha Phongsri of Siam]]
| 4 = 4. (=6.) [[Mongkut|King Mongkut, Rama IV of Siam]]
| 5 = 5. [[Debsirindra|Princess Ramphoei Siriwong of Siam]]
| 6 = 6. (=4.) [[Mongkut|King Mongkut, Rama IV of Siam]]
| 7 = 7. [[Piyamavadi|Piam Sucharitakul]]
| 8 = 8. (=12.) [[Rama II|King Phutthaloetla Naphalai, Rama II of Rattanakosin]]
| 9 = 9. (=13.) [[Sri Suriyendra|Princess Bunrot of Rattanakosin]]
| 10 = 10. Prince Siriwongse, Prince Matyabidhak
| 11 = 11. Noi
| 12 = 12. (=8.) [[Rama II|King Phutthaloetla Naphalai, Rama II of Rattanakosin]]
| 13 = 13. (=9.) [[Sri Suriyendra|Princess Bunrot of Rattanakosin]]
| 14 = 14. Taeng Sucharitakul, Luang Asasamdaeng
| 15 = 15. Nak, Thao Sucharitthamrong
}}

==See also==
{{Portal bar|Thailand|History|Biography}}
* [[1924 Palace Law of Succession]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*Greene, Stephen Lyon Wakeman. ''Absolute Dreams. Thai Government Under Rama VI, 1910-1925''. Bangkok: White Lotus, 1999.
*Vella, Walter Francis. ''Chaiyo! King Vajiravudh and the Development of Thai Nationalism''. Honolulu: The University Press of Hawaii, 1978.

==External links==
{{commons category|Vajiravudh}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Vajiravudh}}
* [https://archive.org/details/warofpolishsucce00vajirich The war of the Polish succession by Vajiravudh, 1901]
* [https://archive.org/details/spanishcoronatio00vaji The Spanish coronation by Vajiravudh, 1902 (reprint in 2007)]
* {{PM20|FID=pe/014082}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[Chakri dynasty|House of Chakri]]|1 January|1881|25 November|1925|name=Vajiravudh (Rama VI)}}
{{s-reg}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Chulalongkorn]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Monarchy of Thailand|King of Siam]]|years=23 October 1910 – 26 November 1925}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Prajadhipok]]}}
{{s-roy|th}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Vajirunhis]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Crown Prince of Siam]]|years=4 January 1895 – 23 October 1910}}
{{s-vac|next=[[Vajiralongkorn]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Monarchs of Thailand}}
{{Crown Prince of Thailand}}
{{King Chulalongkorn's children who received Krom titles}}
{{Thai princes}}
{{Rattanakosin}}
{{Authority control}}

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